PowerPoint Presentation - Today's Dietitian · PDF fileSuggested CDR Performance Indicators:...

12/16/2015
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Disclosures 2
Karen Ansel, MS, RDN, CDN
Karen Ansel reports the following relevant disclosure: She serves as a content developer for Kelloggs.
David R. Just, PhD
David Just has no disclosures for this program.
The presenters have certified that no conflict of interest exists for this program.
Learning Objectives
Suggested CDR Learning Codes: 4010, 5370, 6000, 8100; Level 2
Suggested CDR Performance Indicators: 8.1.2, 8.2.3, 8.3.6, 12.4.3
1. Evaluate the most recent trends regarding snacking.
2. Assess the impact of the food environment on
snacking.
3. Interpret the latest research regarding snacking on
measures of health and body weight.
4. Provide clients with evidence-based recommendations
for healthful snacking.
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Snacking Trends
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Thirty-Five Years Ago
The average American
ate one snack a day
40 percent of adults and
teens didnt eat any
snacks at all.
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(USDA Food Surveys Research Group, 2010 & 2011)
Today
Thirty percent more people snack today than
they did four decades ago
Most people snack at least twice a day
The majority snack even more
Nearly half of adults snack two or three times
a day. The snacking trend continues to rise.
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(USDA Food Surveys Research Group, 2010 & 2011; Piernas, J Nutr, 2010)

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20
25
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45
0 1 2 3 4+
Perc
en
t o
f A
du
lts
Number of Snacks a Day
Changes in Snacking Frequency of US Adults Over the Past 35 Years
1977-1978
2007-2008
(USDA Food Surveys Research Group, 2011)
Reasons We Love to Snack
Physiological
To satisfy a craving
To satisfy hunger
For better nutrition
66 percent of people surveyed listed nutrition as one of their top reasons for snacking according to a 2014 Nielsen report.
Emotional
For fun and enjoyment
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(Nielsen website, 2014)
Are Snacks the New Meals?
Many people are eating snacks in place of
meals.
Adults who snack multiple times a day, are
especially likely to snack all day instead of
eating regular meals.
Some adults believe its healthier to snack
throughout the day than to eat three meals.
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Time Use and Calories Consumed
Time Use (in minutes) Calories Activity All days Mon-Fri Sat-Sun All days Mon-Fri Sat-Sun Eating/drinking only 57.1 53.0 69.4 922.3 858.7 1115.7 Going to bed/sleeping 493.0 472.3 525.7 27.5 30.5 18.6 Personal care 55.7 56.2 54.2 60.0 53.4 80.0 Working 147.5 177.2 57.0 112.3 137.6 35.3 Home production 158.2 154.5 169.5 195.5 199.3 184.0 Caring 45.5 45.9 44.4 56.8 62.5 39.5 Education 12.1 13.0 9.0 10.8 14.3 0.0 Travel 79.2 82.0 70.5 127.5 128.8 123.6 Relaxation and leisure (excluding TV and attending events) 80.1 79.4 82.4 97.2 100.2 88.0 Watching TV 167.7 163.5 180.2 221.3 234.2 182.0 Attending art and sports 4.0 3.0 7.1 8.5 8.8 7.9 Socializing 50.2 46.1 62.7 111.7 82.9 199.3 Sports and exercise 11.5 11.1 12.9 4.3 3.9 5.6 Phone 14.8 15.8 11.8 25.9 26.1 25.3 Shopping 24.7 23.1 29.3 28.4 30.5 22.1 Services 12.7 13.8 9.1 14.1 16.6 6.5 Voluntary/civic/religious activities 16.7 11.1 33.7 3.9 2.6 7.8 NA 8.4 8.0 9.8 17.0 12.2 31.5
(Bertrand and Schanzenbach, Am Econ Rev, 2009)
Time Use and Calories Consumed
On high calorie days: overweight individuals
taking in the excess calories by snacking while
doing chores or socializing. For normal weight
high calorie days occur almost always along with
socializing.
How much you eat in front of the TV is
unaffected by how much you ate in the previous
6 hoursyou are focused on the TV and not on
how much you eat.
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50
60
70
80
Early Morning Morning Afternoon Evening Late Evening
Perc
en
t o
f p
eo
ple
sn
ackin
g
Time of day
Change in Snacking Frequency Since 2010
2010
2015
(IRI Worldwide website, 2015)

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Generational Snack Habits
Even though everyone
is snacking more often,
Millennials are most
likely to snack all day
and evening long
compared to Baby
Boomers who snack
less in the morning or
late at night.
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(IRI Worldwide website, 2015)
Foods Were Snacking On 10 Most Popular Snacks
Fresh fruit
Chocolate
Potato & Tortilla Chips
Bread & sandwiches
Cheese
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Ice cream
Vegetables
Yogurt
Cookies
Nuts & seeds
Snacks Arent Always
Traditional Snack Foods
People seek out snack-sized versions of foods we usually eat as, or with, meals:
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salads
soups
pastas
sandwiches
burgers
pizzas
breakfast foods
desserts

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Healthier Options
Many people are also seeking healthier snack
options, such as snacks that are:
Naturally flavored
Low in sugar and sodium
Free of high fructose corn syrup
Made with whole grains
High in fiber
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Snacks and
Weight Management
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Snack Calories
Roughly a quarter of our
daily calories come from
snacks.
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(USDA Food Surveys Research Group, 2010 & 2011;
Piernas and Popkin, Health Aff, 2010)

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Snacking Research
Research on the impact of snacking and eating
frequency on body weight is mixed
This may be partially due to:
Different definitions of snacking among
studies.
Inclusion or exclusion of beverages and
alcoholic drinks as snacks.
Reporting errors by study participants.
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Snacking, Calories and Obesity
Even though people who
snack more frequently
take in more calories, the
USDA reports that normal
weight men and women
actually snack slightly
more often than people
who are overweight or
obese.
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Snacking & Weight Management
Among Adults
Eating frequent meals and snacks has been
proposed to help control appetite and food
intake.
However, a review of controlled feeding studies
in adults found:
Eating more than 3 times a day had little, if
any, impact on appetite or food intake.
Eating fewer than 3 times a day increased
appetite.
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(Leidy and Campbell, J Nutr, 2011)

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Snack Choices and Body Weight
In Adults
Snacking on cakes, cookies,
candy, chocolate and desserts
is associated with increased
snacking energy intake.
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(Bertus et al, Int J Obes, 2005; Murakami and Livingstone, Int J Obes, 2014)
Snacking and Body Weight
Among Children
Unlike adults, eating
frequency may not be
related to overweight and
obesity in children.
Some studies suggest that
children and adolescents
who eat more often may
have a smaller waist
circumference and lower
BMI.
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(Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics EAL; Toschke et al, Obes Res, 2005; Toschke et al, Int J
Pediatr Obes, 2009; Barba et al, Int J Obes, 2006; Mota et al, Ann Hum Biol, 2008;)
Snacking & Disease Prevention
Research on snacking and
prevention or treatment of
type 2 diabetes or high
triglyceride and cholesterol
levels is not consistent
enough to conclude whether
snacking has positive or
negative benefits.
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(Rashidi et al, Saudi Med J, 2003; Jenkins et al, Metabolism, 1995; Mekary et al, Am J
Clin Nutr, 2013; Mekary et al, Am J Clin Nutr, 2012; Smith et al, Br J Nutr, 2012)

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Snacks and Nutrition
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Snacks Provide Nutrients
Snacks can deliver nutrients people dont get
enough of.
When meals dont supply all the nutrition people need, nutrient-dense snacks can help fill those gaps.
Adults and teens who snack on whole fruit, vegetables, legumes, grains, crackers and salty snacks tend to have better diet quality than people who dont snack or who snacked on other foods.
Adults who eat breakfast, lunch, dinner plus 1 or 2 snacks a day obtain more key nutrients including protein, fiber, folic acid, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iron and potassium.
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(Nicklas et al, BMC Public Health, 2014; Kerver et al, J Am Diet Assoc, 2006)
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Nutrient
Nutrients provided by snacks
Teens
Adults

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Sugar, Sodium & Snack

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