POWERPOINT PRESENTATION FOR BIOPSYCHOLOGY, 9TH EDITION … · FOR BIOPSYCHOLOGY, 9TH EDITION ......
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POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
FOR BIOPSYCHOLOGY,
9TH EDITION
BY JOHN P.J. PINEL
P R E P A R E D B Y J E F F R E Y W . G R I M M
W E S T E R N W A S H I N G T O N U N I V E R S I T Y
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What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?
Chapter 1
Biopsychology as a
Neuroscience
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Learning Objectives LO1: Define and discuss the field of biopsychology.
LO2: Biopsychology is an integrative discipline. Explain.
LO3: Describe six areas of neuroscience that are particularly relevant to
biopsychological inquiry.
LO4: Compare the advantages and disadvantages of humans and nonhumans as
subjects in biopsychological research.
LO5: Compare experiments, quasiexperimental studies, and case studies,
emphasizing the study of causal effects.
LO6: Describe and compare the six divisions of biopsychology.
LO7: Explain how converging operations has contributed to the study of Korsakoff’s
syndrome.
LO8: Explain scientific inference with reference to research on eye movement and
the visual perception of motion.
LO9: Explain critical thinking and its relation to creative thinking in science.
LO10: Discuss Delgado’s bullring demonstration, emphasizing its flawed
interpretation.
LO11: Describe the rise and fall of prefrontal lobotomy.Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Four Major Themes
1. Thinking Creatively about Biopsychology
Base thinking on the evidence presented.
But also “think outside the box.”
2. Clinical Implications
Study of diseased or damaged brains leads to
new knowledge.
New knowledge leads to new treatments.
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Four Major Themes (Con’t)
3. The Evolutionary Perspective
Consideration of environmental pressures on
human evolution
May use a comparative approach
4. Neuroplasticity
The brain is plastic, not static.
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What Is Biopsychology?
“The Scientific Study of the Biology of
Behavior (Psychology)”
Psychology: The Scientific Study of Behavior
Also Called Psychobiology, Behavioral
Biology, Behavioral Neuroscience
Biopsychology emerged as a discipline in the
late 1940s.
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What Is Biopsychology? (Con’t)
Hebb (1949) proposed that
psychological phenomena might be
produced by brain activity.
Hebb’s work helped discredit the notion
that psychological functions were too
complex to be derived from
physiological activities.
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Biopsychology and Other
Disciplines of Neuroscience
Biopsychology utilizes the knowledge and
tools of other disciplines of neuroscience.
Each discipline studies a different aspect of
the nervous system that informs our
understanding of what produces and controls
behavior.
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Other Disciplines of
Neuroscience
Neuroanatomy
Structure of the nervous system
Neurochemistry
Chemical bases of neural activity
Neuroendocrinology
Interactions between the nervous system and
the endocrine system
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Other Disciplines of
Neuroscience (Con’t) Neuropathology
Nervous system disorders
Neuropharmacology
Effects of drugs on neural activity
Neurophysiology
Functions and activities of the nervous system
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Biopsychological Research
Human and Nonhuman Subjects
Experiments and Nonexperiments
Pure and Applied Research
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Human and Nonhuman
Subjects
Many questions about the biology of behavior
are addressed using human subjects.
However, much can be learned from studying
the brains of other species.
Species differences are often more
quantitative than qualitative.
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Human and Nonhuman
Subjects (Con’t) Why use nonhumans?
Simpler brains makes it more likely that brain–behavior interactions will be revealed.
Comparative approach: Gain insight by making comparisons with other species
Fewer ethical restrictions for nonhumans than with humans Although nonhuman research also requires extensive
ethical oversight
Why use humans? They can follow instructions.
They make subjective reports.
They are often cheaper to work with.
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Experiments and
Nonexperiments
Experiments involve the manipulation of
variables.
In nonexperiments, the researcher does not
control the variables of interest.
Quasiexperimental studies
Case studies
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Experiments and
Nonexperiments (Con’t)
Experiments involving living subjects
require that subjects be placed in various
conditions.
Between-subjects design: Different group of
subjects tested under each condition
Within-subjects design: Same group of
subjects tested under each condition
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Experiments and
Nonexperiments (Con’t) The difference between the conditions is the
independent variable.
The effect of the independent variable is the
dependent variable.
A confounded variable is a variable that
affects the dependent variable but is not
controlled for.
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Experiments and
Nonexperiments (Con’t) Control of Confounded Variables
Example: The Coolidge effect
The Coolidge effect had been demonstrated
in males—but does it occur in females?
The confounded variables: A female hamster
may be more receptive to a new partner due
to novelty or to his vigor (compared to the
fatigued former partner).
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FIGURE 1.3 The experimental design
and results of Lester and Gorzalka
(1988). On the third test, the female
hamsters were more sexually receptive
to an unfamiliar male than they were to
the male with which they had
copulated on the first test.
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Quasiexperimental Studies: Studies of
Groups of Subjects Exposed to Conditions
in the Real World
These are not real experiments, as potential
confounded variables have not been
controlled for.
Experiments and
Nonexperiments (Con’t)
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Case Studies Focus on a Single Individual,
such as Jimmie G.
Usually More In-Depth than Other
Approaches, but May Not Be Generalizable
Often a Source of a Testable Hypothesis
Generalizability: The Degree to which Results
Can Be Applied to Other Cases
Experiments and
Nonexperiments (Con’t)
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Pure and Applied Research
Pure Research: Conducted for the Purpose of Acquiring Knowledge
Applied Research: Intended to Bring about Some Direct Benefit to Humankind
Often research projects have elements of both.
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Divisions of Biopsychology
Six Major Divisions
Physiological psychology
Psychopharmacology
Neuropsychology
Psychophysiology
Cognitive neuroscience
Comparative psychology
Each has a different approach, but there is much overlap.
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Divisions of Biopsychology
(Con’t) Physiological Psychology
Neural mechanisms of behavior
Controlled experiments with direct manipulation of the brain
Psychopharmacology
Controlled experiments of the effects of drugs on the brain and behavior
Neuropsychology
Psychological effects of brain damage in humans
Usually has a clinical emphasis
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Psychophysiology
Relation between physiological activity and psychological processes
Example: Visual tracking is abnormal in schizophrenics
Divisions of Biopsychology
(Con’t)
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FIGURE 1.4 Visual tracking of a
pendulum by a normal control subject
(top) and three schizophrenics.
(Adapted from Iacono & Koenig, 1983.)
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Divisions of Biopsychology
(Con’t)
Cognitive Neuroscience
The neural bases of cognition
Functional brain imaging is the major method of
cognitive neuroscience.
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FIGURE 1.5 Functional brain imaging is
the major method of cognitive
neuroscience. This image—taken from
the top of the head with the subject
lying on her back—reveals the
locations of high levels of neural
activity at one level of the brain as the
subject views a flashing light. The red
and yellow areas indicate high levels of
activity in the visual cortex at the back
of the brain. (Courtesy of Todd Handy,
Department of Psychology, University
of British Columbia.)
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Comparative Psychology
Comparing different species to understand
evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior
Laboratory and/or ethological research
Divisions of Biopsychology
(Con’t)
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Converging Operations
Using Multiple Approaches to Address a
Single Question
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Converging Operations
Example: Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Korsakoff’s syndrome is a condition
characterized by severe memory loss and
most commonly seen in alcoholics.
Is Korsakoff’s the result of the toxic effects of
alcohol on the brain?
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Converging Operations (Con’t)
Jimmie G.: An Alcoholic with Korsakoff’s
Syndrome
Korsakoff’s is also seen in malnourished persons
who have had little or no alcohol.
Thiamine-deficient rats exhibit memory deficits.
Alcohol accelerates the development of brain
damage in thiamine-deficient rats.
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Exploring the possible causes of Korsakoff’s
using multiple approaches, or converging
operations, leads to more accurate findings.
Korsakoff’s syndrome is the result of thiamine
deficiency, but the damage is accelerated by
alcohol.
Converging Operations (Con’t)
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Scientific Inference
The Empirical Method that Biopsychologists
Use to Study the Unobservable
Scientists measure what they can observe
and use these measures as a basis for
inferring what they can’t observe.
Example: How does the brain “see”
movement?
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FIGURE 1.6 The perception of motion
under four different conditions.
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Critical Thinking
The Ability to Evaluate Scientific
Claims by Identifying Potential
Omissions or Weaknesses in the
Evidence
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Critical Thinking (Con’t)
Case 1: Delgado claims that a charging bull
can be tamed by means of stimulation of its
caudate nucleus.
Exciting account reported in popular press
Many possible alternative explanations
Morgan’s Canon: Give precedence to the
simplest interpretation for a behavioral
observation.
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Critical Thinking (Con’t)
Case 2: Moniz wins a Nobel Prize for prefrontal lobotomy.
Adoption for human therapy based largely on study of a single chimpanzee
Inadequate postoperative evaluation of human patients, often by the physician who prescribed the surgery
Undesirable side effects such as amorality, lack of foresight, emotional unresponsiveness, epilepsy, and urinary incontinence
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FIGURE 1.8 The prefrontal lobotomy
procedure developed by Moniz and
Lima.
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