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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Optical Fiber – Enabler of Wireless
Devices in the Palms of Your Hands
A Presentation to
EE1001 Class of
Electrical Engineering Department
at University of Minnesota Duluth
By
Professor Imran Hayee
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Smartphone vs. Crystal Ball
Crystal Ball
gives
information
regardless of
space and
time
Smart Phone
gives
information
regardless of
space and
past time
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1. What is an Optical Fiber?
2. Why it Matters?
3. How it Works?
4. What do I do?
5. Summary/Questions
Outline
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
What is an Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber is a thin
long cylinder made of
Silica
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Optical Fiber vs. Optical Cable
Human
Hair
Today’s
Optical
Fiber
Optical
Fiber
Cables
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
4 Billion bytes = 1 DVD
32 Billion bits = 1 DVD
1 Trillion bits ~ 31 DVDs
3 Trillion bits ~ 93 DVDs
25 Trillion bits ~775 DVDs
Why Optical Fiber?
Huge but not Infinite
Bandwidth
0.2 microns = 25 Tbit/sec
Useable Today ~ 3Tb/s
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Light
Source Modulator
Electronic
Data
Electronic
Data
Transmission
Fiber
Detector Demodulator
How it Works?
Transmitter Receiver
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
TDM vs. WDM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
10Gb/s max - one color of light
300 channels of 10Gb/s – many colors of light simultaneously
100 x 100 Mb/s
= 10 Gb/s
300 x 10 Gb/s
= 3Tb/s
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Gain Region
Optical Fiber
Data @
Different
Wavelength
Multiple colors of light traveling through the optical fiber, interact with
each other in very complex manner – that is the ultimate limitation of
capacity usage of fiber
Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing (WDM)
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
...
25 THz
3 THz
WDM
Channels
Wavelength, µm
Op
tic
al F
iber
Lo
ss,
dB
/km
Op
tical A
mp
lifi
er
Ga
in,
dB
1.0
0.4
0.2
5
10
15
20
25
Useable Optical Fiber Bandwidth
About 3 Tbits/sec bandwidth could be used using
EDFAs which is still ~12% of total fiber bandwidth
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Is 3 Tb/s Enough?
100 users x 100 Mbit/s = 10Gb/s (1 Fiber Channel)
300 users x 10Gb/s = 3Tb/s (useable Fiber BW)
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Most
Popular
Headline
of CNN
on
February
21, 2012
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
March 5 Time Magazine – Page 11
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Wireless Demand is Exploding
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Cell Towers are Connected to Fiber
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Optical Fiber – Backbone of Information Highway
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The Bigger Picture
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Metropolitan Network
Aurora Fiber Optics Networks
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Long Haul Network
DWDM Fiber Route
OC-192 SONET
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Metropolitan and Long Haul Networks
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Long Haul and Transoceanic Network
Trans-Atlantic
Fiber Links
Trans-Pacific
Fiber Links
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Optical
Fiber
Deploying Fiber at the speed of Mach 3
In 2001, fiber was deployed at a rate of ~ 2000 miles every hour
T. Li & A.R. Chraplyvy, 2001
Worldwide Fiber Deployment
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Cap
ac
ity (
Gb
/s)
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 Year
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000 25 Tb/s
Amplifiers PMD Crosstalk Nonlinearities
Experimental
Commercial
Dispersion
02
We have approached
fundamental limits !!
Limitations of Fiber Systems
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Information Bandwidth
of Data Fourier
fCarrier freq.
vi vj
vk
Temporal Pulse
Spreading F [distance, (bit rate)2]
Time
0 1 1 0 1 0
Time
v=velocity transform
ps/nm km
Photon Velocity (l) = Index of Refraction (l)
Speed of Light in Vacuum
Origin of Fiber Dispersion
Different wavelengths in the fiber travel with different speeds
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
2.5 Gbit/s
100 km Distance = 0 km
10 Gbit/s
Large distortion of output bit stream
Optical fiber
Optical fiber
Dispersion induced 1-dB Power Penalty: 2.5 Gb/s: 16,640 ps/nm ~980 km SMF
10 Gb/s: 1,040 ps/nm ~60 km SMF
40 Gb/s: 65 ps/nm ~4 km SMF
Distance = 0 km 100 km
Chromatic Dispersion and Achievable Bit Rate
No distortion of output bit stream
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Raman Pumps
Pump-Signal
Combiner
Gain
Equalizer
Fiber
Laser Mod Mod
RZ
M
U
X
&
D
C
U
D
M
U
X
&
D
C
U
Driver
Clock
Data
Encoder FEC
PD + LPF
Decoder
FEC Q
Raman Pumps
What Does Fiber Nonlinearity Do?
Receiver
WDM
Transmitter
Fiber/Amplifier
Chain
WDM
Receiver
NRZ
Input Eye Output Eye
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Optical Signal Power (dB)
Lin
ear
Per
form
an
ce (
db
)
No
nli
nea
r P
erfo
rman
ce (
dB
)
Optical Noise Fiber Dispersion
and Nonlinearities
Fiber Nonlinearity Imposes
Ultimate Capacity Limit
Fiber nonlinearity puts the ultimate limit on the capacity
to be used in an optical fiber communication system
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Optical
Transmitter Optical
Receiver
Fiber Link
Electrical to Optical
Conversion Optical to Electrical
Conversion
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Digital Signal
Processing
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Digital Signal
Processing
Current Work
Past Work
What do I do?
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
In color, I do this?
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
What else do I do?
Electronic
Heart
Murmur
Detection
Intelligent
Transportati
on System
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1. What is an Optical Fiber?
2. Why it Matters?
3. How it Works?
4. What do I do?
5. Summary/Questions
Summary/Questions