16.04.2018

1

Technical English - II 10th week

COASTAL ENGINEERING

Coastal Engineering

People prefer coastal areas, because of: • Climate reasons • Transportation • Trade • Tourism & recreation • Living and nonliving resources (Fish, salt, oil, natural gas, etc.)

Fishing shelter (Fishing harbor)

Fish farming / Fishing cages

Tourism (Artificial beach)

Offshore platform

Coastal Engineering Site visit of civil engineering students

at Alsancak Port (Container Terminal)

in 1982

Coastal Engineering Coastal engineering deals with coastal and harbor problems, sediment transport, near shore environmental engineering, and design of marine structures.

Lighthouse at the end of the breakwater in Kaş / Antalya (This picture was taken in 1979)

coastal zone / backshore / foreshore / nearshore / offshore / surf zone dune / cliff / scarp / wave profile / beach / shoreline / longshore / berm / breaker

16.04.2018

2

Air

Sea Land

1. AIR - SEA LAND INTERACTION (Wind waves, currents, sea level changes)

2. SEA - LAND INTERACTION (Sediment transportations, deposit, and scour)

3. LAND - SEA INTERACTION (Wave Shoaling, Refraction, Breaking,

Diffraction, Reflection)

4. AIR - LAND INTERACTION (Wind effects on beaches and dunes)

5. LAND - AIR INTERACTION (Topography effects on wind directions)

6. SEA - AIR INTERACTIONS (Large volume of water effects the climate)

An engineer must understand the coastal processes

sea level variations / storm surge / tide / low & high tide / tidal currents / tidal waves

Influencing factors on sea level Winds & waves Storm surge Atmospheric pressure Gravitational forces exerted by the Sun and the Moon Surplus of water in semi-closed basins

Low tide

High tide

Low tide

High tide

16.04.2018

3

Please guess it. How much is

the wave height?

Now. Imagine the energy and force on a structure generated by this wave.

This is an adult man or woman

In practice, a coastal engineer must have a solid understanding about the coastal environment and wave characteristics, as well as other effecting factors, before design of coastal structures.

solid understanding / coastal environment / wave characteristics / effecting factors

Video 1 Video2

near shore wave modification / shoaling / refraction / diffraction / breaking / reflection

Wave Shoaling √ Refraction √ Breaking Diffraction Reflection

Coastal Engineering near shore wave modification / shoaling / refraction / diffraction / breaking / reflection

Wave Shoaling √ Refraction √ Breaking

Diffraction √ Reflection

Coastal Engineering near shore wave modification / shoaling / refraction / diffraction / breaking / reflection

Wave Shoaling Refraction Breaking√ Diffraction Reflection

near shore wave modification / shoaling / refraction / diffraction / breaking / reflection

Wave Shoaling Refraction Breaking Diffraction

Reflection √

The interference of the incoming and reflected waves

16.04.2018

4

Before design of marine structures, engineers must know the wave characteristics, as well as other effecting factors.

Scientific and engineering approaches for determining of effecting factors: Mathematical models Physical models Oceanographic measurements

characteristics / effecting factor / approach / model / oceanography / measurement

For instance; A formula for a hydrostatic pressure inside a stationary fluid or The finite difference or finite element method which are high level numerical models consist of many nonlinear differential equations. In the use of these numerical techniques, generation of the necessary equations and solution of them need a significant amount of time, effort and computer support.

Mathematical model Does not matter, simple or complex, all formula, mathematical relations and solution techniques can be assumed as a mathematical model. It is

our background information which is the outcome of all previous scientific research and experiences.

formula / relation / solution technique / outcome / research / experience / stationary

(p = .H)

Physical model If the mathematical method does not give a satisfactory result, that

is, if there is any doubt about the solution, engineers employ physical model techniques to better understand the uncertain issues.

physical model / prototype / trial product / model / scaled model / laboratory test

physical model prototype

trial product model

scaled model laboratory test

Oceanographic measurements If the previous two methods are still not fully adequate to reveal all we need to know about the problem, the necessary information can

be obtained by performing actual on-site measurements.

on-site measurements / long and short term measurements / field survey / buoy

A) Shore Protection Structures Walls, Revetments Groins, Jetties

B) Harbor Structures Berths, Piers Breakwaters Port Facilities

C) Off Shore Structures Pipes Marine Outfalls Open Sea Platforms (Offshore platforms)

wall&revetment / groin&jetty / berth / piers / breakwater / pipeline / offshore platform

Classification of Ports by Function Classification of Ports by Geographical Type

coastal erosion / shore protection / seawall / revetment / groin / jetty

Sea wall Revetment Groin&Jetty

Seawalls are typically large and designated to withstand the full force of storm waves. Revetments are designed to protect shorelines from erosion by currents and waves. Groins & Jetties are designed to trap sand from the littoral drift system.

16.04.2018

5

Coastal erosion

(Source: French, 2001)

Karasu, Sakarya

Urla, Izmir

landward coastal retreat / deposition / erosion / SLR: sea level rise Rotterdam, one of Europe’s Central Ports

Classification of Ports by Function Commercial / Industrial Military (Naval base) Free economic zone Passenger Container Marinas Fishing

Classification of Ports by Geographical Type River Lake Estuarine Coastal tide gate Ice-free

Types of Harbors

Classification of Ports by Function Classification of Ports by Geographical Type

Port of Hamburg (Capacity is about 9,000 ship per year; berthing places 43 kilometers) The Port of Cape Town, South Africa

Port of Haydarpaşa

Port of Mersin

16.04.2018

6

Port of İzmir

Pasaport

Kızlarağası khan

Konak Pier

Pasaport Port of Izmir, at the beginning of 19th century

Historical Sarıkışla (The area is today known as Karataş, nearby the DEU Sabancı Cultural Center)

Port of İzmir

Port of İzmir (Alsancak): Total area: 902,000 m2 Container: 250,000 m2

Berthing capacity:~3,000 m Container storage capacity: 11,000 TEU* Water depths for berthing: 7-13 m Number of the visiting ships is around: ~3,000/year Cargo handling capacity of the port: ~1 million TEU/year Total cargo volume: 12 million ton/year Total revenue: ~100 million TL/year

* TEU (The twenty-foot equivalent unit) is an inexact unit of cargo capacity often used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals.

Çandarlı Limanı Planned capacity: 4 million TEU/year

Marina Services

Mooring Capacity

Winterage on Land

Custom & Harbor Authorities

Marina Communication Channel

Hawser Service

Fuel Jetty

Battery Charging

Electricity

Fresh Water

Telephone

Maintenance & Repair

Carpenter & Painting

Slipway

Garbage Collecting

Laundry

16.04.2018

7

Floating docks and finger piers

Anadolu Kavağı

Güzelbahçe

rubble mound breakwater / vertical breakwater / composite breakwater

Breakwater Pier, Berth, Quay, Wharf Fender, Buoy, Dolphin Docks & Cargo Terminals

HARBOR PROTECTION

Breakwater Breakwater is a structure placed offshore and

parallel to the coastline to protect a harbor,

anchorage, or basin from waves.

Breakwaters can be connected to the shoreline

(attached breakwater) or completely isolated from

the shore (detached breakwaters)

Types of breakwaters Rubble mound breakwaters

Vertical breakwaters

Composite breakwaters

Piled breakwater

Rubble mound breakwater

Vertical breakwater

Composite breakwater

Breakwater Pier, Berth, Quay, Wharf Fender, Buoy, Dolphin Docks & Cargo Terminals

MOORING STRUCTURES

Pier The structure perpendicular to the shoreline to which a

vessel is secured for the purpose of loading and unloading

cargo.

Berth A place in which a vessel is moored or secured; place

alongside a quay where a ship loads or discharges cargo.

Quay Quay is a structure built parallel to the bank of a waterway

for use as a landing place.

Wharf Structure built alongside the water or perpendicular to the

shore where ships berth for loading or discharging goods.

pier / berth / quay / wharf

Pier

Quay

fender / buoy / dolphin

Breakwater Pier, Berth, Quay, Wharf Fender, Buoy, Dolphin Docks & Cargo Terminals

NAVIGATION AIDS

Fender Fender is a rubber tool attached to the berthing places to protect vessels

and mooring structures from damages. Used car tire can be used as a

fender.

Buoy It is a floating object. A mooring buoy is used for mooring or securing

vessels.

Dolphin Dolphin is a structure (usually a cluster of piles) for mooring vessels .

fender

buoy

dolphin

dock / cargo / container / terminal

Breakwater Pier, Berth, Quay, Wharf Fender, Buoy, Dolphin Docks & Cargo Terminals

CARGO HANDLING AND STORAGE

Dock For ships, a cargo handling area parallel to the

shoreline.

Container Terminal Place where containers arriving by ocean vessels are

transferred to inland carriers, such as trucks, trains.

Dockyard

Containers

Container terminal Cargo handling

16.04.2018

8

offshore structures / pipelines / marine outfall

Oil & Natural Gas Platforms Offshore Wind Turbines Marine Outfall Systems Submerged Pipelines

Offshore Platforms

Offshore Wind Turbines

Underwater Pipelines

Marine Outfall

Kıyı Yapıları ve Limanlar

Transportation

The Tower Leg structure of offshore platforms

Eight story building Scale Kıyı Yapıları ve Limanlar Offshore Wind Turbines

Marine Outfall Systems

Sea surface

Bottom of sea

16.04.2018

9

quarry / stone dumping / tipping / dredging dredger / barge / clam-shell / crane / bucket

MATERIAL PLACING AND REMOVAL

Quarry and quarrying Quarrying is the process of removing rock, sand, gravel or

other minerals from the ground in order to use them to

produce materials for construction or other uses.

Material placing, stone dumping Stones are tipped or placed into a pit, a hole or a foundation.

Dredging Dredging is the removal of sediments and debris from the

bottom of lakes, rivers, harbors, and other water bodies.

Quarry

Stone dumping / Tipping

Dredging

Backhoes and mechanical excavators

Cutter/Suction Dredges

Hopper Dredges

Bucket dredges

crane / piling rig / sheet piling

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

Fig.1 A crane or a hydraulic excavator placing the rubble on

the crown of breakwater (smooth placing & dumping).

Fig.2 Driving of piles (concrete precast or steel ) into the

soft clay ground using a pile driver (piling rig).

Fig.3 Sheet piling on shore to create buried pipeline

protection.

Fig.4 Placing concrete blocks using a crane in a vertical

breakwater construction.

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

mold / pile head / pipe / vet concrete

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

Fig.1 Concrete block (Antifer block) production using cast

moles.

Fig.2 Steel bars installation at the top of the pile head.

Fig.3 Placing vet concrete underwater by a diver.

Fig.4 Pipeline installation in surf zone by using an excavator.

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4