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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Powers of Ginibre EigenvaluesThe Laundry Machine Effect
Guillaume DubachCourant Institute, NYU
Northeast Probability SeminarNovember 15th, 2018
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Complex Ginibre EnsembleGinibre ensemble: Gin(N), N ×N matrix G , with i.i.d. entries
Gi ,jd=NC (0, Id) .
Eigenvalues are almost surely distinct : G =P∆P−1.∆= Diag(λ1, . . . ,λN) with density proportional to∏
i<j|λi −λj |2e−
∑Ni=1 |λi |2
with respect to the Lebesgue measure on C.
Convergence of the empirical measure of the scaled eigenvalues tothe uniform measure on D=D(0,1).
N∑k=1
δ λkpN
d→ 1π1D.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Complex Ginibre EnsembleGinibre ensemble: Gin(N), N ×N matrix G , with i.i.d. entries
Gi ,jd=NC (0, Id) .
Eigenvalues are almost surely distinct : G =P∆P−1.
∆= Diag(λ1, . . . ,λN) with density proportional to∏i<j
|λi −λj |2e−∑N
i=1 |λi |2
with respect to the Lebesgue measure on C.
Convergence of the empirical measure of the scaled eigenvalues tothe uniform measure on D=D(0,1).
N∑k=1
δ λkpN
d→ 1π1D.
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 2 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Complex Ginibre EnsembleGinibre ensemble: Gin(N), N ×N matrix G , with i.i.d. entries
Gi ,jd=NC (0, Id) .
Eigenvalues are almost surely distinct : G =P∆P−1.∆= Diag(λ1, . . . ,λN) with density proportional to∏
i<j|λi −λj |2e−
∑Ni=1 |λi |2
with respect to the Lebesgue measure on C.
Convergence of the empirical measure of the scaled eigenvalues tothe uniform measure on D=D(0,1).
N∑k=1
δ λkpN
d→ 1π1D.
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 2 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Complex Ginibre EnsembleGinibre ensemble: Gin(N), N ×N matrix G , with i.i.d. entries
Gi ,jd=NC (0, Id) .
Eigenvalues are almost surely distinct : G =P∆P−1.∆= Diag(λ1, . . . ,λN) with density proportional to∏
i<j|λi −λj |2e−
∑Ni=1 |λi |2
with respect to the Lebesgue measure on C.
Convergence of the empirical measure of the scaled eigenvalues tothe uniform measure on D=D(0,1).
N∑k=1
δ λkpN
d→ 1π1D.
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 2 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Circular Law : Ginibre points vs. uniform points
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Kostlan’s Theorem
Definition (Gamma variables)
For any α> 0, γα is a real variable with density
1Γ(α)
tα−1e−t1R+ .
Theorem (Kostlan ’92){|λ1|2, . . . , |λN |2} d= {γ1, . . . ,γN
}, where the gamma variables are
independent, with parameters 1,2, . . . ,N.
One consequence : Gumbel fluctuations for max(|λi |2). (Rider ’03,Chafaï-Péché ’ 14)
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Kostlan’s Theorem
Definition (Gamma variables)
For any α> 0, γα is a real variable with density
1Γ(α)
tα−1e−t1R+ .
Theorem (Kostlan ’92){|λ1|2, . . . , |λN |2} d= {γ1, . . . ,γN
}, where the gamma variables are
independent, with parameters 1,2, . . . ,N.
One consequence : Gumbel fluctuations for max(|λi |2). (Rider ’03,Chafaï-Péché ’ 14)
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 4 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Kostlan’s Theorem
Definition (Gamma variables)
For any α> 0, γα is a real variable with density
1Γ(α)
tα−1e−t1R+ .
Theorem (Kostlan ’92){|λ1|2, . . . , |λN |2} d= {γ1, . . . ,γN
}, where the gamma variables are
independent, with parameters 1,2, . . . ,N.
One consequence : Gumbel fluctuations for max(|λi |2). (Rider ’03,Chafaï-Péché ’ 14)
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 4 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Kostlan’s Theorem
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Repulsion between eigenvalues
(Term∏
i<j |λi −λj |2 in the joint density.)
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Kostlan’s Theorem
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Kostlan’s Theorem
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
High powersPower map : πM(z)= zM . Image of Gin(N) under πM ?
Theorem (Hough, Krishnapur, Peres, Virág ’06)
For any integer M ≥N, the following equality in distribution holds:{λM1 , . . . ,λMN
}d= {Z1, . . . ,ZN }
where the variables Zk are independent.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
High powersPower map : πM(z)= zM . Image of Gin(N) under πM ?
Theorem (Hough, Krishnapur, Peres, Virág ’06)
For any integer M ≥N, the following equality in distribution holds:{λM1 , . . . ,λMN
}d= {Z1, . . . ,ZN }
where the variables Zk are independent.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
High powersPower map : πM(z)= zM . Image of Gin(N) under πM ?
Theorem (Hough, Krishnapur, Peres, Virág ’06)
For any integer M ≥N, the following equality in distribution holds:{λM1 , . . . ,λMN
}d= {Z1, . . . ,ZN }
where the variables Zk are independent.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Rains for the CUE
CUE(N) : unitary matrix chosen uniformly on UN(C).
Eigenvaluedensity proportional to: ∏
k<l|e iθk −e iθl |2
with respect to the Lebesgue measure on the unit circle.
Theorem (Rains ’03)
For any M ≥ 1,
CUE(N)Md=
N⋃k=1
CUE
(⌈N −k
M
⌉).
where the CUE blocks in the right hand side are independent.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Rains for the CUE
CUE(N) : unitary matrix chosen uniformly on UN(C). Eigenvaluedensity proportional to: ∏
k<l|e iθk −e iθl |2
with respect to the Lebesgue measure on the unit circle.
Theorem (Rains ’03)
For any M ≥ 1,
CUE(N)Md=
N⋃k=1
CUE
(⌈N −k
M
⌉).
where the CUE blocks in the right hand side are independent.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Rains for the CUE
CUE(N) : unitary matrix chosen uniformly on UN(C). Eigenvaluedensity proportional to: ∏
k<l|e iθk −e iθl |2
with respect to the Lebesgue measure on the unit circle.
Theorem (Rains ’03)
For any M ≥ 1,
CUE(N)Md=
N⋃k=1
CUE
(⌈N −k
M
⌉).
where the CUE blocks in the right hand side are independent.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Power-Ginibre blocks
For fixed M ≤N and k ∈ [[1,M]], we consider the arithmeticprogressions
Ik :={i ∈ [[1,N]] | i ≡ k [M]
}.
DefinitionThe Power-Ginibre distribution Gin(N ,M ,k) is the point processindexed by Ik with joint density proportional to∏
i<ji ,j∈Ik
|zi −zj |2∏i∈Ik
|zi |2(k−M)
M e−|zi |2/M
dm(zi ).
Example: Gin(5,2,1) consists of {z1,z3,z5} with the above density.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Power-Ginibre blocks
For fixed M ≤N and k ∈ [[1,M]], we consider the arithmeticprogressions
Ik :={i ∈ [[1,N]] | i ≡ k [M]
}.
DefinitionThe Power-Ginibre distribution Gin(N ,M ,k) is the point processindexed by Ik with joint density proportional to∏
i<ji ,j∈Ik
|zi −zj |2∏i∈Ik
|zi |2(k−M)
M e−|zi |2/M
dm(zi ).
Example: Gin(5,2,1) consists of {z1,z3,z5} with the above density.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Power-Ginibre blocks
For fixed M ≤N and k ∈ [[1,M]], we consider the arithmeticprogressions
Ik :={i ∈ [[1,N]] | i ≡ k [M]
}.
DefinitionThe Power-Ginibre distribution Gin(N ,M ,k) is the point processindexed by Ik with joint density proportional to∏
i<ji ,j∈Ik
|zi −zj |2∏i∈Ik
|zi |2(k−M)
M e−|zi |2/M
dm(zi ).
Example: Gin(5,2,1) consists of {z1,z3,z5} with the above density.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Power-Ginibre decomposition
Theorem (D. ’18)
The images of Ginibre eigenvalues under πM are distributed like asuperposition of M independent Power-Ginibre point processes.
Gin(N)Md=
M⋃k=1
Gin(N ,M ,k).
d= t t·· ·t︸ ︷︷ ︸M independent blocks
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Power-Ginibre decomposition
Theorem (D. ’18)
The images of Ginibre eigenvalues under πM are distributed like asuperposition of M independent Power-Ginibre point processes.
Gin(N)Md=
M⋃k=1
Gin(N ,M ,k).
d= t t·· ·t︸ ︷︷ ︸M independent blocks
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Power-Ginibre decomposition
Theorem (D. ’18)
The images of Ginibre eigenvalues under πM are distributed like asuperposition of M independent Power-Ginibre point processes.
Gin(N)Md=
M⋃k=1
Gin(N ,M ,k).
d=
t t·· ·t︸ ︷︷ ︸M independent blocks
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Power-Ginibre decomposition
Theorem (D. ’18)
The images of Ginibre eigenvalues under πM are distributed like asuperposition of M independent Power-Ginibre point processes.
Gin(N)Md=
M⋃k=1
Gin(N ,M ,k).
d= t
t·· ·t︸ ︷︷ ︸M independent blocks
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Power-Ginibre decomposition
Theorem (D. ’18)
The images of Ginibre eigenvalues under πM are distributed like asuperposition of M independent Power-Ginibre point processes.
Gin(N)Md=
M⋃k=1
Gin(N ,M ,k).
d= t t·· ·t︸ ︷︷ ︸M independent blocks
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Repulsion breaking
Gin(N)
πM : z 7→ zM
Gin(N)M
Gin(N,M,2)
Gin(N,M,1)Gin(N,M,1)
Gin(N,M,M)
(Superposition)
Gin(N)M
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Twisted circular law
M fixed, N →∞. The pushforward of the uniform distribution onthe disk has density 1
πM |z |2/M−2.
• Convergence to the twisted circular law holds for every block.• Second order: i.i.d. Gaussian fluctuations coherent with GFF.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Twisted circular law
M fixed, N →∞. The pushforward of the uniform distribution onthe disk has density 1
πM |z |2/M−2.
• Convergence to the twisted circular law holds for every block.• Second order: i.i.d. Gaussian fluctuations coherent with GFF.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Twisted circular law
M fixed, N →∞. The pushforward of the uniform distribution onthe disk has density 1
πM |z |2/M−2.
• Convergence to the twisted circular law holds for every block.
• Second order: i.i.d. Gaussian fluctuations coherent with GFF.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Twisted circular law
M fixed, N →∞. The pushforward of the uniform distribution onthe disk has density 1
πM |z |2/M−2.
• Convergence to the twisted circular law holds for every block.• Second order: i.i.d. Gaussian fluctuations coherent with GFF.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Proof : main tool
Lemma (Andréief 1883)
Let (E ,E ,ν) be a measure space.For any functions (φi ,ψi )
Ni=1 in L2(ν),
1N!
∫EN
det(φi (λj)) det(ψi (λj)) dνN(λ)= det(fi ,j)
where fi ,j =∫Eφi (λ)ψj(λ)dν(λ).
With φi (z)= z i−1,ψi (z)= z i−1, this gives a formula for thestatistics E
(∏Ni=1P(λi )
)with any polynomial P .
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 15 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Proof : main tool
Lemma (Andréief 1883)
Let (E ,E ,ν) be a measure space.For any functions (φi ,ψi )
Ni=1 in L2(ν),
1N!
∫EN
det(φi (λj)) det(ψi (λj)) dνN(λ)= det(fi ,j)
where fi ,j =∫Eφi (λ)ψj(λ)dν(λ).
With φi (z)= z i−1,ψi (z)= z i−1, this gives a formula for thestatistics E
(∏Ni=1P(λi )
)with any polynomial P .
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 15 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
General 2D β-ensembles
These results do not depend on the Gaussian reference measure.
The same is true for the joint density∏i<j
|λi −λj |βe−∑N
i=1V (|λi |2)
with β= 2 and any suitable V .
For instance, Kostlan’s theorem holds with generalized Gammavariable (Density tα−1e−V (t) on R+).
Conditional results available for any β= 2p,p ∈N.
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 16 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
General 2D β-ensembles
These results do not depend on the Gaussian reference measure.
The same is true for the joint density∏i<j
|λi −λj |βe−∑N
i=1V (|λi |2)
with β= 2 and any suitable V .
For instance, Kostlan’s theorem holds with generalized Gammavariable (Density tα−1e−V (t) on R+).
Conditional results available for any β= 2p,p ∈N.
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 16 / 21
![Page 37: Powers of Ginibre Eigenvaluesdubach/Beamer_Ginibre_Powers.pdfPowers of Ginibre Eigenvalues TheLaundryMachineEffect GuillaumeDubach CourantInstitute,NYU NortheastProbabilitySeminar](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042118/5e96e45f2c21a146737c92d5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
General 2D β-ensembles
These results do not depend on the Gaussian reference measure.
The same is true for the joint density∏i<j
|λi −λj |βe−∑N
i=1V (|λi |2)
with β= 2 and any suitable V .
For instance, Kostlan’s theorem holds with generalized Gammavariable (Density tα−1e−V (t) on R+).
Conditional results available for any β= 2p,p ∈N.
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 16 / 21
![Page 38: Powers of Ginibre Eigenvaluesdubach/Beamer_Ginibre_Powers.pdfPowers of Ginibre Eigenvalues TheLaundryMachineEffect GuillaumeDubach CourantInstitute,NYU NortheastProbabilitySeminar](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042118/5e96e45f2c21a146737c92d5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
General 2D β-ensembles
These results do not depend on the Gaussian reference measure.
The same is true for the joint density∏i<j
|λi −λj |βe−∑N
i=1V (|λi |2)
with β= 2 and any suitable V .
For instance, Kostlan’s theorem holds with generalized Gammavariable (Density tα−1e−V (t) on R+).
Conditional results available for any β= 2p,p ∈N.
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 16 / 21
![Page 39: Powers of Ginibre Eigenvaluesdubach/Beamer_Ginibre_Powers.pdfPowers of Ginibre Eigenvalues TheLaundryMachineEffect GuillaumeDubach CourantInstitute,NYU NortheastProbabilitySeminar](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042118/5e96e45f2c21a146737c92d5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Quaternionic Ginibre Ensemble
Figure: Quaternionic ’eigenvalues’.
B Artistic view : actual product may vary.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Quaternionic Ginibre Ensemble
Figure: Quaternionic ’eigenvalues’.
B Artistic view : actual product may vary.
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 17 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Quaternionic Ginibre Ensemble
QGE: eigenvalues (λ1,λ1, . . . ,λN ,λN) with joint density∏i<j
|λi −λj |2∏i≤j
|λi −λj |2e−∑ |λi |2dµN(λ).
Note that :∏i<j
|λi −λj |2∏i≤j
|λi −λj |2 =∆2N(λ1, . . . ,λN ,λ1, . . . ,λN)N∏i=1
(λi −λi ).
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1 . . . 1 1 . . . 1λ1 . . . λN λ1 . . . λN...
......
...
λ2N−11 . . . λ2N−1
N λ2N−11 . . . λ
2N−1N
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 18 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Quaternionic Ginibre Ensemble
QGE: eigenvalues (λ1,λ1, . . . ,λN ,λN) with joint density∏i<j
|λi −λj |2∏i≤j
|λi −λj |2e−∑ |λi |2dµN(λ).
Note that :∏i<j
|λi −λj |2∏i≤j
|λi −λj |2 =∆2N(λ1, . . . ,λN ,λ1, . . . ,λN)N∏i=1
(λi −λi ).
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1 . . . 1 1 . . . 1λ1 . . . λN λ1 . . . λN...
......
...
λ2N−11 . . . λ2N−1
N λ2N−11 . . . λ
2N−1N
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 18 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Quaternionic Ginibre Ensemble
QGE: eigenvalues (λ1,λ1, . . . ,λN ,λN) with joint density∏i<j
|λi −λj |2∏i≤j
|λi −λj |2e−∑ |λi |2dµN(λ).
Note that :∏i<j
|λi −λj |2∏i≤j
|λi −λj |2 =∆2N(λ1, . . . ,λN ,λ1, . . . ,λN)N∏i=1
(λi −λi ).
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1 . . . 1 1 . . . 1λ1 . . . λN λ1 . . . λN...
......
...
λ2N−11 . . . λ2N−1
N λ2N−11 . . . λ
2N−1N
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 18 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Quaternionic Ginibre Ensemble
Proposition (De Bruijn)
Let (E ,E ,ν) be a measure space.For any functions (φi ,ψi )
2Ni=1 in L2(ν),∫
ENdet(φi (λj) | ψi (λj)) dνN(λ)=N!2NPf(fi ,j)
2Ni ,j=1
wherefi ,j =
∫Eφi (λ)ψj(λ)dν(λ).
where Pf is the pfaffian.
(PfM)2 = det(M−Mt
2
).
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 19 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Quaternionic Ginibre Ensemble
Proposition (De Bruijn)
Let (E ,E ,ν) be a measure space.For any functions (φi ,ψi )
2Ni=1 in L2(ν),∫
ENdet(φi (λj) | ψi (λj)) dνN(λ)=N!2NPf(fi ,j)
2Ni ,j=1
wherefi ,j =
∫Eφi (λ)ψj(λ)dν(λ).
where Pf is the pfaffian. (PfM)2 = det(M−Mt
2
).
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 19 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Quaternionic Ginibre Ensemble
Theorem (Rider ’03)
For QGE,{|λ1|2, . . . , |λN |2} d= {
γ2, . . . ,γ2N}
.
Theorem (D. ’18)
For any integer M ≥ 2N,{λM1 ,λ1
M, . . . ,λMN ,λN
M}d=
{Z1,Z 1, . . . ,ZN ,ZN
}where the Zi ’s are independent variables.
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Quaternionic Ginibre Ensemble
Theorem (Rider ’03)
For QGE,{|λ1|2, . . . , |λN |2} d= {
γ2, . . . ,γ2N}
.
Theorem (D. ’18)
For any integer M ≥ 2N,{λM1 ,λ1
M, . . . ,λMN ,λN
M}d=
{Z1,Z 1, . . . ,ZN ,ZN
}where the Zi ’s are independent variables.
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 20 / 21
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Introduction Power-Ginibre decomposition Other ensembles
Thank you for your attention !
Guillaume Dubach Courant Institute, NYU Powers of Ginibre Eigenvalues 21 / 21