PRESENTATIONON

COMMUNICATION, NAVIGATION and SURVEILLANCE

Laxmi Devi Institute of Engineering & TechnologyAlwar, Rajasthan

Presented By:ABHISHEK RAJ

B.Tech, 4th Year (E&C)

Objectives

Aim Civil Aviation Setup in IndiaIntroduction to Airports Authority of India (AAI) Meaning of CNSCommunication FacilitiesNavigation FacilitiesSurveillance FacilitiesConclusion

Aim• To get acquainted with Communication, Navigation and

Surveillance aids in airports authority of India.

Introduction to

Airports Authority of India (AAI)

Introduction to AAI

Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April 1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India. The merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country.

AAI manages 125 airports, which include 18 International Airports, 7 Custom Airports, 78 Domestic Airports and 26 Civil Enclaves at Defence airfields.

AAI provides air navigation services over 2.8 million square nautical miles of air space. (1Nmile=1.852Km).

During the year 2013-14, AAI handled aircraft movement of 1536.60 Thousand [International 335.95 & Domestic 1200.65], Passengers handled 168.91 Million [International 46.62 & Domestic 122.29] and the cargo handled 2279.14 thousand [International 1443.04 & Domestic 836.10].

Functions of AAIThe functions of AAI are as follows: Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of international and

domestic airports and civil enclaves. Control and Management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the

territorial limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO*. Construction, Modification and Management of passenger terminals. Development and Management of cargo terminals at international and

domestic airports. Provision of passenger facilities and information system at the passenger

terminals at airports. Expansion and strengthening of operation area, viz. Runways, Aprons,

Taxiway etc. Provision of visual aids. Provision of Communication and Navigation aids, viz. ILS, DVOR, DME,

Radar etc.

*ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization

Meaning of CNS

CNS

Communication

Navigation

Surveillance

Communication Communication is the exchange of voice and data

information between the pilot and air traffic controllers or flight information centres.

Communication

Air to Ground Ground to Ground

Communication Facilities

Communication FacilitiesVHF Air-to-Ground Voice Communication Facilities

Digital Voice Tape Recorder

Dedicated Satellite Communication Network

Voice Communication System

Automatic Message Switching System

VHF Air-to-Ground Voice Communication Facilities

The electromagnetic waves having frequency range 30 MHz to 300 MHz are defined as Very High Frequency (VHF) radio waves. VHF communication is usually suitable for mobile applications, as these frequencies are not affected by atmospheric noise.

VHF Range in ATS: (117.975-136.975) MHz

Users: Air Traffic Controllers (ATCO), Airlines/Defence Pilots

Functions of VHF Unit in AAI

Maintaining all VHF channel

Providing radio communication between ATCO and Aircraft Additional standalone system is provided through J-Controller and

Transceivers at different ATC positions

Serviceability of mains and standby equipment is around 99.9%

All preventive and corrective maintenance schedules are performed The air-to-ground communications are also recorded. Analysis of

recorded communication is done by DGCA, AAI, ATC personnel for the purpose of investigation in case of accident/incidence.

Facilities/Components Available With VHF Unit

VHF Transmitter, Receiver and J-Controller/Transceiver

RCAG (Remote Controlled Air to Ground)

DATIS (Digital Airport Terminal Information Services) Dipole Antenna Integrated Communication System for Air

Traffic Control

VHF Transmitter A transmitter uses an oscillator to produce the desired radio

frequency current. Crystal-controlled oscillators are normally employed to

provide better frequency stability. Thinner the crystal, higher will be the operating frequency.

Description of VHF Transmitter

VHF Receiver The VHF receiver has the function of selecting the desired

signal at VHF frequencies from all the other unwanted signals, amplifying and demodulating it, and reproducing it in the actual shape/desired manner.

Description of VHF Receiver

Digital Voice Tape Recorder (DVTR)

Audio Inputs Distribution Frame

Ricochet Line Unit

NI Digitizer Card

Ethernet/LANStorage

Server Alarm

Dedicated Satellite Communication Network (DSCN)

Purposes of DSCN

To provide security.

To reduce manpower.

It is economical.

Voice Communication System (VCS)

Voice Communication System is a switching system that connects various air traffic controllers’ positions to various air-to-ground and ground-to-ground communication systems.

Voice switching and routing between (A-to-G and G-to-G) communication systems and air traffic controllers’ working positions is done by using advanced microprocessor and DSPs.

Basic Block Diagram of VCS System

Automatic Messaging and Switching System (AMSS)

The AMSS works on the principle of “Store and Forward”.

The AFTN (Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network) is a world wide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided for the exchange of messages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations.

Advantages of AMSS

Data channels are shared among communication devices, improving the use of bandwidth.

Messages can be stored temporarily at message switches, when network congestion becomes a problem.

Priorities may be used to manage network traffic.

Broadcast addressing uses bandwidth more efficiently because messages are delivered to multiple destinations.

Some Common Terms Frequently Used in AMSS

I.P. (Internet Protocol) 32 bits NOTAM (NOtice To Air-Men) Information system that

includes complete information of aircraft. Data Base: (SQL 2005 version in use)i. JK A NOTAMii. JK B Replication of JK Aiii. JK C Flight related messagesiv. JK D Replication of JK C. ADC (Air Defence Clearance) Number:

Enables the aircraft to move. FIC (Flight Information Centre) Number.

Navigation Navigation element of CNS/ATM system is meant to

provide accurate, reliable and seamless position determination capability to aircrafts.

Navigation is the art of determining the position of an aircraft over the earth’s surface and guiding its progress from one place to another.

To accomplish this art, some sort of ‘aids’ are required by the pilots.

In the twentieth century, Electronics also entered in the aviation field. Direction finders and other navigational aids enabled the navigators to obtain fixes using electronic aids only. Thus such aids became more popular and came into extensive use.

Navigation Facilities

Navigation FacilitiesVHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Instrument Landing System (ILS)

VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR) It is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft. VORs

broadcast a VHF radio signal encoding both the identity of the station and the angle to it, informing the pilot in what direction he/she is from the VOR station, referred to as the radial.

It operates in the VHF band of 112-118 MHz, used as a medium to short range radio navigational aid. It works on the principle of phase comparison of two 30 Hz signals.

There are two types of VOR: 1) Conventional VOR (C-VOR)2) Doppler VOR (D-VOR)

Purposes of VOR

The main purpose of VOR is to provide the navigational signals for an aircraft receiver that allows the pilot to determine the bearing of the aircraft to a VOR facility.

VOR enables the Air Traffic Controllers in the area control radar (ARSR and ASR) for identifying the aircraft in their scopes easily. They can monitor whether aircrafts are following the radials correctly or not.

VOR located outside the airfield on the extended centre line of the runway would be useful for the aircraft for making a straight VOR approach.

VOR located routes would be useful for air traffic to maintain their PDRs (Pre Determined Routes) and are also used as reporting points.

VORs located at radial distance of about 40 miles in different directions around an International airport can be used as holding VORs for regulating the aircraft for their landing in quickest time.

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Distance measuring equipment is a vital navigational aid

that provides a pilot with visual information regarding his position(distance) relative to the ground based DME.

The facility even though possible to locate independently, normally it is collected with either VOR or ILS.

The DME can be used with terminal VOR and holding VOR also.

Frequency Range: 960 MHz to 1215 MHz. This is the most suitable frequency range for DME, as it has less reflection and attenuation.

Instrument Landing System (ILS) The Instrument Landing System provides a means for safe

landing of aircraft at airports under conditions of low ceiling and limited visibility.

The use of the system materially reduces interruptions of services at airports resulting from bad weather by allowing operations to continue at lower weather minimum.

It also increases the traffic handling capacity of the airport under all weather conditions.

The basic philosophy of ILS is that ground installations, located in the vicinity of the runway, transmit coded signals in such a manner that pilot is given information indicating positions of the aircraft s with respect to correct approach path.

The act of watching or monitoring the behaviour, activities or other changing information, is said to be Surveillance.

It is mainly divided into two parts:-1) Dependent Surveillance2) Independent Surveillance

In Dependent surveillance systems, aircraft position is determined on board and then transmitted to ATC.

In Independent surveillance systems, aircraft position is determined from the ground.

Surveillance

Surveillance Facilities

Surveillance FacilitiesPrimary Surveillance RADAR

Secondary Surveillance RADAR

Surface Movement RADAR

Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS)Human Machine Interface System (includes Tower

consoles, ATS)

RADAR

RADAR stands for “RAdio Detection And Ranging”.

It is an object-oriented system that uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects.

It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish (or antenna) transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves that bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at the same site as the transmitter.

Principle of RADAR

A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called radar signals in predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected or scattered in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially well by materials of considerable electrical conductivity—especially by most metals, by seawater and by wet ground. Some of these make the use of radar altimeters possible. The radar signals that are reflected back towards the transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar work. If the object is moving either toward or away from the transmitter, there is a slight equivalent change in the frequency of the radio waves, caused by the Doppler Effect.

Doppler Effect

The Doppler Effect (or Doppler Shift) is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to its source. It is named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who proposed it in 1842.

Doppler shift depends upon whether the radar configuration is active or passive. Active radar transmits a signal that is reflected back to the receiver. Passive radar depends upon the object sending a signal to the receiver.

Radar Set

Primary Radar

Pulsed Radar

Intrapulse Modulated

Pulse Modulated

Continuous Wave Radar

Modulated Unmodulated

Secondary Radar

Classification of RADAR sets

Some Common Terms Related to Radar

ARSR (Air Root Surveillance Radar) L-Band Radar

ASR (Air Surveillance Radar) S-Band Radar

ASMGCS (Airport Surface Movement Ground Control System)

SMR (Surface Movement Radar)

MSSR (Mono-pulse Secondary Surveillance Radar)

L-Band RADARL band, as defined by the IEEE, is the 1 to 2 GHz range of the radio spectrum.

Wavelength Range: 15-30 cm Frequency Range: 1-2 GHz

Simplified Block Diagram of RADAR Tx and Rx

Applications of L-Band Radar

Satellite Navigation

Telecommunication Use

Aircraft Surveillance

Air Traffic Control System (ATCS)

Any Queries ???

Thank you!