PPD - Teori Perkembangan
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Transcript of PPD - Teori Perkembangan
Teori Perkemban
gan
Developmental Theories
• Psychoanalytic
• Cognitive
• Social Learning
• Ethology
• Ecology
PSYCHOANALYTICFreud’s Psychosexual
Basic belief : Behavior is controlled by
powerful unconscious
Technique used : Clinical observation
Oriented on stages(Early childhood
experiences permanently shape
personality)
Erikson’s Psychosocial
Basic belief : Personality is
influenced by society and develops through a
series of crices, or critical alternatives
Technique used : Clinical observation
Oriented on stages(Ego dev is lifelong)
Freud’s Psychosexual
ORAL
AnalPhallic
Latency
Genital
Psychosexual Dev
Stase Perkembangan Psikoseksual Freud
Stase Umur Fokus Libido Tugas Perkembangan dan Pengalaman
Oral 0 – 18 bulan Mulut (mengisap, menggigit, mengunyah)
Menyusu, berpisah dari ibu
Anal 1,5 – 3 tahun
Anus (menahan atau mengeluarkan feces)
Toilet training (self-control)
Phallic 3 – 6 tahun Genital (masturbasi) Identifikasi terhadap model dewasa yang sejenis
Latency 6 – 12 tahun - Kontak sosial / peer
Genital Pubertas Genital (menjadi heteroseksual)
Membangun hubungan yang intim, berkontribusi kepada masyarakat melalui kerja
Freud’s Psychosexual
His Contribution• Importance of unconscious thoughts,
feelings & motivation• The role of childhood experiences in
forming personalities• The ambivalence of emotional response,
especially to parents• Ways in which early relationship affect
later ones
Erikson’s Psychosocial
• Emphasizing the influence of society on the developing personality
• Pioneer in a life-span perspective
• Ego development is lifelong
• Each stage requires the balancing of a positive tendency and a corresponding negative ones
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage
Intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood)
Identity vs identity confusion (puberty to young adulthood)
Industry vs Inferiority (6 y.o to puberty)
Initiative vs Guilt (3 to 6 y.o)
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (12 – 18 mt to 3 y.o
Basic Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 12 – 18 mt)
Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood)
Ego integrity vs despair (late adulthood)
Cognitive Stages (Piaget)
Sensorimotor (Birth – 2 y.o)1
Preoperational (2 – 7 y.o)2
Concrete operations (7 – 11 y.o)3
Formal operations (11 – 15 y.o)4
Learning
BehaviorismBehaviorism
Social LearningSocial Learning
OCOC
CCCC
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Prinsip dasar :
• Bentuk belajar dimana setiap stimulus yang sebelumnya bersifat netral, dapat menimbulkan respon melalui asosiasi dengan stimulus yang secara alami menimbulkan respon
• UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Prinsip dasar :
• Belajar tergantung pada adanya reinforcement atau punishment
• Reinforcement…?
• Punishment…?
Social Learning(Social Cognitive Theory)
• Albert Bandura• Classic social learning theories :
Modelling / observational learning (choosing models watching imitate)
• Bandura’s newest version :
Social cognitive theory
(observe models learn chunks of behavior put the chunk into complex new behavior pattern)
Behavior
PersonalCognitive Environment
Ethology
• Konrad Lorenz
• Ethology perilaku dipengaruhi oleh biologi, terkait dengan evolusi, dan penekanan terhadap periode penting (kepekaan)
• Prinsip awal dari perilaku adaptif yang bertujuan untuk survival (misal : attachment bayi – caregiver ) imprinting
Bioecological / Ecological (Urie Bronfenbrenner)
• Microsystem setting dimana individu hidup
• Mesosystem microsystem - microsystem• Exosystem microsystem – microsystem
tapi salah satu tidak berhubungan langsung dengan individu
• Macrosystem kebudayaan (nilai, kepercayaan, sistem sosial ekonomi
• Chronosystem sosiohistoris lingkungan