PPL 2.5 Visual Navigation Fundamentals

5/18/2018 PPL 2.5 Visual Navigation Fundamentals

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FLYBEST FLIGHTACADEMYPASSION DRIVES OUR PROFESSION

MODULE 2 / LESSON 5

Visual Navigai!" Fu"#a$%"als

FLYBEST FLIGHT ACADEMY

PRIVATE PILOT GROUND

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OVERVIE*

Visual Navigai!"Fu"#a$%"als

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O+,%-iv%( For the student to become proficient in the

fundamentals of visual navigation.

TOPICS OF DISCUSSION:Pilotage - navigating by reference to visible landmarks.Dead-reckoning computations of direction and distance from a known position.Radio Navigation.

Aeronautical Carts used for navigation.!atitude and !ongitude" #at are tey and ow we use tem in navigation.$ime %ones & $e 'nternational Date !ine.(sing te )agnetic Compass.Deviation.)agnetic Nort & $rue Nort. )agnetic *ariation.$rue Airspeed.

+nots.,ffects of #ind on Navigating.Cruise Altitudes. )inimum afe Altitudes.

PRIVATE PILOT GROUND .MODULE 2 /LESSON 5


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Pilotage

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Pilotage.. flying wit visual reference to ground features" suc as following aigway or river between two towns" and re/uires constant sigting of te ground.

't is best to select certain ground features tat will occur at intervals of 01 minutes

or so.

$e ceckpoints selected sould be prominent features common to te area of te

fligt.

'f one is missed" look for te ne2t one wile maintaining te eading.

'f confused" old te eading. 'f a turn is made away from te eading" it is easy to

become lost.

PRIVATE PILOT GROUND .MODULE ' /LESSON '

Visual Navigai!"Fu"#a$%"als


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Dead reckoning is navigation solely by means of computations based on time" airspeed"distance" and direction.

,2cept for fligts over water" dead reckoning is usually used wit pilotage for cross-country

flying.

$e eading and 3 as calculated for Dead-reckoning is constantly monitored and corrected by

pilotage as observed from ceckpoints.

#e generally use bot tecni/ues as a backup to eac oter along wit some form of radio

navigation.

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$e standard practice is to establis a time

4one for eac 056 of longitude. $is makes adifference of e2actly 0 our between eac4one.

7ecause a pilot may cross several time4ones during a fligt" a standard time systemas been adopted. 't is called (niversalCoordinated $ime 8($C9 and is often referred

to as %ulu time. ($C is te time at te 16 line of longitude

wic passes troug 3reenwic" ,ngland. 'n most aviation operations" time is

e2pressed in terms of te :;-our clock.A$Cinstructions" weater reports and broadcasts"and estimated times of arrival are all based

on tis system.


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International Date Line


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A line drawn between two points on a cart

is called a true course as it is measuredfrom true nort.

=owever" flying tis course off te magneticcompass would not provide an accuratecourse between te two points due to treeelements tat must be considered.

$e first is magnetic variation.

$e second is compass deviation. $e tird is wind correction. All three must be considered for accurate

navigation.


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Mag"%i- Va4iai!"


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Mag"%i- D%viai!"


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E%-s O6 *i"#


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First draw a line from Chickasha Airport (point A) directly to Guthrie Airport (point F).

Appropriate checkpoints should be selected along the route and noted in some way.

Checkpoint 1 consists of a tower located east of the course.

Checkpoint 2 is the obstruction just to the west of the course.

Checkpoint 3 is Wiley Post Airport, which the aircraft should fly directly over.

Checkpoint 4 is a private, non-surfaced airport

Course passes through a segment of the Class C airspace surrounding Will Rogers

World Airpotr, floor is 2,500 feet mean sea level (MSL) and the ceiling 5,300feet

MSL (point B). Class D airspace from surface to 3,800 feet MSL @ Wiley Post

Airport (point C) during the time the control tower is in operation.

measure the total distance of the course as well as the distance between checkpoints.

The total distance is 53 NM and the distance between checkpoints is as noted on the

flight log

the true course should be measured. If using a plotter, follow the directions on the

plotter. The true course is 031.

TC WCA = TH V = MH D = CH

Using a wind of 360at 10 knots, it is determined the WCA is 3left

locate the isogonic line closest to the route of the flight to determine variation.

add 2to the MH for the deviation correction. This gives the pilot the compass heading

which is 23. Now, the GS can be determinedGS is 106 knots and the total time is 35 minutes (30 minutes plus 5 minutes for climb)

with a fuel burn of 4.7 gallons

As the trip progresses, the pilot can note headings and time and make adjustments in

heading, GS, and time.


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T89%s !6 Ai4s9%%#


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'ndicated airspeed 8'A9>te direct instrument reading obtained from te A'" uncorrected for

variations in atmosperic density" installation error" or instrument error. Calibrated airspeed 8CA9>'A corrected for installation error and instrument error. $rue airspeed 8$A9>CA corrected for altitude and nonstandard temperature. ----A rule of tumb" provides te appro2imate $A -- ----imply add : percent to te CA for eac 0"111 feet of altitude. $e $A is te speed wic is used for fligt planning and is used wen filing a fligt plan. 3roundspeed 839>te actual speed of te airplane over te ground. 't is $A ad?usted for

wind.


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C4%ai"g Navl!g


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$e actual ground speed is easily calculated from te distance traveled in a particular amount of time" using

te time and distance between two fi2es or crossing two position lines.


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Terminology


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Radio Navigation

7eginning pilots sould use tis e/uipment to supplement navigation by

visual reference to te ground 8pilotage9.

$ere are tree main radio navigation systems available for use for *


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VOR


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$ree sligtly different navigation aids

8NA*A'Ds9B *R" *RD)," and *R$AC. *R" provides magnetic bearing information

to and from te station. D), installed wit a *R" te NA*A'D is

referred to as a *RD),. )ilitary tactical air navigation 8$ACAN9

installed wit a *R" te NA*A'D is known

as a *R$AC.$e course or radials referenced to magnetic nort.

$o aid in orientation" a compass rose reference to

magnetic nort is superimposed on aeronautical

carts at te station location.

$e ground stations transmit witin a *=< fre/uency

band of 01.100E.F5 )4.

$e signals transmitted are sub?ect to line-of-sigtrestrictions.

*R transmitting station can be positively identified

by its )orse code identification

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V!4 O4i%"ai!"


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N!"0Di4%-i!"al B%a-!"


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$o navigate using te AD


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NDB


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3


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Gl!+al P!sii!"i"g S8s%$ .GPS


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$e 3P is a satellite-based radio navigation system. 'ts RNA* guidance is worldwide in scope. $e 3P constellation of :; satellites is designed so tat a minimum of five satellites are always observable

by a user anywere on eart. *


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H #e ave seen a general overview of te process and metods used for *


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PPL 2.5 Visual Navigation Fundamentals

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