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• Around 5000 BC,

people began to settle along the Nile

River• Predictable

seasonal flooding resulted in very

fertile soil along the river

• The river currents and the wind

patterns made the Nile perfect for

transportation

• The deserts surrounding the

Nile offered a

natural protection against invasion.

• By 4000 BC, Egypt

was made up of 2 kingdoms: Lower

Egypt in the North

and Upper Egypt in the South.

Kids Animated History

Hip Hughes Old Kingdom

• Hieroglyphics was the Egyptian form of writing. It is made up of symbols

instead of an alphabet.

• The discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799 led to the deciphering of

Egyptian hieroglyphics.

• The Egyptians were the first to write on papyrus (an early form of paper

made from the fibers of the papyrus

plant).

How Hieroglyphics Were Translated

How Egyptians Made Paper

Hip Hughes Old Kingdom

were united by Menes, the founder of the 1st

Dynasty (a DYNASTY is a family of rulers where

the right to rule passes within the family).

• Around 3200 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt

I may rule Egypt, but I’m not called a pharaoh – that comes much later! I am

considered to be a god and I am also Egypt’s highest

religious leader.

Menes Video

• Menes established the capital at Memphis.

Hip Hughes Old Kingdom

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• King Djoser commissioned the

Step Pyramid.

• King Khufu commissioned the

Great Pyramid at Giza.

Step Pyramid

Exploring the Step Pyramid (use cc)

King Khufu and The Building of the Great Pyramid Hip Hughes Old

Kingdom

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• King Khafre commissioned the 2nd largest pyramid at Giza and the Great

Sphinx.

• King Pepi II was the last king. After his death, the kingdom fell apart and was

divided into smaller

kingdoms.

Great Sphinx

Building the Pyramids

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• A new dynasty reunited Egypt.• They defeated Nubia (Kush) and

expanded Egyptian territory.

• They built a canal to connect the Nile to the Red Sea which significantly

increased trade between

Egypt and East Africa and Arabia.

• The kingdom ended when

Egypt was conquered by the Hyksos from Western

Asia.

• The Hyksos advanced technology (bronze weapons, horse-drawn chariots,

compound bow) and their advanced

fortification techniques helped them defeat the Egyptians.

• Different Hyksos kings ruled Egypt for the

about 100 years.

• An Egyptian prince, Ahmose, adopted the Hyksos’ military technology and used it to overthrow the foreign rulers and become ruler of Egypt.

• Ahmose’s rule began the

• Egyptian rulers took the title pharaoh. They held absolute power and served as

the head religious leader.

• Capital city - Thebes• Queen Hatshepsut

was the first known

female pharaoh.• Thutmose III conquered

Syria and Egypt grew rich

from commerce and tribute (TRIBUTE - payments from

conquered people).

Now, you may call me pharaoh!

TED-ed Hatshepsut Video

• Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) moved Egypt’s capital from Thebes, believed there was only one god named Aten,

and tried to make Egyptian give up their

polytheistic worship of many gods.• Ramses II (Ramses the

Great) was the last great ruler of Egypt.

Now, you may call me pharaoh!

Amenhotep IV

Ramses the Great

• Weak pharaohs • Invaded by Assyrians,

Nubians, and Persians.• By 300s BC, Egyptians no

longer ruled Egypt.Ancient Egypt Crash Course

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King or Pharaoh (ruler of Egypt)

Royalty, Nobles, Priests, Scribes(controlled religious and political affairs

King or Pharaoh (ruler of Egypt)

Royalty, Nobles, Priests, Scribes(controlled religious and political affairs

Artisans, Merchants

King or Pharaoh (ruler of Egypt)

Royalty, Nobles, Priests, Scribes(controlled religious and political affairs

Artisans, Merchants

King or Pharaoh (ruler of Egypt)

Farmers

Slaves (usually people who were captured during a war)

Royalty, Nobles, Priests, Scribes(controlled religious and political affairs

Artisans, Merchants

King or Pharaoh (ruler of Egypt)

Farmers

Egyptian Social Classes Video

Ma’at -

goddess of justice, truth,

and order

The Egyptians were polytheistic which

means they worshiped multiple gods and

goddesses.

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Many of the gods and goddesses

were depicted like me – part human and part animal.

Bastet- cat

goddess, protector of

Ra

Ma’at -

goddess of justice, truth,

and order

The Egyptians were polytheistic which

means they worshiped multiple gods and

goddesses.

Ra - god of the sun

Bastet- cat

goddess, protector of

Ra

Ma’at -

goddess of justice, truth,

and order

The Egyptians were polytheistic which

means they worshiped multiple gods and

goddesses.

Many of the gods and goddesses

were depicted like me – part human and part animal.

Ra - god of the sun

Bastet- cat

goddess, protector of

RaAnubis - god of

the dead, funerals, and

embalming

Ma’at -

goddess of justice, truth,

and order

The Egyptians were polytheistic which

means they worshiped multiple gods and

goddesses.

Osiris - god of the

underworld and the afterlife

Many of the gods and goddesses

were depicted like me – part human and part animal.

Ra - god of the sun

Bastet- cat

goddess, protector of

RaAnubis - god of

the dead, funerals, and

embalming

Ma’at -

goddess of justice, truth,

and order

The Egyptians were polytheistic which

means they worshiped multiple gods and

goddesses.

Osiris - god of the

underworld and the afterlife

Isis - goddess of

magic, marriage, protection, and

healing

Many of the gods and goddesses

were depicted like me – part human and part animal.

Ra - god of the sun

Bastet- cat

goddess, protector of

RaAnubis - god of

the dead, funerals, and

embalming

Ma’at -

goddess of justice, truth,

and order

The Egyptians were polytheistic which

means they worshiped multiple gods and

goddesses.

Osiris - god of the

underworld and the afterlife

Isis - goddess of

magic, marriage, protection, and

healing

Many of the gods and goddesses

were depicted like me – part human and part animal.

Ra - god of the sun

Bastet- cat

goddess, protector of

RaAnubis - god of

the dead, funerals, and

embalming Horus - god of

vengeance, sky

Ma’at -

goddess of justice, truth,

and order

The Egyptians were polytheistic which

means they worshiped multiple gods and

goddesses.

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Sekhmet -

goddess of lions, fire,

and vengeance

The Egyptians believed in an afterlife where they could take all

their material wealth and possessions. This afterlife was first

reserved for kings and nobility, but by the time of New Kingdom, it was

believed poor people could go on to the afterlife, too.

Thoth - god

of wisdom

Sekhmet -

goddess of lions, fire,

and vengeance

The Egyptians believed in an afterlife where they could take all

their material wealth and possessions. This afterlife was first

reserved for kings and nobility, but by the time of New Kingdom, it was

believed poor people could go on to the afterlife, too.

Thoth - god

of wisdom

Sekhmet -

goddess of lions, fire,

and vengeance

The Egyptians believed in an afterlife where they could take all

their material wealth and possessions. This afterlife was first

reserved for kings and nobility, but by the time of New Kingdom, it was

believed poor people could go on to the afterlife, too.

Nephthys -

protective goddess of

the dead

Thoth - god

of wisdom

Hathor -

goddess of love

Sekhmet -

goddess of lions, fire,

and vengeance

The Egyptians believed in an afterlife where they could take all

their material wealth and possessions. This afterlife was first

reserved for kings and nobility, but by the time of New Kingdom, it was

believed poor people could go on to the afterlife, too.

Nephthys -

protective goddess of

the dead

Thoth - god

of wisdom

Hathor -

goddess of love

Sekhmet -

goddess of lions, fire,

and vengeance

The Egyptians believed in an afterlife where they could take all

their material wealth and possessions. This afterlife was first

reserved for kings and nobility, but by the time of New Kingdom, it was

believed poor people could go on to the afterlife, too.

Seth-

god of chaos

Nephthys -

protective goddess of

the deadEgyptian Religion

Watch Mojo’s Top 10 Egyptian gods

British Museum Online Exhibit

• When Egyptians died, their

bodies were often mummified (a process to preserve the body for

the afterlife).• This process involved removing

the internal organs, eliminating moisture from the body,

wrapping the body in strips of linen, and placing the body in a

sarcophagus (a coffin).• Then, the mummified body was

placed in a tomb surrounded by items needed in the afterlife as

well as personal possessions.British Museum Exhibit

How to make a mummy

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Explore a Pyramid Destination Egypt Video

• Egyptian kings and

queens had pyramids constructed as their

tombs.

• The pyramids were built during the Old and

Middle Kingdoms and were different shapes

and sizes.

• During the New Kingdom, pharaohs, queens,

and the wealthy were buried in tombs in the

Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the

Queens.

• Inside the tomb, workers constructed burial

chambers, ventilation shafts, and

passageways. The inside walls were inscribed

with hieroglyphics that told of the person’s life.

• The kings, queens, and pharaohs were buried with items

they’d need in the afterlife like food, gold,

chariots, pottery, and favorite objects.• Throughout the millennia, many of the

tombs were looted leaving them empty

of the pharaoh’s body and artifacts. • We don’t know for certain how the

Egyptians built the pyramids but they

may have used ramps and levers.

3D Views of Pyramids British Museum Online Exhibit

Giza c. 2500 BC:

Great Pyramids

(Khufu or Cheops, Khafre,

Menkaure),

smaller pyramids for various

queens, Great

Sphinx

Bent Pyramid, Red Pyramid,

Maidum Pyramid c.

2600 BC, King Snefru

Step Pyramid c. 2630 BC,

King Djoser

Valley of the

Kings and

Queens: tombs of pharaohs,

queen, and

wealthy during the New

Kingdom c.

1550 – 1070 BC

*Over 100

pyramids have

been discovered in Egypt! Explore Ancient Egypt

Deconstructing History: The Great Pyramid

King Tut or King

Tutankhamun is well

known not because he

was a great pharaoh, but

because his nearly intact

tomb was discovered in

1922.

King Tut Biography

Saturday Night Live Skit

• In 1922, British archaeologist Howard

Carter, financed by a rich British Lord

named George Herbert (Earl of Carnarvon), found steps hidden in

the debris of another tomb in the

Valley of the Kings and discovered

the sealed tomb of Tutankhamun.• The tomb contained four rooms full

of priceless treasures more than

3,000 years old including a solid

gold sarcophagus, jewelry, statues, preserved clothes, a chariot,

weapons, and perhaps, the most

valuable of all, a perfectly

preserved and mummified King Tut.

Antechamber of King Tut’s Tomb

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Ch

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Tut

Gold Mask of King Tut

• Since the discovery of his tomb,

historians and scientists have

conducted research to learn about

King Tut’s life.

• He reigned from 1332-1332 BC

from the ages of about 9 to 19. *He

was the son of Akhenaten

(Amenhotep IV) and during Tut’s

reign, Egyptians returned to their

traditional polytheistic worship.

• There is some mystery surrounding

his death – he may have died from

an illness or a chariot crash.What caused his death?

Curse of King Tut part 1 Curse of King Tut part 2

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A written language called

hieroglyphics and the first to

make paper (papyrus)

A written language called

hieroglyphics and the first to

make paper (papyrus)

A calendar based on

the flooding of the Nile

with 365 days

A written language called

hieroglyphics and the first to

make paper (papyrus)

A calendar based on

the flooding of the Nile

with 365 days

A system of numbers that they could add, subtract, multiply, divide and they used a system of algebra and geometry to help build the pyramids

Many architectural

achievements from

building pyramids to

homes to canals

Many architectural

achievements from

building pyramids to

homes Performed some

surgery, setting of

broken bones,

dentistry, used plants

and honey to cure

ailments, and had

basic knowledge of

anatomy

Ancient Egypt (from 2:00 mark)