PPPAristotle and Virtue

8/18/2019 PPPAristotle and Virtue

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Aristotle and The Golden Mean

Prepared By: Muhammad Hassan


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Aristotle, 384-322 B..

!tudied 2" years #ith Plato at The

A$ademy, startin% at a%e &'.

Born to (i$oma$hus, a physi$ian, inMa$edonia.

)ounded his o#n s$hool the *y$eum,

+no#n as Peripateti$ #al+in% pla$e.


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Aristotle

He tutored Aleander the Great #hen

Aleander #as a youn% teen.

Aristotle #as $har%ed #ith impiety inAthens, and le/t to li0e in hal$is, in the

eastern A%ean sea, and esta1lished a ne#

s$hool on the island o/ *es1os, tea$hin%#omen philosophy.


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Aristotle

Aristotle pre/erred the physi$al, $on$rete,

material #orld, and the senses.

Biolo%y #as his primary su1e$t.Truth /or Aristotle is $han%in%, imper/e$t,

and li0in%.

Aristotle is $alled The )ather o/ !$ien$e.


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Aristotle

Humans are politi$al and so$ial 1ein%s.

Moral a$tion is possi1le only in so$iety and

$ommunity o/ our /ello# humans.To 1e human is to li0e #ith other humans,

and intera$tion.

The idea o/ %oodness is part o/ e0eryday, pra$ti$al a$ti0ity o/ human li/e.


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Aristotle

Aristotle5s approa$h is teleolo%i$al, #hi$h

means the $onne$tion 1et#een ri%ht a$tion

and the result or end o/ ri%ht a$tion.The %ood, is that #hi$h e0erythin% aims

in art and s$ien$e.

All o/ our a$tions ha0e %oals or aims.The end %oal /or humans is happiness.


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Aristotle

Happiness is an end in itsel/, ne0er $hosen

as a means to somethin% else.

Happiness is pra$ti$al, understanda1le.Happiness is /inal, sel/ su//i$ient.

Happiness is 1oth parti$ular and uni0ersal.


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Aristotle

6deas, $on$epts, or /orms do not eist

outside o/ material o1e$ts.

7no#led%e $an 1e /ound in the #orld o/ thesenses, natural #orld, physi$almaterial

#orld.

The unity o/ matter and the /orms.6deas $annot trans$end matter.


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Aristotle

&. Prin$iples and theories 9 +no#led%e o/

uality. A1stra$t, uni0ersal2. ausality 9 #hy somethin% happens

!$ienti/i$ eplains

3. !enses and ;perien$es 9 parti$ular,$on$rete, immediate


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Aristotle

The #orld is $onstantly in a state o/ /lu,

$han%e:

motion%ro#thde$ay%eneration$orruptionhan%e is a natural pro$ess and produ$t o/

li/e. ;0erythin% is in pro$ess o/ 1e$omin%

and dyin%.


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Aristotle

There are 4 $auses:

)ormal 9 #hat a thin% is

Material 9 that o/ #hi$h it is made;//i$ient 9 ho# and #hy it is made

)inal 9 teleos 9 the end purpose or %oal

)or Aristotle there is no /irst mo0er or $reator

Morality is de0eloped out o/ e0eryday li/e.


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Aristotle

Happiness is an a$ti0ity o/ the soul in a$$ordan$eto reason. A$tuali


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Aristotle

>irtue: a$tuali


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Aristotle

2 types o/ 0irtue: Moral and intelle$tual

Moral >irtue: ha1its de0eloped out o/ our

nature throu%h li0in% li/e? adaptations:learn to do 1y doin%: the pra$ti$al e0eryday

#orld? The mean 1et#een t#o etremes,

ha1itual $hoi$e o/ a$tions 1et#een t#o0i$es: e$ess and de/i$ien$y


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Aristotle

The Golden Mean is the mean 1et#een t#o

etremes, may 1e relati0e /or ea$h

indi0idual.!o$iety sets our mean, 1y use o/ the la#.

A$ts #hi$h ha0e no mean and are

intrinsi$ally 1ad in and o/ themsel0es:!pite, ;n0y, adultery, murder, the/t, lyin%


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Aristotle

6ntelle$tual 0irtue: philosophi$$ontemplation @ #isdom, thin+in%,+no#led%e, ta+es time, eperien$e 9understandin%

A %ood li/e is a happy li/e, a %ood person isa morally 0irtuous person

The ultimate li/e is happy, moral, and philosophi$


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Aristotle

Aristotle re$o%nioluntary a$ts are a$ts 1ased on deli1erate $hoi$e

and total human responsi1ility.

6n0oluntary a$ts are a$ts /rom i%noran$e, poor

tea$hin%, eternal $ompulsion, or a0oidan$e o/ a%reater e0il.


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Aristotle

2 types o/ a$ts$hoi$es:

6nstrumental 9 a$ts done as a means /or

other ends, eternali


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Aristotle5s Golden Mean

;;!!mean C;)66;(D

moral 0irtue

Honor>anityproper pridehumilityon/iden$eoura%e)ear

Pleasuretemperan$ePain

Gi0e Eli1eralityta+e E

;asy %oin%temperateiras$i1lehot temper


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Aristotle

the ri%ht a$tion at the ri%ht time, to the

ri%ht person /or the ri%ht reason This is

+no#in% #hen you are morally 0irtuous

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