[PPT]Chapters 6 - Dr. Gerry Cronindrgerrycronin.weebly.com/.../9/7/4/5974564/chapters_7a.pptx ·...
Transcript of [PPT]Chapters 6 - Dr. Gerry Cronindrgerrycronin.weebly.com/.../9/7/4/5974564/chapters_7a.pptx ·...
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Chapter 7
The Axial
Skeleton
Lecture slides prepared by Curtis DeFriez, Weber State University
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Divisions of the Skeletal System• The human skeleton consists of
206 named bones grouped into two principal divisions:– Axial skeleton– Appendicular skeleton
• In this graphic, the axial skeleton is highlighted in blue, while the appendicular skeleton constitutes the remainder.
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Divisions of the Skeletal System• The axial skeleton consists of the bones that lie
around the longitudinal axis of the human body:– Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid
bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column
• The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities) and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.
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Divisions of the Skeletal SystemInteractions Animation
• The Skeletal System
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Types of Bones• Each of the 206 named bones of the axial and
appendicular skeleton can be placed in one of 6 broad classifications based on their embryological origins and their anatomicalcharacteristics.
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Types of Bones• Long bones are greater in length than in width and are often
slightly curved for the purpose of weight bearing.
– Examples include the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius,
metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
• Short bones (cube-shaped) include the carpals & tarsals.
• Flat bones are thin and composed of two nearly parallel
plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.
– They include the cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae, and
clavicles.
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Types of Bones• Irregular bones include complex shapes like the
vertebrae and some facial bones.• Sesamoid bones vary in number and
protect tendons from excessive wear:– The best example is the patella.– Sesamoid bones can develop fractures due to friction, tension, and stress.
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Types of Bones Sutural bones, also known as Wormian bones, are small
extra bone plates located
within the sutures of
cranial bones.
– These are found as
isolated examples, and
although unusual, they
are not rare.
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Bone Markings• Bones have characteristic surface markings -
structural features adapted for specific functions.
• There are two major types of surface markings:– Depressions and openings• Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves • Form joints
– Processes• Projections or outgrowths that form joints • Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons
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Bone Markings• While a process is any projection of bone (large
or small), a spinous process is a slender projection from a vertebrae.
• A foramen is an opening in bone through which blood vessels and/or nerves pass.
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• If a bony process is large, round, and articular, it might be
called a condyle. The condyles of the humerus are the
Trochlea and
the Capitulum.
• An epicondyle is a
bony protuberance
above a condyle.
• A fossa is a shallow
depression in bone.
Bone Markings
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Bone Markings• A tubercle is a small rounded projection.• A tuberosity is a large bony prominence
that is not articular.
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Bone Markings• A meatus is a tube-like canal. The external
auditory
meatus is a good example.
• The trochanters are two very
large bony projections on the femur.