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Transcript of Powerpoint Kingdoms
The Six-kingdom
SchemeBundren, 2008 1
Recall:What is Cell Type?
• Prokaryotic – describes an organism with cells that do NOT have a nucleus
• Eukaryotic – describes an organism with cells that do have a nucleus
Bundren, 2008 2
1. The organism shown is
A.ProkaryoticB. Eukaryotic
DNA
CELL MEMBRANE
Bundren, 2008 3
What is Cellular Organization?• Multicellular – organisms are made up of
more than one cell• Unicellular – organisms are made up of
one cell
Bundren, 2008 4
2. The organism shown isA.UnicellularB. Multicellular
Bundren, 2008 5
What is Mode of Nutrition?• Autotrophic – makes its own food
• A. photosynthetic• B. chemosynthetic
• Heterotrophic – gets nutrients from the food it consumes
carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, detritivorescavenger, decomposer
Bundren, 2008 6
3. The organism shown is
A. AutotrophicB. Heterotrophic
Bundren, 2008 7
Mode of reproduction• Asexual reproduction is reproduction that
occurs without any interaction between two different members of a species.
• Sexual reproduction is reproduction that requires a male and a female of the same species to contribute genetic material.
Bundren, 2008 8
Kingdom Archaebacteria“extreme bacteria”
• Cell Type –prokaryotic• Cellular Organization –unicellular• Mode of nutrition –Autotrophic (using hydrogen
sulfide or carbon dioxide)or Heterotrophic– Means that some species are autotrophs and
some are heterotrophs
Bundren, 2008 9
Kingdom Archaebacteria Characteristics
• Reproduction – asexual
• Cell Wall – cell walls without peptidoglycan
• Habitat – live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine pools, black smokers
Bundren, 2008 10
Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park – note the bright colors from the archaebacteria growing in the extremely hot water.
Bundren, 2008 11
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Bundren, 2008 12
Kingdom Archaebacteria• Archaebacteria can live
deep in the ocean near geothermal vents called black smokers
• There is no light, so they carry out chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis
Bundren, 2008 13
•Types of Archaebacteria
Bundren, 2008 14
• Methanogens can survive in places where there is no oxygen. Some members of this group inhabit digestive tracts of animals and ponds where animal, human and domestic wastes are treated
• Methanogens are also present on bottoms of lakes, swamps and rice fields. An important characteristic of this group is they produce methane gas.
Bundren, 2008 15
Halophiles
• Halophiles are adapted to very salty environments.
• Examples are Haloccocus dombrowski and Halobacterium salinarum.
Bundren, 2008 16
Thermophiles• This group of archaebacteria can live in
places with high temperature. • These areas include volcanic hot springs
with temperatures from 80 to 1100C.• They also inhabit the small deep sea
openings where hot water with temperatures higher than 2500C come out.
Bundren, 2008 17
Kingdom Eubacteria• Cell Type – Prokaryotic• Cellular Organization – Unicellular• Mode of nutrition – Autotrophic or
heterotrophic• Reproduction – asexual • Cell Wall – Thick cells walls with
peptidoglycan• Habitat – everywhere!!! (even inside you)
Bundren, 2008 18
Kingdom Eubacteria• Procholorococcus – an autotrophic bacterium
• Some cause human diseases• Many are important environmentally and commercially
Bundren, 2008 19
Three major phylum (groups) based on shapes:
• Sphere-shaped bacteria (cocci)sometimes grow in chains or in clumps like a bunch of grapes.
Examples:Streptococcus (strep throat) Staphylococci (responsible for "staph" infections and gangrene)
Bundren, 2008 20
• Rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli) can also form in chains. Some types of these bacteria also have whip like structures called flagella to help them move around.
• Example:• Escherichia coli or E.coli • (found in the intestines • of mammals) Salmonella typhi • (causes typhoid fever and food poisoning)
Bundren, 2008 21
• Spiral-shaped bacteria (spirilla) can use their shape to propel themselves by twisting like a corkscrew.
• ExampleTreponema pallidumcholera
(syphilis) Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Bundren, 2008 22
Protist Kingdom
23
Kingdom Protista
24
Kingdom Protista: “Catch All Kingdom”
• Cell Type – Eukaryotic• Cellular Organization – Most unicellular, some
multicellular• Mode of Nutrition – Autotrophic and
heterotrophic• Reproduction – sexual and asexual• Cell Wall – Some with cell walls containing
cellulose• Habitat – all aquatic
Bundren, 2008 25
Animal-like Protists• Unicellular• Heterotrophic organisms• Animal like protists are distinguished by how they move:
1) Sarcodines—move with pseudopods2) Ciliates—move with cilia
3) Zooflagellates—move with flagella 4) Sporozoans—immobile
26
Sarcodines• Animal-like protists that use pseudopods for feeding
and moving• Pseudopods-extensions of cytoplasm• Ex) Amoeba
FOOD
27
Sarcodines
• Ameobic dysentery
• Montezuma’s revenge or “traveler’s diarrhea”
Ameoba histolytica
28
Ciliates• Animal-like protists that use cilia for feeding and movement• Cilia-hair-like structures• Ex) Paramecium
29
Zooflagellates• Animal-like protists swim using
flagella• Trypanosoma protist spread by
the bite of tsetse fly causes African Sleeping Sickness
• Giardia can contaminate water and cause digestive problems
• Trichonympha lives in mutualistic relationship with termites
30
Sporozoans• Animal-like protists that don’t move on their own and
are parasitic• Plasmodium sporozoan causes malaria• Sporozoan parasite is carried by female Anopheles
mosquito
31
Plasmodium Life Cycle• Mosquito bites human and
parasite injected• Parasites invade liver,
reproduce, and develop• Liver cells burst and parasites
move to red blood cells• RBC burst-person experiences
anemia, fever, chills, may result in death
• Parasites may then move into other RBC or are picked up by mosquito and transferred to another person
32
Plantlike Protists• Autotrophs- contain chlorophyll and carry out
photosynthesis• Euglenophytes• Diatoms• Algae
• Often called “phytoplankton”- small photosynthetic organisms near the surface of ocean
• Releases tons of oxygen into the atmosphere• Important food source for many “filter feeders”
33
Euglenophytes• Plant-like protists that have flagella and chloroplast, but no
cell wall.• Ex) Euglena• Autotrophs when sunny but heterotrophs when not
34
Diatoms• Plant-like protists that produce thin, delicate cell walls
made of silicon• Used in toothpaste, paints on license plates, dynamite
35
Algae• Plant-like protists
– Unicellular algae – Multicellular algae
• Red and brown algae• Contains special pigments that
allows it to live deep areas of water• Commonly called “seaweed” (ex:
Kelp)
36
Plantlike Protists: Algae• Green Algae- some are unicellular, some form
colonies, few are multicellular
37
Humans and Algae• Humans understand many beneficial uses of algae:
1) Used to make nutrient agar2) Used as ingredient in ice cream, pudding, salad dressing, syrups3) Food source – humans and other animals4) Releases oxygen from photosynthesis
• Algae causes harm in “algal blooms” – depletes water of nutrients and oxygen
38
Fungus-like Protists
• Decomposers• Heterotrophic protists that absorb
nutrients, but lack cell walls with chitin– Slime molds- found near moist,
rotting logs and composts – Water molds – can be parasitic and
cause “ick” in fish
39
40
Fungi Kingdom
41
Kingdom Fungi• Cell Type – Eukaryotic• Cellular Organization – Most multicellular• Mode of Nutrition –heterotrophic
(decomposers)• Reproduction – sexual and asexual• Cell Wall –cell walls containing chitin• Habitat – terrestrial
Bundren, 2008 42
Fungi
• All fungi are eukaryotic
• They may be unicellular or multicellular (most)
Unicellular (yeast)
Multicellular
yeast43
Fungi Characteristics• Most are immobile • All have cell walls made of “chitin”- a
carbohydrate which also makes up the exoskeleton of insects
CHITIN!
44
Fungal Structure• Fungi are made of thin strands called hyphae• Each strand consists of cells separated by a
wall called a septa
45
Fungal Structure (cont.)• As hyphae grow,
they form a tangled mass called a mycelium
• The mycelium is usually underground or embedded in some food source
• The main function of mycelium is to absorb food 46
Nutritional Status of Fungi
• Heterotrophs because they feed off non-living, organic matter
• Important decomposers in the ecosystem
• Along with bacteria, fungi are important in recycling nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen
47
Fungal Reproduction• The part of the fungus that we
see above ground is called the fruiting body
• The fruiting body is the main reproductive part of the fungus
48
49
50
51
Fungal Reproduction• Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually.• Asexual reproduction can be done by…
a. Hyphae breaking off and growing on their own.b. Producing spores.
52
Fungal Reproduction• Fungal spores are found in almost any environment.• Wind blows spores land in “favorable” spot
new fungus.• Some fungi attract animals to aid in spore dispersal.
Ex.) Stinkhorn fungus
53
Fungal Reproduction• Sexual reproduction involves
two different mating types• No males or females, instead
they are known as “+” plus or “-” minus.
• When hyphae from two different mating types come together, they fuse together forming a diploid zygote.
54
Groups of Fungi•The main phyla of fungi are divided
according to how they sexually produce spores–1.) Zygomycetes–2.) Ascomycetes–3.) Basidiomycetes–4.) Deuteromycetes
55
Zygomycetes• Ex.) Bread mold• Some of the hyphae form a
zygosporangium which produces spores• Spores can be carried by wind
56
Ascomycetes (sac fungi)• Ex.) Yeast and mildew• Form spores in saclike structures called asci• Each ascus bursts open shooting spores into the air
57
Basidiomycetes (club fungi)• Ex.) Mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi• Spores form under the caps of mushrooms
on structures called basidia
58
Deuteromycetes
•Ex.) Penicillin, many disease causing fungi.
•These fungi do not reproduce sexually.
59
Helpful Fungi
• Fungi can be very helpful and delicious
• Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi
• Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese!
Penicillin
60
Harmful Fungi• Fungi also causes a number of
plant and animal diseases:•Athlete's Foot
61
Harmful Fungi•Ringworm
62
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64
Kingdom Plantae
Bundren, 2008 65
Kingdom Plantae• Cell Type – Eukaryotic• Cellular Organization – multicellular• Mode of Nutrition – Autotrophic• Reproduction – sexual• Cell Wall – cell walls containing cellulose• Habitat – aquatic and terrestrial
Bundren, 2008 66
Kinds of Plants• Nonvascular Plants
– Plants without a well-developed system of vascular tissue.
– These plants are relatively small. – They lack tissue to transport water
and dissolved nutrients.– They also lack true roots, stems, and leaves.– Mosses are the most familiar example.
• Seedless Vascular Plants– They have roots, stems, and leaves
and their surfaces are coated with a waxy covering that reduces water loss.
– They reproduce with spores that are resistant to drying.
– Both haploid and diploid phases occupy significant parts of the life cycle.
– Ferns are the most common and familiar example.
Kinds of Plants• Nonflowering Seed Plants
– Gymnosperms are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds but do not produce flowers.
– Gymnosperms include plants that produce seeds in cones, such as pines and spruces.
• Flowering Seed Plants– Most plants that produce seeds also
produce flowers.– Flowering plants are called angiosperms.– Angiosperms, such as roses, grasses, and
oaks, produce seeds in fruits.• Fruits are structures that enable the
dispersal of seeds.• Seeds enable plants to scatter offspring
and to survive long periods of harsh environmental conditions, such as drought and extreme temperatures.
Non-Vascular
• plants that do not have tubes to carry water up the plant or tubes to carry food made in the leaves down the plant
• Examples:– mosses– liverworts– hornworts
Non-Vascular
• Moss
Non-Vascular
• Liverwort
Non-Vascular
• Hornwort
Vascular
• Plants that have tubes to carry water up and food down the plant
• Examples:– American dogwood tree– roses– grass
Vascular
• American dogwood tree
Vascular
• Roses
Vascular
• Grass
Parts of a Flower
Male Parts
Female Parts
Parts of a Flower
Male Parts
Female Parts
The stamen consists of two parts: the anther and the filament.The filament holds the anther.The anther produces and carries the pollen.
Parts of a Flower
Male Parts
Female Parts
The pistil consists of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary.The stigma is the sticky part that traps and holds the pollen.The style is the tube-like structure that holds up the stigma.The ovary and the ovule are at the bottom of the style.
Parts of a Flower
Male Parts
Female Parts
The petals attract pollinators. (bees, hummingbirds, butterflies, for example)
Parts of a Flower
Male Parts
Female Parts
The sepals are the green petal-like parts at the base of the flower. Sepals help protect the developing bud.
Plant Cell
nucleus
cell wall
cell membrane
vacuoles
chloroplasts
cytoplasm
Kingdom Animalia
Coral snake
Sponge
Flatworm
Octopus
Jellyfish
Bear
Bundren, 2008 84
Kingdom Animalia• Cell Type – Eukaryotic• Cellular Organization – multicellular• Mode of Nutrition – heterotrophic• Reproduction – mostly sexual• Cell Wall – none• Habitat – aquatic and terrestrial
Bundren, 2008 85
Kinds of Animals• Sponges
– The only animals that do not have tissues, but they do have specialized cells.
• Cnidarians– Mostly marine animals; they include
jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.• Flatworms
– Have flat, ribbon-like bodies.– Some are parasitic and live inside the
bodies of animals.– Others are free-living and may live in
soil or water.• Roundworms
– Nematodes are small worms that have long, very slender bodies.
– Some are free-living in soil or water, while others are parasites of animals and plants.
Kinds of Animals• Segmented Worms
– Annelids live in both water and soil and include the familiar earthworm.
– Bristled marine worms are segmented worms, as are leeches, which can be blood-sucking parasites.
• Mollusks– Have a saclike cavity called a coelom that
encloses internal organs. – Are very diverse aquatic and terrestrial animals.– They include snails, oysters, clams, octopuses,
and squids.– Most have a hard external skeleton (a shell).
• Arthropods– The most diverse of all animals.– They have an external skeleton, jointed
appendages with antennae and jaws.
Kinds of Animals• Echinoderms
– Includes sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars.
– Many are able to regenerate a lost limb.• Invertebrate Chordates
– Aquatic animals that have much in common with vertebrates, though they do not have a backbone.
– Some are swimmers that resemble fish, while others live attached to a rock or other object.
• Vertebrates– Have an internal skeleton made of bone, a
vertebral column (backbone) that surrounds and protects the spinal cord, and a head with a brain contained in a body skull.
– Includes mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
Thank you…