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![Page 1: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
English Phonetics
English Vowels
![Page 2: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 2
Introduction
• we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 3
Introduction
• we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels
• we now take a closer look at the English vowel system
![Page 4: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4
Introduction
• we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels
• we now take a closer look at the English vowel system
• we can represent the English vowels in a chart
![Page 5: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 5
Introduction
• we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels
• we now take a closer look at the English vowel system
• we can represent the English vowels in a chart
• not all of these vowels are found in a single dialect of English
![Page 6: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 6
Introduction
• we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels
• we now take a closer look at the English vowel system
• we can represent the English vowels in a chart
• not all of these vowels are found in a single dialect of English
some are found in only one dialect
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 7
The Short Vowels
• English vowels may be divided into short and long vowels
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 8
The Short Vowels
• English vowels may be divided into short and long vowels
• this equates with the traditional distinction of lax and tense
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 9
The Short Vowels
• English vowels may be divided into short and long vowels
• this equates with the traditional distinction of lax and tense
• the short vowels are simpler to describe
![Page 10: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 10
The Short Vowels
• English vowels may be divided into short and long vowels
• this equates with the traditional distinction of lax and tense
• the short vowels are simpler to describe
• there are short vowels at all vowel heights
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 11
The Minimal Word
• short vowels may be stressed
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 12
The Minimal Word
• short vowels may be stressed• they cannot stand alone, with or without an
initial consonant, as a full word of English
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 13
The Minimal Word
• short vowels may be stressed• they cannot stand alone, with or without an
initial consonant, as a full word of English• this is due to a Minimal Word constraint
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 14
The Minimal Word
• short vowels may be stressed• they cannot stand alone, with or without an
initial consonant, as a full word of English• this is due to a Minimal Word constraint• it requires either:
a long vowel tea [tiː] a diphthong eye [aɪ] a closed syllable it [ɪt] more than one syllable bitter [bɪtɹ]̩
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 15
The Vowel [ɪ]
• the close front lax vowel, [ɪ], appears in numerous environments after any consonant or cluster of consonants before most consonants
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 16
The Vowel [ɪ]
• the close front lax vowel, [ɪ], appears in numerous environments after any consonant or cluster of consonants before most consonants
• it cannot stand alone as a word
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 17
The Vowel [ɪ]
• the close front lax vowel, [ɪ], appears in numerous environments after any consonant or cluster of consonants before most consonants
• it cannot stand alone as a word• Korean does not make a contrastive distinction
between [ɪ] and [i], but English does
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 18
The Vowel [ɪ]
• the close front lax vowel, [ɪ], appears in numerous environments after any consonant or cluster of consonants before most consonants
• it cannot stand alone as a word• Korean does not make a contrastive distinction
between [ɪ] and [i], but English does• bit, pill, and mit contrast with words such as
beat, peel, and meat
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 19
The Vowel [ɪ]
• the close front lax vowel, [ɪ], appears in numerous environments after any consonant or cluster of consonants before most consonants
• it cannot stand alone as a word• Korean does not make a contrastive distinction
between [ɪ] and [i], but English does• bit, pill, and mit contrast with words such as
beat, peel, and meat• they must be pronounced differently
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 20
Spectrogram of [ɪ]
• compare the spectrograms of the vowels in bit and beat
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 21
Differences
• the formants of the two words are distinct
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 22
Differences
• the formants of the two words are distinct• the vowel of bit has an F1 at approximately 700
Hz and an F2 at around 1850 Hz
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 23
Differences
• the formants of the two words are distinct• the vowel of bit has an F1 at approximately 700
Hz and an F2 at around 1850 Hz• the vowel of the word beat has a lower F1 at
around 350 Hz and a higher F2 at around 2200 Hz
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 24
Differences
• the formants of the two words are distinct• the vowel of bit has an F1 at approximately 700
Hz and an F2 at around 1850 Hz• the vowel of the word beat has a lower F1 at
around 350 Hz and a higher F2 at around 2200 Hz• this demonstrates that the quality of the two
vowels is different
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 25
Differences
• the formants of the two words are distinct• the vowel of bit has an F1 at approximately 700
Hz and an F2 at around 1850 Hz• the vowel of the word beat has a lower F1 at
around 350 Hz and a higher F2 at around 2200 Hz• this demonstrates that the quality of the two
vowels is different• the quantity of the two vowels is also different
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 26
Differences
• the formants of the two words are distinct• the vowel of bit has an F1 at approximately 700
Hz and an F2 at around 1850 Hz• the vowel of the word beat has a lower F1 at
around 350 Hz and a higher F2 at around 2200 Hz• this demonstrates that the quality of the two
vowels is different• the quantity of the two vowels is also different• the vowel of bit is about 120ms, while the vowel
of beat is around 170ms, approximately 50% longer
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 27
The Vowel [ʊ]
• the close back lax vowel, [ʊ], also appears in a number of environments
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 28
The Vowel [ʊ]
• the close back lax vowel, [ʊ], also appears in a number of environments
• fewer cases than [ɪ] and it cannot stand alone as a word
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 29
The Vowel [ʊ]
• the close back lax vowel, [ʊ], also appears in a number of environments
• fewer cases than [ɪ] and it cannot stand alone as a word
• Korean does not make a contrastive distinction between [ʊ] and [u]
![Page 30: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 30
The Vowel [ʊ]
• the close back lax vowel, [ʊ], also appears in a number of environments
• fewer cases than [ɪ] and it cannot stand alone as a word
• Korean does not make a contrastive distinction between [ʊ] and [u]
• words such as soot, foot, and hood contrast with words such as suit, food, and who’d in English
![Page 31: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 31
Spectrograms of [ʊ]
• Compare the spectrograms of the vowels in soot and suit
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 32
Formant Differences
• the variation in the formants of [ʊ] and [u] is more subtle than with [ɪ] and [i]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 33
Formant Differences
• the variation in the formants of [ʊ] and [u] is more subtle than with [ɪ] and [i]
• F1 is lower for [u], indicating a higher vowel
![Page 34: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 34
Formant Differences
• the variation in the formants of [ʊ] and [u] is more subtle than with [ɪ] and [i]
• F1 is lower for [u], indicating a higher vowel• the length difference is clear
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 35
Formant Differences
• the variation in the formants of [ʊ] and [u] is more subtle than with [ɪ] and [i]
• F1 is lower for [u], indicating a higher vowel• the length difference is clear• approximately 100ms for [ʊ] and around 130ms
for [u]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 36
The Vowel [ɛ]
• The open-mid front lax vowel, [ɛ], also appears in a number of environments
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 37
The Vowel [ɛ]
• The open-mid front lax vowel, [ɛ], also appears in a number of environments
• it contrasts with both [eɪ] and [æ]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 38
The Vowel [ɛ]
• The open-mid front lax vowel, [ɛ], also appears in a number of environments
• it contrasts with both [eɪ] and [æ]• Korean has a putative contrast between [ɛ] and
[æ], represented in Hangul byㅔ vsㅐ
![Page 39: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 39
The Vowel [ɛ]
• The open-mid front lax vowel, [ɛ], also appears in a number of environments
• it contrasts with both [eɪ] and [æ]• Korean has a putative contrast between [ɛ] and
[æ], represented in Hangul byㅔ vsㅐ• this distinction does not form part of the
inventory for most Korean speakers nowadays
![Page 40: PowerPoint Presentation - English Phonetics · PDF file2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 4 Introduction • we have examined the articulatory phonetics of vowels • we](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020104/5a9bcfed7f8b9aba4a8dfc91/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 40
The Vowel [ɛ]
• The open-mid front lax vowel, [ɛ], also appears in a number of environments
• it contrasts with both [eɪ] and [æ]• Korean has a putative contrast between [ɛ] and
[æ], represented in Hangul byㅔ vsㅐ• this distinction does not form part of the
inventory for most Korean speakers nowadays• English words such as pet, men, and head contrast
with words such as pat, man, and had
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 41
Spectrograms of [ɛ] and [æ]
• Compare the spectrograms of the vowels in men and man
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 42
The Vowel [æ]
• the English vowel [æ] is an open front unrounded lax vowel
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 43
The Vowel [æ]
• the English vowel [æ] is a open front unrounded lax vowel
• it has formants similar to, but distinct from those of [ɛ]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 44
The Vowel [æ]
• the English vowel [æ] is a open front unrounded lax vowel
• it has formants similar to, but distinct from those of [ɛ]
• it is a contrastive lexical vowel of English
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 45
The Vowel [ɔ]
• the open-mid back lax rounded vowel, [ɔ], occurs in all dialects of English
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 46
The Vowel [ɔ]
• the open-mid back lax rounded vowel, [ɔ], occurs in all dialects of English
• there is some variation concerning its relation-ship to the low back vowels
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 47
The Vowel [ɔ]
• the open-mid back lax rounded vowel, [ɔ], occurs in all dialects of English
• there is some variation concerning its relation-ship to the low back vowels
• in Canadian English, [ɔ] is the only short vowel in the lower back quadrant of the IPA vowel chart
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 48
Canadian English Low Back Vowels
• words such as cot and caught are pronounced the same in Canadian English
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 49
American English Low Back Vowels
• compare the American pronunciation of these words:
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 50
The Vowel [ʌ]
• the open-mid back lax unrounded vowel, [ʌ], occurs in a wide range of contexts
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 51
The Vowel [ʌ]
• the open-mid back lax unrounded vowel, [ʌ], occurs in a wide range of contexts
• it is a contrastive vowel of English
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 52
The Vowel [ʌ]
• the open-mid back lax unrounded vowel, [ʌ], occurs in a wide range of contexts
• it is a contrastive vowel of English• in the dialects of Northern England, it is replaced
by the high back lax rounded vowel, [ʊ]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 53
The Vowel [ʌ]
• the open-mid back lax unrounded vowel, [ʌ], occurs in a wide range of contexts
• it is a contrastive vowel of English• in the dialects of Northern England, it is replaced
by the high back lax rounded vowel, [ʊ]• [ʌ] and [ə] are very similar phonetically, and
occur in complementary distribution in English
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 54
Spectrograms of [ʌ] and [ə]
• [ʌ] and [ə] are acoustically distinct and serve different functions phonologically
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 55
Differences
• The most obvious difference between the two vowels is in F2
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 56
Differences
• The most obvious difference between the two vowels is in F2
• the spectrogram shows that [ə] is signifcantly further forward, more a central vowel, than [ʌ]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 57
Differences
• The most obvious difference between the two vowels is in F2
• the spectrogram shows that [ə] is signifcantly further forward, more a central vowel, than [ʌ]
• a vowel plot of the two vowels confrms that [ə] is further forward and slightly higher than [ʌ]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 58
Differences
• The most obvious difference between the two vowels is in F2
• the spectrogram shows that [ə] is signifcantly further forward, more a central vowel, than [ʌ]
• a vowel plot of the two vowels confrms that [ə] is further forward and slightly higher than [ʌ]
• [ʌ] is clearly in the region of a mid back vowel
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 59
Schwa [ə]
• Schwa, [ə], does not have a contrastive function in English
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 60
Schwa [ə]
• Schwa, [ə], does not have a contrastive function in English
• it is very frequent as the reduced form of vowels in the absence of stress
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 61
Schwa [ə]
• Schwa, [ə], does not have a contrastive function in English
• it is very frequent as the reduced form of vowels in the absence of stress
• compare the vowels in declaration [ˌdɛkləˈɹeɪʃn ̩] and declarative [dəˈkʰlæɹətɪv]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 62
Schwa [ə]
• Schwa, [ə], does not have a contrastive function in English
• it is very frequent as the reduced form of vowels in the absence of stress
• compare the vowels in declaration [ˌdɛkləˈɹeɪʃn ̩] and declarative [dəˈkʰlæɹətɪv]
• schwa is the most frequently occurring vowel in English, despite its non-lexical status
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 63
The Long Vowels
• the English long vowels equate with tense vowels
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 64
The Long Vowels
• the English long vowels equate with tense vowels
• long vowels may stand alone as a word, for instance awe [ɔː] or two [tuː]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 65
The Long Vowels
• the English long vowels equate with tense vowels
• long vowels may stand alone as a word, for instance awe [ɔː] or two [tuː]
• the open mid vowel, [ɜː], occurs only in non-rhotic varieties of English and the [ɑː] does not appear in all varieties
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 66
The Vowel [iː]
• the close front unrounded vowel, [iː], appears widely in English, after any consonant(s) and before most consonants and it is able to stand alone
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 67
The Vowel [iː]
• the close front unrounded vowel, [iː], appears widely in English, after any consonant(s) and before most consonants and it is able to stand alone
• [iː] is considerably longer than [ɪ], and is somewhat higher, as indicated by its F1
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 68
The Vowel [iː]
• the close front unrounded vowel, [iː], appears widely in English, after any consonant(s) and before most consonants and it is able to stand alone
• [iː] is considerably longer than [ɪ], and is somewhat higher, as indicated by its F1
• it is somewhat further forward also, as shown by its higher F2
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 69
The Vowel [iː]
• the close front unrounded vowel, [iː], appears widely in English, after any consonant(s) and before most consonants and it is able to stand alone
• [iː] is considerably longer than [ɪ], and is somewhat higher, as indicated by its F1
• it is somewhat further forward also, as shown by its higher F2
• the numerous minimal pairs demonstrate that [iː] and [ɪ] are contrastive
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 70
Spectrogram of [iː] and [ɪ]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 71
[iː] and [j]
• a further property of [iː] is its frequent co-occur-rence with [j] when it is followed by another vowel
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 72
[iː] and [j]
• a further property of [iː] is its frequent co-occur-rence with [j] when it is followed by another vowel
• for instance when the defnite article, the, precedes a word beginning with a vowel
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 73
[iː] and [j]
• a further property of [iː] is its frequent co-occur-rence with [j] when it is followed by another vowel
• for instance when the defnite article, the, precedes a word beginning with a vowel
• in such cases, the [iː] leads immediately into the glide [j]
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 74
The Vowel [uː]
• the close back rounded vowel, [uː], also appears widely in English, after any consonant(s) and before most consonants and is able to stand alone as a word
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 75
The Vowel [uː]
• the close back rounded vowel, [uː], also appears widely in English, after any consonant(s) and before most consonants and is able to stand alone as a word
• [uː] is longer than [ʊ], and is slightly higher, as indicated by its F1 and further back, as shown by its higher F2
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 76
The Vowel [uː]
• the close back rounded vowel, [uː], also appears widely in English, after any consonant(s) and before most consonants and is able to stand alone as a word
• [uː] is longer than [ʊ], and is slightly higher, as indicated by its F1 and further back, as shown by its higher F2
• minimal pairs, although not as numerous as for the high front vowels, are sufcient to demonstrate that [uː] and [ʊ] are contrastive
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 77
[uː] and [w]
• [uː] also frequently co-occurs with the semi-vowel, [w], when followed by another vowel
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 78
The Vowel [ɔː]
• the open-mid back rounded vowel, [ɔː], appears in some varieties of English in words such as law, raw, saw, etc.
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 79
The Vowel [ɔː]
• the open-mid back rounded vowel, [ɔː], appears in some varieties of English in words such as law, raw, saw, etc.
• the distinction between [ɔː] and [ɑː] does not exist in Canadian English, just as with the short varieties of these vowels
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 80
The Vowel [ɑː]
• the open back unrounded vowel, [ɑː], appears in both Standard British English and some varieties of American English
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 81
The Vowel [ɑː]
• the open back unrounded vowel, [ɑː], appears in both Standard British English and some varieties of American English
• it is used to distinguish between words such as ant and aunt, or cant and can’t
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 82
The Vowel [ɑː]
• the open back unrounded vowel, [ɑː], appears in both Standard British English and some varieties of American English
• it is used to distinguish between words such as ant and aunt, or cant and can’t
• this distinction is not found in Canadian English
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 83
The Vowel [ɑː]
• the open back unrounded vowel, [ɑː], appears in both Standard British English and some varieties of American English
• it is used to distinguish between words such as ant and aunt, or cant and can’t
• this distinction is not found in Canadian English• both pairs of words are pronounced the same
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 84
[ɑː] and [æ]
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The Vowel [ɜ:]
• the open-mid central unrounded vowel, [ɜ:], occurs only in non-rhotic dialects such as Standard British English
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 86
The Vowel [ɜ:]
• the open-mid central unrounded vowel, [ɜ:], occurs only in non-rhotic dialects such as Standard British English
• it is the result of the absence of the r-sound in words such as bird, burr, etc.
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 87
The Vowel [ɜ:]
• the open-mid central unrounded vowel, [ɜ:], occurs only in non-rhotic dialects such as Standard British English
• it is the result of the absence of the r-sound in words such as bird, burr, etc.
• the vowel is slightly lower than schwa and is longer (300 ms)
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 88
Acoustic Properties of English Vowels
• the frst three vowel formants (F1-F3) provide a picture of the variation in vowel quality
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 89
Acoustic Properties of English Vowels
• the frst three vowel formants (F1-F3) provide a picture of the variation in vowel quality
• formants range systematically within specifed limits
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 90
Acoustic Properties of English Vowels
• the frst three vowel formants (F1-F3) provide a picture of the variation in vowel quality
• formants range systematically within specifed limits
• the range for children is higher than for adults, and that for women is higher than for men
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 91
Acoustic Properties of English Vowels
• the frst three vowel formants (F1-F3) provide a picture of the variation in vowel quality
• formants range systematically within specifed limits
• the range for children is higher than for adults, and that for women is higher than for men
• vowels tend to be longer in open syllables, i.e., when there is no consonant following in the syllable
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2011/05/03 English Phonetics - English Vowels 92
Acoustic Properties of English Vowels
• the frst three vowel formants (F1-F3) provide a picture of the variation in vowel quality
• formants range systematically within specifed limits
• the range for children is higher than for adults, and that for women is higher than for men
• vowels tend to be longer in open syllables, i.e., when there is no consonant following in the syllable
• vowels are longer when followed by a voiced sound
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Peterson & Barney (1952)
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Vowels and Gender
• We can clarify the relationship between the vowels of men, women and children by examin-ing the data in the vowel plot
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Vowels and Gender
• We can clarify the relationship between the vowels of men, women and children by examin-ing the data in the vowel plot
• children’s vowels are the lowest and most leftward within each set
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Vowels and Gender
• We can clarify the relationship between the vowels of men, women and children by examin-ing the data in the vowel plot
• children’s vowels are the lowest and most leftward within each set
• men’s are the highest and most rightward
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English Diphthongs
• in addition to short and long vowels, English also has a number of diphthongs of different types
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English Diphthongs
• in addition to short and long vowels, English also has a number of diphthongs of different types
• there are several diph-thongs with either [ɪ] or [ʊ]
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English Diphthongs
• in addition to short and long vowels, English also has a number of diphthongs of different types
• there are several diph-thongs with either [ɪ] or [ʊ]
• words with ɪ-fnal diph-thongs include bay [beɪ], buy [baɪ], and boy [bɔɪ]
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ʊ-final diphthongs
• words with ʊ-fnal diphthongs include bow [baʊ] ‘bend the head or body forward’ and bow [boʊ] ‘a knot tied with two loops’ or ‘a weapon for shooting arrows’
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ʊ-final diphthongs
• words with ʊ-fnal diphthongs include bow [baʊ] ‘bend the head or body forward’ and bow [boʊ] ‘a knot tied with two loops’ or ‘a weapon for shooting arrows’
• the spelling of these two words is identical but the pronunciation is different
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ə-final diphthongs
• there is a third type of diphthong found only in non-rhotic varieties of English
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ə-final diphthongs
• there is a third type of diphthong found only in non-rhotic varieties of English
• this third type of diphthong ends with [ə]
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ə-final diphthongs
• there is a third type of diphthong found only in non-rhotic varieties of English
• this third type of diphthong ends with [ə]
• it arises from the loss of the [ɹ] at the end of the syllable in such dialects
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Non-rhotic Dialects
• in words which have a fnal underlying [ɹ], the facts are somewhat different in non-rhotic varieties
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Non-rhotic Dialects
• in words which have a fnal underlying [ɹ], the facts are somewhat different in non-rhotic varieties
• fnal [ɹ] is realized as [ə] when at the end of a phrase or when followed by a consonant in the next word
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Non-rhotic Dialects
• in words which have a fnal underlying [ɹ], the facts are somewhat different in non-rhotic varieties
• fnal [ɹ] is realized as [ə] when at the end of a phrase or when followed by a consonant in the next word
• when a vowel-initial sufx such as -ing is added, the [ɹ] moves into the beginning of the next syllable and all dialects pronounce it
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Non-rhotic Dialects
• in words which have a fnal underlying [ɹ], the facts are somewhat different in non-rhotic varieties
• fnal [ɹ] is realized as [ə] when at the end of a phrase or when followed by a consonant in the next word
• when a vowel-initial sufx such as -ing is added, the [ɹ] moves into the beginning of the next syllable and all dialects pronounce it
• the diphthong in the non-rhotic varieties disappears
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Acoustic Properties of English Diphthongs
• English diphthongs are invariably of the falling type, i.e., the frst part of the diphthong is prominent and the second part consists of a high vowel
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Acoustic Properties of English Diphthongs
• English diphthongs are invariably of the falling type, i.e., the frst part of the diphthong is prominent and the second part consists of a high vowel
• if we examine a spectrogram of an English diphthong, we can see the two distinct vowel qualities and the gliding formant between them
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Acoustic Properties of English Diphthongs
• English diphthongs are invariably of the falling type, i.e., the frst part of the diphthong is prominent and the second part consists of a high vowel
• if we examine a spectrogram of an English diphthong, we can see the two distinct vowel qualities and the gliding formant between them
• one cannot measure a diphthong at only one point in the formant, since the frequency is continually changing from one point to the next
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Diphthongs
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Syllabic Sonorants in English
● syllabic sonorant consonants are common in English
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Syllabic Sonorants in English
● syllabic sonorant consonants are common in English● the nasals, [m] and [n], and the liquids, [l] and [ɹ],
can all be syllabic
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Syllabic Sonorants in English
● syllabic sonorant consonants are common in English● the nasals, [m] and [n], and the liquids, [l] and [ɹ],
can all be syllabic● forms below demonstrate the difference between
non-syllabic and syllabic sonorant consonants
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• syllabic sonorant consonants are never stressed
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• syllabic sonorant consonants are never stressed• they may fuctuate between being syllabic and
non-syllabic, based on the context
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Acoustic Differences
• the physical differences are clearly shown in the spectrogram of the words lightning and lighten
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Acoustic Properties of Syllabic Sonorants
• syllabic sonorants are similar to non-syllabic sonorants in their spectrographic profle
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Acoustic Properties of Syllabic Sonorants
• syllabic sonorants are similar to non-syllabic sonorants in their spectrographic profle
• the formants are somewhat more intense and darker, showing the syllabic nature of these segments
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Acoustic Properties of Syllabic Sonorants
• syllabic sonorants are similar to non-syllabic sonorants in their spectrographic profle
• the formants are somewhat more intense and darker, showing the syllabic nature of these segments
• below, the syllabic sonorant follows the fricatives [s] or [z] in order to clearly indicate the boundaries of the sounds
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Acoustic Properties of Syllabic Sonorants
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The End