Lesson 2: READING MODELS AT A

GLANCE

What Are the Reading Models?

The Bottom-up model(Philip Gough in 1972)

Concerned with the recognition of individual phonemes, letters and words.

This knowledge then leads to the recognition of individual words of the text presented to the reader

A process of building understanding of individual letters to the word level, then to the sentential level, and finally, the text level.

Whole text meaning making:

stories context clues

paragraphs Predictions

sentences decoding

words Phonics Letters Alphabet

Shapes Shapes

Basic Goal: Word RecognitionFigure 2.1 bottom-up approach to reading

The Top-down model(Kenneth Goodman in 1967)

Puts premium on the reader’s active involvement in the reconstruction of the meaning conveyed by the text.

Looks at the readers knowledge base (schema) and his/her ability on making predictions using this base.

Highlights the higher-order thinking skills inherent in reading.

Reading begins with reader background knowledge

Figure 2.2 Top-Down Reading Approach(Murtagh 1989)

The Interactive Reading Model(David Rumelhart in 1977)

Explains that readers utilize their

graphophonic, lexical, syntactic, semantic,

schematic, and pragmatic knowledge, in order

to make meaning of the text.

Both surface Deep surface

Lexical Schematic

Syntactic Semantic

Semantic Pragmatic

Interactive reading model: A reading model that recognizes the

interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process.

Activation Structures

vocabulary

Figure 2.3 Interactive Reading Model

Life experience

What are the components of the reading process?