PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Ryan Barrow Blanche Ely...
Transcript of PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Ryan Barrow Blanche Ely...
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Ryan Barrow
Blanche Ely High School
C H A P T E R
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
27
The Female Reproductive System: Hormonal
Packet #31
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Female Reproductive System – Hormonal Regulation &
Aspects Related to Hormonal Control
• The ovaries – pp104 – 1042
• The endometrium – p. 1044
• The mammary glands – pp. 1047 – 1048
• Physiology of the female reproductive system – pp.
1049 – 1058
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The Female Anatomy
Front View Side View
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Female Reproductive System
1. Breast – mammary
glands
2. Ovaries and follicle
development
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THE BREAST & MAMMARY
GLANDS
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Mammary Glands I
• Modified sweat glands
consisting of 15–25 lobes
• Areola: pigmented skin
surrounding the nipple
• Suspensory ligaments:
attach the breast to
underlying muscle
• Lobules within lobes
contain glandular alveoli
that produce milk
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Mammary Glands II
• Milk lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinuses
open to the outside at the
nipple
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.15
Skin (cut)
Pectoralis major muscle
Suspensory ligament
Adipose tissue
Lobe
Areola
Nipple
Opening of
lactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
Hypodermis
(superficial fascia)
Intercostal muscles
Lobule containing
alveoli
(a) (b)
First rib
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Breast Cancer: Detection and Treatment
• 70% of women with breast
cancer have no known risk
factors
• Early detection via self-
examination and
mammography
• Treatment depends upon the
characteristics of the lesion:
• Radiation, chemotherapy, and
surgery followed by irradiation
and chemotherapy
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.16
(b) Film of normal breast
(a) Mammogram procedure
(c) Film of breast with tumor
Malignancy
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Breast Cancer
• Usually arises from the epithelial cells of small ducts
• Risk factors include:
• Early onset of menstruation and late menopause
• No pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
• Family history of breast cancer
• 10% are due to hereditary defects, including mutations to the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2
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OOGENESIS
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Oogenesis
• Production of female
gametes
• Begins in the fetal period
• Oogonia (2n ovarian stem
cells) multiply by mitosis
and store nutrients
• Primary oocytes develop in
primordial follicles
• Primary oocytes begin
meiosis but stall in
prophase I
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Ovaries (Oogenesis II)
• Follicle
• Immature egg (oocyte)
surrounded by
• Follicle cells (one cell layer
thick)
• Granulosa cells (when more
than one layer is present)
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Follicles (Oogenesis III)
• Several stages of development
• Primordial follicle: squamouslikefollicle cells + oocyte
• Primary follicle: cuboidal or columnar follicle cells + oocyte
• Secondary follicle: two or more layers of granulosa cells + oocyte
• Late secondary follicle: contains fluid-filled space between granulosa cells; coalesces to form a central antrum
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Ovaries (Oogenesis V)
• Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
• Fluid-filled antrum forms;
follicle bulges from ovary
surface
• Ovulation
• Ejection of the oocyte from the
ripening follicle
• Corpus luteum develops from
ruptured follicle after
ovulation
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.11a
Medulla
Tunica
albuginea
Germinal
epithelium
Cortex
Oocyte Granulosa cells
Late secondary follicle
Antrum
Primary
follicles
Oocyte
Zona
pellucidaTheca
folliculi
Ovulated
oocyte
Mesovarium and
blood vessels
Vesicular
(Graafian)
follicle
Corona
radiata
Developing
corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
Ovarian
ligament
Degenerating corpus
luteum (corpus
albicans)
(a) Diagrammatic view of an ovary sectioned to reveal the follicles in its interior
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Oogenesis VI
• Each month after
puberty, a few primary
oocytes are activated
• One is selected each
month to resume
meiosis I
• Result is two haploid cells
• Secondary oocyte
• First polar body
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Oogenesis VII
• The secondary oocyte
arrests in metaphase II
and is ovulated
• If penetrated by sperm
the second oocyte
completes meiosis II,
yielding
• Ovum (the functional
gamete)
• Second polar body
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.17
Meiotic events Follicle development
in ovaryBefore birth
Infancy and
childhood
(ovary inactive)
Primary oocyte
Primary oocyte (still
arrested in prophase I)
Vesicular (Graafian)
follicle
Primary follicle
Primordial follicle
Primordial follicle
Oocyte
Ovulated secondary
oocyte
In absence of
fertilization, ruptured
follicle becomes a
corpus luteum and
ultimately degenerates.Degenating
corpus luteum
Secondary follicle
Primary oocyte
(arrested in prophase I;
present at birth)
Oogonium (stem cell)
Each month from
puberty to
menopause
Meiosis I (completed
by one primary oocyte
each month in response
to LH surge)
First polar body
Mitosis
Growth
Meiosis II of polar
body (may or may
not occur)
Polar bodies
(all polar bodies
degenerate)
OvumSecond
polar body
Meiosis II
completed
(only if
sperm
penetration
occurs)
Sperm
Ovulation
Secondary oocyte
(arrested in
metaphase II)
Follicle cells
Spindle
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OVARIAN CYCLE
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Ovarian Cycle
• Monthly series of events
associated with the maturation
of an egg
• Two consecutive phases (in a
28-day cycle)
• Follicular phase: period of
follicle growth (days 1–14)
• Ovulation occurs midcycle
• Luteal phase: period of corpus
luteum activity (days 14–28)
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Follicular Phase
• Primordial follicle
becomes primary follicle
1. The primordial follicle
is activated
• Squamouslike cells
become cuboidal
2. Follicle enlarges to
become a primary (1)
follicle
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (1 of 7)
Theca folliculi
Primary oocyteZona pellucidaAntrum
Secondary
oocyte
Secondary oocyteCorona radiata
1
23 4
5
6
7
8Primordial
follicles
1
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (2 of 7)
Theca folliculi
Primary oocyteZona pellucidaAntrum
Secondary
oocyte
Secondary oocyteCorona radiata
1
23 4
5
6
7
8Primary
follicle
2
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Follicular Phase
3. Primary follicle
becomes a secondary
follicle
• Stratified epithelium
(granulosa cells) forms
around oocyte
• Granulosa cells and
oocyte guide one
another’s development
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Follicular Phase
4. Secondary follicle
becomes a late
secondary follicle
• Connective tissue (theca
folliculi) and granulosa
cells cooperate to
produce estrogens
• Zona pellucida forms
around the oocyte
• Fluid begins to
accumulate
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (3 of 7)
Theca folliculi
Primary oocyteZona pellucidaAntrum
Secondary
oocyte
Secondary oocyteCorona radiata
1
23 4
5
6
7
8 Secondary
follicle
3
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (4 of 7)
Theca folliculi
Primary oocyteZona pellucidaAntrum
Secondary
oocyte
Secondary oocyteCorona radiata
1
23 4
5
6
7
8
Late secondary
follicle
4
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Follicular Phase
5. Late secondary follicle
becomes a vesicular
follicle
• Antrum forms and
expands to isolate the
oocyte with its corona
radiata on a stalk
• Vesicular follicle bulges
from the external surface
of the ovary
• The primary oocyte
completes meiosis I
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Ovulation
• Ovary wall ruptures and
expels the secondary oocyte
with its corona radiata
• Mittelschmerz: twinge of pain
sometimes felt at ovulation
• 1–2% of ovulations release
more than one secondary
oocyte, which, if fertilized,
results in fraternal twins
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (5 of 7)
Theca folliculi
Primary oocyteZona pellucidaAntrum
Secondary
oocyte
Secondary oocyteCorona radiata
1
23 4
5
6
7
8
Mature vesicular
follicle carries out
meiosis I; ready to
be ovulated
5
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (6 of 7)
Theca folliculi
Primary oocyteZona pellucidaAntrum
Secondary
oocyte
Secondary oocyteCorona radiata
1
23 4
5
6
7
8
Follicle ruptures;
secondary oocyte
ovulated
6
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Luteal Phase
• Ruptured follicle collapses
• Granulosa cells and
internal thecal cells form
corpus luteum
• Corpus luteum secretes
progesterone and
estrogen
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Luteal Phase
• If no pregnancy, the
corpus luteum
degenerates into a corpus
albicans in 10 days
• If pregnancy occurs,
corpus luteum produces
hormones until the
placenta takes over at
about 3 months
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (7 of 7)
Theca folliculi
Primary oocyteZona pellucidaAntrum
Secondary
oocyte
Secondary oocyteCorona radiata
1
23 4
5
6
7
8
Corpus luteum
(forms from
ruptured follicle)
7
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Establishing the Ovarian Cycle
• During childhood, ovaries
grow and secrete small
amounts of estrogens that
inhibit the hypothalamic
release of GnRH
• As puberty nears, GnRH is
released; FSH and LH are
released by the pituitary, and
act on the ovaries
• These events continue until an
adult cyclic pattern is achieved
and menarche occurs
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Establishing the Ovarian Cycle
• During childhood, until
puberty
• Ovaries secrete small
amounts of estrogens
• Estrogen inhibits release
of GnRH
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Establishing the Ovarian Cycle
• At puberty
• Leptin from adipose tissue
decreases the estrogen
inhibition
• GnRH, FSH, and LH are
released
• In about four years, an
adult cyclic pattern is
achieved and menarche
occurs
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Hormonal Interactions During a 28-Day Ovarian
Cycle
• Day 1: GnRH release
of FSH and LH
• FSH and LH growth of
several follicles, and
estrogen release
• estrogen levels
• Inhibit the release of FSH
and LH
• Stimulate synthesis and
storage of FSH and LH
• Enhance further estrogen
output
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Hormonal Interactions During a 28-Day Ovarian
Cycle
• Estrogen output by the
vesicular follicle increases
• High estrogen levels have
a positive feedback effect
on the pituitary at
midcycle
• Sudden LH surge at
day 14
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Hormonal Interactions During a 28-Day Ovarian
Cycle
• Effects of LH surge
• Completion of meiosis I
(secondary oocyte
continues on to metaphase
II)
• Triggers ovulation
• Transforms ruptured
follicle into corpus luteum
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Hormonal Interactions During a 28-Day Ovarian
Cycle
• Functions of corpus
luteum
• Produces inhibin,
progesterone, and estrogen
• These hormones inhibit
FSH and LH release
• Declining LH and FSH
ends luteal activity and
inhibits follicle
development
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Hormonal Interactions During a 28-Day Ovarian
Cycle
• Days 26–28: corpus
luteum degenerates and
ovarian hormone levels
drop sharply
• Ends the blockade of FSH
and LH
• The cycle starts anew
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.19
Hypothalamus
Late follicular and
luteal phases
1
1
2 2
2
3
4
5
5
6
8
8
7Slightly
elevated
estrogen
and rising
inhibin
levels.
Positive
feedback exerted
by large in
estrogen
output.
Mature follicleCorpus luteum
Ovulated
secondary
oocyte
Ruptured
follicle
LH surge
Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Hypothalamus
Early and midfollicular phases
Travels via
portal blood
Granulosa
cells
Inhibin
Androgens
Convert
androgens to
estrogens
Thecal
cells
Anterior pituitary
GnRH
FSH LH
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.20a
(a) Fluctuation of gonadotropin levels: Fluctuating
levels of pituitary gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating
hormone and luteinizing hormone) in the blood
regulate the events of the ovarian cycle.
FSH
LH
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.20b
(b) Ovarian cycle: Structural changes in the ovarian
follicles during the ovarian cycle are correlated with
(d) changes in the endometrium of the uterus during
the uterine cycle.
Primary
follicleSecondary
follicle
Vesicular
follicleOvulation
Corpus
luteum Degenerating
corpus luteum
Follicular
phaseOvulation
(Day 14)
Luteal
phase
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UTERINE CYCLE
Menstrual Cycle
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Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
• Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to
ovarian hormones
• Three phases
1. Days 1–5: menstrual phase
2. Days 6–14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
3. Days 15–28: secretory (postovulatory) phase
(constant 14-day length)
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Uterine Cycle
• Menstrual phase
• Ovarian hormones are at
their lowest levels
• Gonadotropins are
beginning to rise
• Stratum functionalis is
shed and the menstrual
flow occurs
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Uterine Cycle
• Proliferative phase
• Estrogen levels prompt
generation of new
functional layer and
increased synthesis of
progesterone receptors in
endometrium
• Glands enlarge and spiral
arteries increase in number
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Uterine Cycle
• Secretory phase
• Progesterone levels
prompt
• Further development of
endometrium
• Glandular secretion of
glycogen
• Formation of the cervical
mucus plug
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Uterine Cycle
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.20c
(c) Fluctuation of ovarian hormone levels:
Fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones (estrogens
and progesterone) cause the endometrial changes
of the uterine cycle. The high estrogen levels are
also responsible for the LH/FSH surge in (a).
Progesterone
Estrogens
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Endometrium
• Stratum functionalis (functional layer)
• Changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles
• Is shed during menstruation
• Stratum basalis (basal layer)
• Forms new functionalis after menstruation
• Unresponsive to ovarian hormones
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.13b
Lumen of uterus
Uterine glands
Smooth muscle fibers
Straight artery
Radial artery
Arcuate artery
Uterine artery
Endometrial vein
Capillaries
Venous sinusoids
Epithelium
Spiral (coiled) artery
Lamina propria of
connective tissue
(b)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.13b
Lumen of uterus
Uterine glands
Smooth muscle fibers
Straight artery
Radial artery
Arcuate artery
Uterine artery
Endometrial vein
Capillaries
Venous sinusoids
Epithelium
Spiral (coiled) artery
Lamina propria of
connective tissue
(b)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.20d
(d) The three phases of the uterine cycle:
• Menstrual: Shedding of the functional layer of the
endometrium.
• Proliferative: Rebuilding of the functional layer of
the endometrium.
• Secretory: Begins immediately after ovulation.
Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of
nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive an embryo.
Both the menstrual and proliferative phases occur before ovulation, and
together they correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. The
secretory phase corresponds in time to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
Menstrual
phase
Menstrual
flow
Endometrial
glands
Blood vessels
Functional layer
Basal layer
Proliferative
phase
Secretory
phase
Days
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Uterine Cycle
• If fertilization does not occur
• Corpus luteum degenerates
• Progesterone levels fall
• Spiral arteries kink and spasm
• Endometrial cells begin to die
• Spiral arteries constrict again, then relax and open wide
• Rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and the functional layer sloughs
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EFFECTS OF ESTROGENS
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Effects of Estrogens
• Promote oogenesis and
follicle growth in the
ovary
• Exert anabolic effects on
the female reproductive
tract
• Support the rapid but
short-lived growth spurt
at puberty
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Effects of Estrogens
• Induce secondary sex
characteristics
• Growth of the breasts
• Increased deposit of
subcutaneous fat (hips and
breasts)
• Widening and lightening of
the pelvis
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Effects of Estrogens
• Metabolic effects
• Maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL
levels
• Facilitates calcium uptake
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Effects of Progesterone
• Progesterone works with
estrogen to establish and
regulate the uterine cycle
• Effects of placental
progesterone during
pregnancy
• Inhibits uterine motility
• Helps prepare the breasts
for lactation
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REVIEW
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Ovarian Cycle
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Fertilization {Sea Urchin}
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ChildBirth