[PPT]Chapter 1 History of Power Systems - Smith Collegejcardell/Readings/TRUST US/PwrSys... · Web...
Transcript of [PPT]Chapter 1 History of Power Systems - Smith Collegejcardell/Readings/TRUST US/PwrSys... · Web...
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Introduction to the Power Flow Problem
Smith College, EGR 325April 3, 2006
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Objectives• Introduce the power flow problem
– Numerical solution – issues?• Investigate two power flow programs
– PowerWorld– MATPower
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Complex Power – Phasor Domain
*IVS
sincos IVjIVS
)sin(cos)0sin0(cos* jIjVIVS
V
I
IMPORTANT is the power factor angle
QjPS
II
Real Power Reactive Power
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Power Flow Analysis• We know
– The system topology (the circuit diagram)– The impedance of each line– The load at each load bus (S = P + jQ)– The capability of each generator (P, V)
• We want to know– The output of each generator (S)– The voltage at each bus (V = V)– The power flow on each line (Pflow)
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Real Power Flow Equations* *
i1 1
1
i1
i1
S ( )
(cos sin )( )
Resolving into the real and imaginary parts
P ( cos sin )
Q ( sin cos
ikn n
ji i i ik k i k ik ik
k kn
i k ik ik ik ikk
n
i k ik ik ik ik Gi Dikn
i k ik ik ik ik
P jQ V Y V V V e G jB
V V j G jB
V V G B P P
V V G B
)k Gi DiQ Q
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Power Flow Analysis
• Data needs?• Uses?
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Real Power Flow Equations
• How many equations and how many unknowns?
• Numerical methods– Lack of convergence– Slack bus
• Definition• Mathematical and physical role
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Running a Power Flow Program
• Programs created in the days of FORTRAN programming
• Input data one of two standard formats– IEEE– PTI
• Output data format designed by the programmer
• ** Cases may or may not converge! **
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Running a Power Flow Program
• We will use two popular programs– MATPower
• tabular data input and output• relatively easy to use
– PowerWorld• visual• more difficult to use
• Terminology– One-line diagrams– per unit system (normalize all values)
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Power System Diagrams• Circuit vs. one-line diagram
59.7 kV
17.6 MW28.8 MVR
40.0 kV
16.0 MW16.0 MVR
17.6 MW 16.0 MW-16.0 MVR 28.8 MVR
Arrows areused to show loadsGenerators are
shown as circles Transmission lines are shown as a single line
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Power System Diagrams• Circuit vs. one-line diagram
44.94 kV
16.8 MW 6.4 MVR
40.0 kV
16.0 MW16.0 MVR
16.8 MW 16.0 MW 0.0 MVR 6.4 MVR
16.0 MVR
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Summary• Introduction to the power flow problem
and programs• Numerical methods
– Significance of lack of convergence– Slack bus