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Time Session Speaker/Moderator

8:30 AM – 9:30 AM Registration

9:30 AM – 9:40 AM Philippine National Anthem

9:40 AM – 9:50 AM Welcome RemarksDR. RIZALINDA L. DE LEON

Program Leader, ERDT

9:50 AM – 10:30 AM Keynote Speech

Ret. BRIG. GEN. ELISEO M. RIO JR.

Undersecretary for Operations,

Department of Information and

Communications Technology

10:30 AM – 11:05 AM

Considerations and

Challenges in

Developing Smart Cities

and Communities in the

Philippines

DR. HUSSEIN S. LIDASAN

Dean, School of Urban and

Regional Planning,

University of the Philippines

11: 05 AM – 11:40 AM

The New Clark City:

Features and

Aspirations

ATTY. JOANNA EILEEN M. CAPONES

VP for Investment Promotions and

Marketing, Bases Conversion and

Development Authority

11:40 AM – 12:00 NN Open Forum

12:00 NN – 1:00 PM Lunch

1:00 PM – 2:00 PM Poster Competition

2:00 PM – 2:35 PM

Public-Private

Partnerships towards

Smart Mobility and

Disaster-Resiliency

ARCH. FELINO A. PALAFOX

Principal Architect and

Managing Partner, Palafox Associates

2:35 PM – 3:10 PM Digitally Transforming

Local Government Units

HON. BERNARD FAUSTINO M. DY

Mayor, Cauayan City, Isabela

3:10 PM – 3:45 PM

Sustainable

Development through

Smart Cities and

Communities

ENGR. EDGAR V. SABIDONG

Chairman, Green Building Council

3:45 PM – 4:15 PM Open Forum

4:15 PM – 4:30 PM Coffee Break

4:30 PM – 4:45 PM Awarding of Best Posters

4:45 PM – 4:55 PM Closing Remarks

ENGR. ALBERT G. MARIÑO

Deputy Director, Science Education

Institute

4:55 PM – 5:00 PM Photo Session

8TH ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY CONGRESS

23 August 2019 | Philippine International Convention Center

Theme: The Rise of Smart Cities and Communities

PROGRAM

8TH ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY CONGRESS

23 August 2019 | Philippine International Convention Center

Theme: The Rise of Smart Cities and Communities

CONCEPT NOTE

The World Urbanization Prospects claims that by 20501, urban population will double and that 7

out of 10 people in the world will live in cities. The challenge then for city administrators is

providing basic resources like safe food, clean water and sufficient energy while ensuring overall

economic, social and environmental sustainability for their communities.

Sustainable Cities and Communities are among the 17 Global Goals adopted by the United

Nations in 2015. Directed towards efficient urban planning and management practices, SDG 11

calls for continued job creation and prosperity without straining land and resources.

The recent decade saw countries investing heavily in transforming their urban hubs into smart

cities. According to Forbes magazine, some of the smartest cities in the world in 2018 are New

York, Tokyo, Reykjavik, Singapore, Seoul, Toronto, Hong Kong and Amsterdam. With 12

countries ranking among the top 25, Europe was considered as the top-performing geographical

area.

A smart city is one that uses data and digital technologies to deliver infrastructure or services in

order to improve outcomes that relate to livability, sustainability and productivity. The European

Union has adopted a 6-pillar classification central to the existence of smart cities. These are

competitiveness (Smart Economy), social and human capital (Smart People), participation

(Smart Governance), transport and ICT (Smart Mobility), natural resources (Smart Environment)

and quality of life (Smart Living)2.

In the Philippines, some 100 kilometers from imperial Manila, construction has begun on what is

dubbed as the next big metropolis--- the New Clark City. Envisioned to be the country’s first

smart, green, and disaster-resilient city where nature, lifestyle, business, education and

industries converge, the New Clark City is poised to attract investments, generate more jobs,

boost the economy and sustain inclusive growth.

High hopes are placed on this project considering its promises and its potential to be a model for

other cities in the country and in the region. Because beyond the rise of new infrastructures is

the optimism that the country can abrogate from the decay caused by poor urban planning and

failed recourses coupled with rising inequality and worsening pollution that it has been suffering

from since the beginning of the post-war era.

1World Urbanization Prospects, Population Division, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs,

United Nations 20182Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities, Research Report, Vienna: University of Technology,

Vienna, Austria 2007

1

NOTES

MESSAGE

In 2015, the Department of Science and Technology launched its Smarter Philippines program

which aims to transform Philippine cities through the utilization of information and

communications technology and to improve the delivery of government services by processing

data into intelligent and useful information that will improve operations and systems.

At present, the Department continues to work with local government units and industries to

promote science and technology innovations as tools to realize AmBisyon Natin 2040 --- which

relates to our aspiration of providing a strongly-rooted, comfortable, and secure life for every

Filipino.

The call to develop smart cities and communities in the country is fueled by our desire for

growth, not only in financial terms or infrastructure boost, but also through housing and urban

development, connectivity, and quality of life among others.

May the 8th Engineering Research and Development for Technology Congress inspire all of us

to take on roles in creating a participatory environment that is conscious of the areas that we

have to work on and is inclined to do what has to be done.

Maraming Salamat and Mabuhay!

Secretary

Department of Science and Technology

Republic of the Philippines


Office of the Secretary

NOTES

2

86

Republic of the Philippines


Science Education Institute

Office of the Director

MESSAGE

Smart cities and communities are considered to be the key to achieving safer, more sustainable,

and more livable urban regions that are poised to face future constraints.

The development of smart cities and communities, however, is a challenge in itself. It requires

the utilization of new, efficient, and comprehensible technologies specifically in the areas of

energy, transportation, and communications; as well as integrated approaches, both in terms of

research and development of advanced solutions and service deployment.

The role then of science education is introducing these concepts and empowering people to

bridge the gap between the current situation and the ideal course of action. Enabling them to

work on projects for the purpose of finding better solutions for technology implementations and

come up with data-supported references for policy development.

The Science Education Institute congratulates the organizers and participants of the 8th ERDT

Congress. May it serve its purpose of providing a platform for an in depth discussion and better

appreciation of the role of engineering and science and technology in nation building and in our

continuous thrive for inclusive development.

JOSETTE T. BIYO, Ph.D.

Director

Science Education Institute

OPTIMIZATION OF DECELLULARIZATION PARAMETERS IN DEVELOPING RENAL

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX SCAFFOLDS FROM PORCINE KIDNEY

Tosha Mae S. MANALASTAS, Nathaniel P. DUGOS, Gliceria B. RAMOS

De La Salle University, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines

Bioscaffolds are used in whole organ bioengineering as templates to create transplantable

organs in order to address the growing concern of organ shortage. For complex organs such

as kidneys, bioscaffolds derived from the extracellular matrix of the kidney is the top candidate

because of its ability to retain cell directing mechanisms but the main problem of current

decellularization strategies is the long treatment time.

Detergent perfusion decellularization coupled with sonication treatment has the potential in

decreasing the decellularization time however, the combined effects of these two strategies

can induce damage to the resulting bioscaffold. This study aims to determine the optimum

decellularization parameters known to have a strong influence on the decellularization time

and microarchitecture integrity of the scaffold in order to produce a renal acellular bioscaffold

at the shortest time possible while still having an intact structure.

The study used cadaveric porcine kidneys which were subjected to detergent perfusion and

sonication treatment with varying sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration, SDS flowrate

and sonicator power. Decellularization time was determined by the change in the native

reddish-brown color of the kidney into a translucent white bioscaffold while the evaluation of

the microarchitecture integrity was done through a scoring system based on the H&E stained

structures of the glomerulus, tubules and blood vessel.

Results showed that the optimized decellularization parameters are 0.71%wt/vol SDS, 45

mL/min and 60 W. In addition, the resulting bioscaffold using the optimum parameters was

obtained after 3 hours while still preserving the delicate renal structures. In addition,

colorimetric assays and immunohistochemistry test also showed the retention of essential

ECM proteins such as total collagen, fibronectin and laminin which are essential for

recellularization.

Hence, decellularization parameter settings in detergent perfusion decellularization with

sonication play an important role in the efficient production of renal bioscaffolds.

Keywords: bioscaffolds, extracellular matrix, decellularization

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Semiconductor Materials and Electronics

3

MESSAGE

Throughout history, records have illustrated how lives changed, how processes and the way of

doing things drastically improved, and how society evolved through the introduction and

adoption of technology. Technological innovations take place by leaps and bounds, and being

at the receiving end, we must capitalize the use of these smart technologies to make lives

better, to build smart cities. Thus, I welcome all of you to the 8th Engineering Research and

Development for Technology Congress, which is aptly-themed: “The Rise of Smart Cities and

Communities.”

We are now in an era where Internet of things and data analytics play an important role in

driving economic growth through the proper management of resources. At the forefront is

smart technology that propelled the rise of smart cities and communities around the globe. In

fact, the Philippines will have its first smart city by 2022, the ‘New Clark City’ within the Clark

Special Economic Zone.

The New Clark City would be a cleaner, greener, and more resilient city than the cities we

currently live in. This will use information and communication technology to enhance social and

community services and is hoped to be replicated in other parts of the country. This is both a

timely and exciting development as we try to address pain points that make our communities

not the best places to live or work in, such as pollution, congested traffic, high cost of utilities,

and inability to mitigate effects of natural disasters.

The ERDT, since its full implementation in 2008, has already graduated a total of 1,196 MS

and 123 PhD scholars, with these numbers of researchers, scientists, and engineers, the

ERDT hopes to be part of the solution in addressing these pain points. The ERDT will be the

country’s partner in putting forward smart technology for smart cities.

RIZALINDA L. DE LEON, Ph.D.

Program Leader, ERDT

Dean, UP College of Engineering

Engineering Research and

Development for Technology

Office of the Program Leader

VARIATION OF MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF THE COMPOSITE

PAVEMENT BRICKS REINFORCED WITH WASTE GLASS

Genevieve P. ARANAS, Virgilio Y. ABELLANA

University of San Carlos, Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines

Various ways and procedures of utilizing waste to form a new product have been developed to

possibly help in the reduction of waste. In a study entitled “Mechanical and Physical Properties

of Composite Pavement Bricks Incorporating Waste Glass” by Cudias et. al., waste glass was

incorporated in the production of composite pavement bricks. Another factor aside from the

recycled aggregate that is being incorporated in composite pavement bricks that may also affect

the mechanical and physical properties of the new product develop is the change in

temperature. Composite bricks may be exposed to different environment that is which it will be

most suitable for. Properties of materials may vary according to the temperature where it is

being exposed. Exposure of the material at various temperature may strengthen or weaken its

properties. Experimental investigation will be conducted to evaluate all the additives through

thermal analysis on how it will affect the properties of material being developed. The mechanical

properties that are intended to be analysed in this study are: loss factor and storage modulus,

energy absorption, flexural and compressive strengths and workability. Other factor that will be

monitored in this study is the change of thermal conductivity or its potential as an insulator as

various aggregates will be incorporated.

Keywords: thermal analysis, aggregate, loss factor, storage modulus, energy absorption,

flexural strength, compressive strength, workability



854

Keynote Speaker

USEC. ELISEO M. RIO, JR.

Undersecretary for Operations

Department of Information and Communications Technology

Biographical Sketch

Brigadier General Eliseo M. Rio, Jr. was appointed as Undersecretary for Operations of the

Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) last 17 July 2019. He is an

Electronics and Communications Engineer (ECE) and is one of the topnotchers (4th place) of

the 1971 ECE Licensure Examination.

Usec. Rio served and held various positions in the Armed Forces of the Philippines. He was

assigned to the AFP Research and Development Center (AFPRDC) from September 1968 to

April 1969, and to the Communication Company of the 4th Infantry Division in Mindanao from 16

October 1969 to May 1971.

Prior to his appointment to DICT, Usec. Rio worked as a Commissioner at the National

Telecommunications Commission (NTC). One of his significant accomplishments in NTC was

surfacing the way for the proliferation of Call Centers and BPOs by enacting NTC MC 08-07-

2002: Rules and Regulations Authorizing Entities Other Than Public Communications Entities

to Install and Operate Public Calling Stations/Offices and Telecenters.

He was selected as the “Most Outstanding Professional in the Field of Electronics and

Communication for the Year 2002” by the Philippine Professional Regulation Commission.

3D MODELLING OF THE CRACK PROPAGATION OF FLY-ASH-SUPPLEMENTED

CEMENT MASONRY BRICKS

Julius A. ANDOG, Virgilio ABELLANA

University of San Carlos, Nasipit. Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines

The research is concerned with the study of the formation of cracks in fly ash-supplemented

cement bricks subjected to slow application loading. The incorporation of fly ash into the

cement aggregates in the manufacturing of the bricks and its effects to the propagation of the

cracks are the first concerns to be studied on. The actual fracture phenomenon is then

benchmarked for the 3D modelling using ANSYS software. Whereas the crack propagation on

the actual phenomenon is bounded with conditions to which it is subjected, the model can be

imposed with certain parameters to predict its crack behavior without necessitating the call for

laboratory experimentation. This study is purposed for the generation of a simulation model of

the crack propagation of the material under study. The anomaly surrounding the abrupt jerks

in the results are scrutinized as well.

When tested, prior studies show significant changes in the brick’s physical properties.

Enforced with graded fly ash from industrial power plants in the making of the bricks,

compressive tests show the bricks manifest a rather consistent formation of fracture along its

peripheral sides for cubical formed masonry bricks, and in its circumference for cylindrical

shapes of the same. Under testing, the brick is subjected to loads that are slowly applied and

is observed to generate a consistent form when cracks start to appear. The material under

study are immersed in different environments where their crack propagations are studied as

well. These serve as the precedents that found the building of the 3D model later on.

Keywords: fracture, crack propagation, model simulation



584

An Active Control And Monitoring System For A Robotic-assisted Ankle

Rehabilitation Device

Royce Val C. MALALIS, Renann G. BALDOVINO


The ankle plays a vital role in supporting the body and assisting in its balance during movement

(stand, walk, run, and others). With the ankle baring most of the body’s weight, it is easily

affected by strokes and injuries, two of the primary causes of long-term disability, resulting in an

abnormal lower limb motor function. Traditional rehabilitation through physical therapy is

commonly to recover its motor function and control. This technique, however, requires intensive

labor and results are highly dependent on the skills of physical therapists, high costs but low

efficiency, and suffers from the lack of manpower and equipment.

Through the years, the continuous research and development of lower limb rehabilitation robots

have taken place to answer the pending problems of traditional rehabilitation. And with the

advancements of technology and robotics, along with the numerous researches, robot-assisted

rehabilitation demonstrated positive effects on patient recovery.

These rehabilitation robots, however, due to challenges on body signal acquisition and

processing, smooth motor actuation, and evaluating the rehabilitation progress, most control

systems use complex machine learning techniques which complicates the circuitry, requiring

faster hardware, and contributing to the overall development costs. Simpler once, on the other

hand, could greatly sacrifice accuracy and performance, which is critical to these robot devices.

In this paper, an adaptive control and monitoring system are to be developed for a

robotic-assisted ankle rehabilitation device. It utilizes a microcontroller to acquire and process

data from inertial measurement units (IMU), non-invasive electromyograph (EMG) and force

sensors. The overall system would be tested to an actual ankle rehabilitation platform built with

a graphical user interface (GUI). With the development of such system, it tries to supplement a

human character toward such robotic rehabilitation devices for improved user experience

without compromising costs, accuracy, and performance.

Keywords: active control, robotic-assisted, ankle rehabilitation device


836


Plenary Talk:

Considerations and Challenges in Building Smart Cities and

Communities in the Philippines

DR. HUSSEIN S. LIDASAN

Dean, School of Urban and Regional Planning

University of the Philippines Diliman

Biographical Sketch

Dr. Hussein Sinsuat Lidasan is the Dean of the School of Urban and Regional Planning of the

University of the Philippines Diliman.

Dr. Lidasan earned his PhD in Urban and Regional Planning from the Institute of Planning and

Policy Sciences (formerly Institute of Socio-Economic Planning) in 1995 and Master’s in

Environmental Sciences from the Institute of Environmental Sciences in 1991, both from the

University of Tsukuba in Japan. He also has a certificate in Development Economics (1987)

and Bachelor’s degree in Economics (1982) from the School of Economics, UP Diliman.

He is presently the Corporate Secretary of the Philippine Center for Islam and Democracy, a

non-partisan, non-profit organization dedicated to the study of Islamic and democratic political

thought and the search for peace, democracy and development in Muslim communities.

SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES USING MAGNETIC FIELD-ASSISTED MPECVD

Cyril Benedict LUGOD, Joseph AURESENIA


CNT production is limited by issues regarding CNT growth and morphology. Hence, further

studies on experimental factors regarding CNT production are necessary to optimize CNT

production on a commercial scale. This study focuses on the determination of the effects of

the presence of a magnetic field during CNT synthesis in a Microwave Enhanced Plasma

Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPECVD) process using a Whirlpool AVM585 microwave oven.

The study also determined the effects of hydrogen catalyst plasma pretreatment on CNT

growth. The experiment was based on a Taguchi orthogonal array design. The effects of the

experimental factors such as magnetic field strength (0, 5, and 10 mT), catalyst pretreatment

time (10, 15, and 20 min), hydrogen gas flow rate (25, 50, and 75 mL/min), and microwave

power (451, 570, and 740 W) on the responses such as the catalyst nanoparticle Feret

diameter, CNT diameter, tortuosity, weight, and purity were investigated. Among the design

factors, application of magnetic field at 10 mT improved all the responses, with the CNT

diameter and tortuosity being reduced by 60% and 48% compared to runs with no magnetic

field, respectively. Under tortuosity, magnetic field was the design factor which had the

greatest effect on decreasing the tortuosity of the CNTs at around 100 times compared with

other design factors. Catalyst plasma pretreatment was most optimal at the highest hydrogen

flow rate and microwave power setting, under the influence of the highest magnetic field

strength. The effects of the factors during catalyst plasma pretreatment also resulted to

improved characteristics of the CNTs during the CNT synthesis. Overall, the findings suggest

that the application of a magnetic field during CNT pretreatment and synthesis results to

catalyst nanoparticles and CNTs with improved properties such as lower catalyst nanoparticle

Feret diameter, CNT diameter, tortuosity and higher CNT yield and purity.

Keywords: nanotechnology, CNT, MPECVD, microwave, magnetic field


782

Plenary Talk:

The New Clark City: Its Features and Aspirations

ATTY. JOANNA EILEEN M. CAPONES

Vice President for Investment Promotions and Marketing

Bases Conversion and Development Authority

Abstract

What makes a city livable? It is the comfort brought about by security and stability. It is the

sense of inclusiveness catalyzed by vibrant display of culture and heritage. It is the seamless

mobility enabled by infrastructure built with people in mind.

Ranked 137th, Manila is in the bottom half of the Mercer Quality of Living Survey. While

hazardous daily commute in a dreadful traffic jam is the norm, and the rising cost of living

allows poverty to prevail, everybody still dreams of moving to the city. It is because the best

opportunities are concentrated within this metropolis.

As urbanization of Manila continues and credible solutions for the deterioration of quality of life

reach a dead-end, the most plausible option to decongest the city is the development of an

alternative.

This is why we are building New Clark City.

New Clark City is a 9,450-hectare disaster-resilient development located 100 kilometers north

of Manila. It is the Philippines’ first smart, green, and sustainable metropolis, with a

development plan centered on its future residents. It is a city built from scratch, designed to

ensure that time there is always well-spent and life is always well-lived.

Its first phase, set to be completed in 2019, will feature the Philippines’ first internationally-

accredited sports facilities that will serve as venue for the 30th SEA Games, government office

buildings, medium-rise housing for athletes and employees, and the highlight of the city’s public

realm, a river park equipped with walkways and bicycle lanes surrounded by lush greenery.

Biographical Sketch

Atty. Joanna Eileen M. Capones is the Vice President for Investment Promotions and Marketing

and the Assistant Corporate Secretary of the Bases Conversion and Development Authority

(BCDA), a Philippine government-owned corporation mandated to convert and develop former

military base lands into economic and investment hubs.

She earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Economics from the University of the

Philippines, where she graduated magna cum laude. She obtained a Juris Doctor degree from

the same university and received the Dean’s Medal for Academic Excellence. She went to

obtain a Master of Laws Degree, focusing on public interest law, from the Columbia University

in the City of New York.

Prior to joining BCDA, Atty. Capones worked as the Chief Policy Officer of then Senate Majority

Leader Alan Peter Cayetano and as an Associate at SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan.

She also worked as a researcher for the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment.


LOW RIPPLE IMPROVED BUCK CONVERTER WITH TYPE III COMPENSATION IN 180NM

CMOS TECHNOLOGY

Dinah Pearl S. MADELO, Aileen B. CABEROS

Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

Designing a buck DC-DC converter, which is a step-down power electronics, highly considers

efficiency, load and line regulation and also stability in form of the ripple content. This paper

provides a performance summary of a 1.8V Buck Converter from a 3V supply simulated in

180nm CMOS Technology with a 500 kHz operating frequency.

While a standard buck uncompensated buck converter only has two switches and one inductor

and unstable, this improved buck converter architecture with two inductors and four switches

aided with a Type III Compensation circuit resulted in a low-ripple, high line and load regulation

DC- DC Converter.

The Type-III compensation, realized by connecting resistors/capacitors to a controller’s integral

Error Amplifier two “Zeros” and two “Poles” at the frequencies resulted in a 180-degree phase

boost. This phase boost is necessary to counter the 180-degree phase lag due to the output

filter double-pole and generate the required phase margin. The additional switches ensure that

at any moment, the load is being fed by two paths, thereby minimizing charging and discharging

time and as a result, minimal ripple.

Line regulation was significantly reduced to 1.34 %, load regulation to 0.045 %, ripple content to

0.00505 % and all with an efficiency of 97.81 %. The novel design also showed faster transient

response time, noted all of these are compared to a similar buck converter that only has Type III

Compensation.

Keywords: buck converter, low ripple, type III


818


Plenary Talk:

Public-Private Partnerships for Smart for Smart Mobility and

Disaster-Resiliency

ARCH. FELINO A. PALAFOX

Principal Architect and Managing Partner

Palafox Associates

Biographical Sketch

Arch. Felino “Jun” Palafox has practiced architecture and planning for more than four decades

and has collaborated with some of the best designers, leaders and developers in the world.

He leads his firm in setting the standard in design practices and adhering to core values.

Corollary to this are the many awards and recognition the firm has received under his

leadership and guidance.

He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Architecture from the University of Santo Tomas, a Master’s

degree in Urban and Regional Planning from the University of the Philippines, and a diploma

in Advanced Management Development Program in real estate from Harvard University’s

Graduate School of Design.

Arch. Palafox has been a recipient of several local and international awards, most notably as

Ambassador for Peace from the Inter-Religious and International Federation for World Peace

given in New York, Outstanding Professional Awardee for 2012 by Superbrands, Most

Outstanding Architect given by the City of Manila, a Gusi Peace Prize 2011 Laureate for

Architecture with Global Excellence and International Urban Planning, and consistently

included in BizNews Asia’s The Best of the Best. He was also the former president of the

Management Association of the Philippines (MAP) and was elected president of the Philippine

Institute of Environmental Planners (PIEP) for 2013 and 2014. He has lectured in Harvard

University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Asian Institute of Management, and in

countries in Asia, Europe, and North America.

A NETLOGO SIMULATION OF BEHAVIOR-BASED AND RANDOM WALK (BRW) METHOD

TO SOLVE AREA-COVERAGE PROBLEM

Christelle M. BONGHANOY

Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Quezon City, Philippines

The aftermath of a disaster leaves an area damaged and some with collapsed infrastructure. It

is a dangerous place for the rescuers and it is also a challenge for them to look for victims.

The described scenario is common to area coverage problem.

In this study, the proponent designed and built a Behavior-based and Random Walk (BRW)

method through Netlogo simulation that will be able to solve and perform area-coverage task.

The proposed method was compared to other strategies that solves area-coverage problem

for validation purposes through the same simulation platform. To test the functionality and

ability to do area-coverage task the methods and strategies used in this study were also tested

in two types of environment: with and without obstacles.

There is an average of 57% increase in accuracy/speed when BRW was tested and compared

to an existing method and applied in an environment with obstacles.

The result shows that BRW was able to do area-coverage task faster than the existing method

especially in an environment with obstacles.

Keywords: area-coverage problem, netlogo simulation, behavior-based & random walk (BRW)


980

Plenary Talk:

Digitally Transforming Local Government Units

HON. BERNARD FAUSTINO M. DY

City Mayor

Cauayan, Isabela

Biographical Sketch

Hon. Bernard Faustino M. Dy is currently the Mayor of Cauayan City, Isabela. He earned his

Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration major in International Business from the

University of California Riverside and obtained both his Master’s and Doctorate degrees in

Organization Management from the Southeast Asia Interdisciplinary Development Institute.

In 2018, Mayor Dy was hailed as one of the Outstanding Young Men of the Philippines. He was

also named as Manager of the Year during the International Contest Summit in Stresa, Italy

and was adjudged as one of the Science Ambassadors of the Department of Science and

Technology in 2015.

At present, he continues to live in the commitment of becoming an active and innovative leader

with the vision of making Cauayan City the Ideal City of the North.


THE UTILIZATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN INACTIVATING

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Angelica CORDERO-SAMORTIN

Mapúa University, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines

In today’s society, technology is considered as a vital part of human nature. It has benefited us

in many aspects. One of these is in maintaining our body healthy. However, it is inevitable that

sometimes our body becomes weak due to various diseases. These diseases are caused by

harmful microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus is one of these microorganisms. Skin and

mucous membranes are effective barriers against infection. However, if these barriers are

breached S. aureus may gain access to underlying tissues or the bloodstream and cause

infection. S. aureus can cause life-threatening diseases, such as pneumonia, severe sepsis,

toxic shock syndrome, endocarditis, Chronic Biofilm Infections and Staphylococcal Food-Borne

Diseases. Several studies had investigated on the effect of electromagnetic radiation on various

microorganisms. Results showed that there is inhibition in proliferation of various

microorganisms.

This study investigates the growth of S. aureus when exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The

duration of exposure and the distance from the radiating antenna were varied and the amount

of growth was monitored by observing the number of colony forming units on blood agar plate.

The results indicate that the growth of S. aureus was inhibited when it was exposed to

electromagnetic radiation.

Keywords: electromagnetic radiation; staphylococcus aureus; bacterial growth inhibition


7910


Plenary Talk:

Sustainable Development through Smart Cities and Communities

ENGR. EDGAR V. SABIDONG

Chair, Philippine Green Building Council

Vice President for Technical Services, Arthaland Corporation

Biographical Sketch

Engr. Edgar V. Sabidong earned his Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering from Mapúa

University. He has over thirty years of experience in construction, facilities and project

management--- 12 years of which were spent in the Caribbean and in the Middle East. He was

the Project Director of the biggest project in Trinidad and Tobago and while with Saudi

Aramco, he handled various facilities like office building, hospital, laboratory and community

housing renovation and upgrade works. In the Philippines, he worked with D.M. Consunji and

in its venture with the British John Laing International.

He is the elected Chair of the Philippine Green Building Council for 2019. As a member of the

Board of Trustees, he also sits in BERDE PR and Internal Policy Committees. Given its

commitment to greening the industry, ALCO gave Engr. Sabidong the task to head and lead

all project undertakings and sustainability efforts with his concurrent appointment as the

company’s Chief Sustainability Officer. Engr. Sabidong si currently the Vice President for

Technical Services of Arthaland Corporation.

ABSTRACTS OF POSTERS

• Energy Track

• Environment and Infrastructure Track

• Information and Communications Technology Track

• Manufacturing and Machinery Track

• Semiconductor Materials and Electronics Track

SONDE INSTRUMENTATION FOR UPPER-AIR WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM

Raymart B. BALAKIT, Febus Reidj G. CRUZ


Today, weather balloons are one of the emerging technologies used to monitor the upper-air

weather. Even so, problems related to the cost of implementation, tracking of the device and

weight of payload have limited innovators to cover a larger area to monitor atmospheric data.

With this in mind, the present work has designed a sonde instrument using PT100

temperature sensor, SHT10 humidity sensor, MS5607-02BA03 barometric pressure sensor,

NEO6M-0-001GPS module and AtMega 2560 microcontroller. Actual balloon flights were

conducted to gather upper-air measurements and laboratory experiments were done to

determine the accuracy and reliability of the proposed device compared to the existing

devices. The measurements taken were sent to a ground station using a radio frequency (RF)

transceiver module and were saved in a database as a CSV file. Experiments using three

different sizes of balloon with the same payload revealed that the larger the volume of the

balloon, the higher is its rate of ascent. Meanwhile, it took 11.62 hours for the battery to reach

its minimum acceptable voltage reading of 10.2V during continuous measurement which

satisfied the requirement of atleast 2 hours of upper-air observation. Laboratory tests showed

that there was a high correlation between the measurements made by the proposed device

and the existing devices. This was supported by the percent accuracy obtained for

temperature, humidity and pressure which are 83.66%, 98.64% and 99.97% respectively. In

the same way, a field experiment was carried out using a 150 g hydrogen-filled balloon to lift

the proposed device into the atmosphere. Z-scores for the two experiments done showed that

there was no significant difference in the mean of the observations done by the devices.

Lastly, it was noted that the volume of the balloon varies directly as the weight of its payload.

Keywords: upper-air weather monitoring system, atmospheric pressure, temperature,

relative humidity, sonde instrument

Corresponding Author: [email protected] / [email protected]

78


DESIGN AND CONTROL OF A TRUNK AND HIP ROBOTIC-ASSISTED

REHABILITATION DEVICE

Chyn Ira C. CRISOSTOMO


Advancements in the use of rehabilitation robotics have been dramatically growing in the last

two decades. Research has shown that the supplementation of robotic-assisted devices

together with traditional therapy is beneficial for both patients and therapists due to their

potential to reduce the physical workload of rehabilitation as well as to improve repeatability.

However, most of the devices available today are either focusing on the hand, upper-limb or

lower-limb. Also, devices that focus on the strengthening and rehabilitation of the trunk and hip

are very limited.

The trunk represents the central axis of postural stabilization and its strength plays an integral

role in regaining a stroke or injured patient’s sit-to-stand (STS) performance and gait ability. STS

limitations are also the most demanding task in rehabilitation. In this paper, a simple trunk and

hip robotic-assisted device with 3-DOF is presented to perform combined movements of

abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, and internal/extension rotation.

The simple mechanism comprises the essentials of stability and robustness needed for trunk

and hip rehabilitation. Described herein are the mechanical design and controls that will be

used. Moreover, it will be tested on healthy patients in a controlled environment in order to verify

its performance and demonstrate its great potential in improving trunk and hip muscles.

Keywords: trunk hip rehabilitation, 3-DOF, robotic-assisted

Presenting Author: [email protected]

BAYESIAN NETWORK-BASED PROCESS DOWNTIME COST DETERMINATION OF

AN INDUSTRIAL PLANT

Kevin M. SULIVA, Senen D. FENOMENO


Industrial plants utilize sensitive equipment to meet their financial and product output and

power quality disturbances such as voltage sag which is one of the causes of the interruption

of a process of an output. This research objective then is to determine the given downtime

cost of a certain industrial process based on its configuration with the equipment involved and

its equivalent response given an event of voltage sag through the probability analysis using

Bayesian Network. Significant findings made on this study include the assessment of the

equivalent response of the equipment in the process given an event of voltage sag for the

probability and downtime cost analysis. The study was conducted utilizing the voltage

tolerance curve of an equipment and sag events to determine its response and use in

constructing a network structure of probability of the process to determine the equivalent

downtime losses using mathematical software. This research shows the significant relationship

between the responses of equipment for an event of voltage sag to the production of each

output through probability analysis with regards to its equivalent downtime cost and presents

the importance of immunity of an equipment to voltage sags.

Keywords: industrial process, sensitive equipment, voltage sag, voltage tolerance curve,

Bayesian Network


Energy

12 77

Manufacturing and Machinery

SYNTHESIS OF COCONUT SHELL-DERIVED ACTIVATED BIOCHAR – MANGANESE

DIOXIDE (AB-MD) NANOCOMPOSITE AS A HIGH-PERFORMANCE ELECTROCHEMICAL

SUPERCAPACITOR

Joemer A. ADORNA Jr.1, Myra G BORINES1, Ruey-An DOONG2

1University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines;2National Tsing Hua University, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan

A major concern of the ever-growing human population greatly calls for environmental

sustainability of affordable processes and methods in acquiring energy, and its subsequent

storage. Supercapacitors are considered as an inexpensive energy storage device which rely

heavily on the nanomaterial’s structure and performance. Recently, highly conductive and

porous nanomaterials have always been the key component in accomplishing high storage and

capacity and high cycle stability. Composites of synthesized coconut-shell derived activated

biochar (AB) and manganese dioxide (MnO2/MD) were synthesized and analyzed (AB-MD) to

develop a cost-efficient electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) nanocomposite. Two different

methods were explored to produce the composite such as: (1) liquid-phase combination method

and (2) acid-assisted grafting oxidation combination method. Surface characterization confirmed

the presence of α-MnO2 dominant (with γ-MnO2 formations) particles on the mesoporous

activated biochar surface (~500 m2/g) with an amorphous structure for both methods. Cyclic

voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were done in a

three-electrode electrochemical system with a 1.0 mol/L solution of Na2SO4. The results show

that both methods yielded a quasi-rectangular and symmetric CV plot indicating good EDLC

behavior and a steep EIS plot. Among the synthesized nanocomposites, the highest specific

capacitance of 522.7 F/g at 5 mV/s was observed using acid-assisted grafting oxidation

combination method. Stability of the nanomaterial is determined using galvanostatic charge-

discharge (GCD) tests at 5 A/g for 5000 cycles. Results show AB-MD’s superior cycle stability,

having 91% and 82% specific capacitance retention for methods 1 and 2, respectively. This is

attributed to the mixed pseudocapacitive redox reaction of MnO2 and the prominently superior

double-layer charging of the composite. Capitalizing on the AB-MD’s low production cost and

high quality makes it a sought-after material in the application to electrochemical

supercapacitors.

Keywords: supercapacitor, activated biochar, manganese dioxide, nanocomposite

Corresponding Author: [email protected]; 09058897407

Energy

DEVELOPMENT OF A BATCH-TYPE CACAO OIL PRESSER

Raymond R. ANDRES, Carolyn Grace G. SOMERA, Marvin M. CINENSE,

Melba D. DENSON

Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

The main purpose of the study is to develop a machine for extracting oil from cacao liquor and

identify the recommended treatments for the cacao that produces the highest oil yield. It

consists of five major components, namely: feeding gate, piston and pressing chamber,

hydraulic motor pump, oil outlet, and the mainframe and it operates in a press-type

mechanism. This will be really helpful for the farmers engaged in cacao production especially

for those farmers who want to broaden their production by entering the pharmaceutical

industry and cosmetics as well as for the chocolate makers.

The cacao liquor was treated with three levels of cooking time – 30 min, 45 min and 60 min

(A1, A2, A3) and three levels of pressing time – 30 min, 60 min and 90 min (B1, B2, B3). The

analysis showed that only factor A significantly affected all the parameters and factor B

revealed insignificant differences in treatment results. The highest cacao oil yield and cacao oil

recovery are obtained from A3 with means of 1015.33 ml and 33.85%, respectively. The

highest weight of cacao cake and cacao cake recovery are obtained from A1 with means of

1973.89 g and 65.8 %, respectively. The highest pressing rate and pressing efficiency of the

pressing machine are obtained from A3 with means of 20.7 ml/min and 85.6%, respectively.

Moreover, A3 garnered the optimum pressing loss and pressing recovery of the machine with

means of 5.86% and 94.14%, respectively. For the pressing, B1 is recommended to save time

and energy. Thus, the potential treatment combination that produces the highest oil yield is A3

B1 (90 minutes’ time of cooking and 30 minutes’ time of pressing).

Simple cost analysis showed that the machine is financially feasible. The payback period is

1.47 years and the annual net income is Php 67,878.72.

Keywords: batch-type cacao oil presser, press-type mechanism



76 13

A 3-DOF ROBOTIC-ASSISTED ANKLE REHABILITATION DEVICE

Romel S. SAYSAY


The ankle is one of the most frequently injured body joint. Being under constant stress during

walking and daily activities, some people have already suffered from mild to severe ankle

sprain. Also, stroke and other spinal injuries induce paralysis that can lead to ‘drop foot’ making

the ankle stiff and nonfunctional, hence, standing and walking is impossible.

Ankle rehabilitation with a physiotherapist is done to prevent recurrent injuries and improve its

functionality. Still, most patients have loosely followed therapy programs due to cost,

scheduling, and availability of therapists. Further, hospital physiotherapists, being under-

numbered, are inherently time-limited, and can be physically exhausted during individual

therapy sessions.

Ankle robotic physical therapy have been developed to address these issues. These devices

have been deemed effective in providing naturalistic ankle motion during therapy. However,

most designs have only focused on one instead of the complete three (3) degrees of motion.

This may lead to strength and mobility imbalances that can cause improper functional motion

and further injuries.

With that, this study presents the development of a 3-DOF robotic-assisted ankle rehabilitation

device. The device will make use of two parallel manipulators to guide the ankle through

targeted positions during therapy. Also, the device is attached at the lower limb with a movable

foot plate in driving various ankle motions. Moreover, it is expected to assist physiotherapists in

administering more effective ankle rehabilitation programs.

Keywords: ankle, degrees-of-freedom (DOF), rehabilitation, robotic-assisted


EVALUATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM INVERTER MODELS USED FOR OUTPUT

POWER FORECASTING

Aaron Keith Y. CHAN, Erees Queen B. MACABEBE


One of the challenges of using photovoltaic (PV) energy is its intermittent nature. Due to this,

managing the electrical grid network becomes difficult. Hence, it is important to be able to

predict the output power of a PV system.

In this study, three inverter models were evaluated and were used together with a PV array

model, a DC cable model, and an irradiance prediction model to predict the output power of a

PV system. The inverter models determine power loss as either a function of both input

voltage and input power, ploss = f(vin,pin), or a function of input power only, ploss = f(pin). For

the former case, modeling input voltage as a linear function with an additional inverse term

was determined to be appropriate for the inverter being used, as opposed to input voltage as a

linear function only.

A total of three inverter models, based on the input data used for curve fitting, were evaluated.

Models 1 and 2 use ploss = f(vin,pin) to model the inverter. Model 1 uses datasheet data for

curve fitting, whereas model 2 uses actual data for curve fitting. Model 3 uses ploss = f(pin)

and uses actual data for curve fitting.

A 1 kW PV system was used to evaluate the models. The models were evaluated using

measured and predicted irradiance as input. Using measured irradiance, model 1 performed

the worst, and models 2 and 3 had similar errors. Using predicted irradiance, model 3

performed better than models 1 and 2. Model 2 did not perform as expected, since it is

dependent on input voltage, which incurred large errors due to non-zero predicted irradiance

during the evening. Hence, model 3, which is dependent on input power only, is best suited for

predicting the output power of a PV system.

Keywords: energy forecast, inverter model, photovoltaic system


14 75

Energy Manufacturing and Machinery

DETERMINING THE STATE-OF-CHARGE AND STATE-OF-HEALTH OF LEAD-ACID

BATTERIES IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

Ramon Miguel IMBAO, Carlos M. OPPUS, Juan Antonio G. MARIÑAS


A lead-acid battery cell consists of two lead plates separated by an insulator submerged in an

electrolyte solution. Photovoltaic (PV) systems typically use these batteries as a storage buffer.

Avoiding critical operating conditions is necessary to protect the battery in order to reduce

operating costs. In this research, a battery testing unit is developed to determine the state-of-

charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) of lead-acid batteries used in PV systems. Based on

Lin, Wang, and Ho’s algorithm, lead-acid batteries are tested by collecting voltage and current

readings periodically every second with a fixed 6-ohm load. The collected voltage and current

readings have the algorithm applied where a polynomial equation for the discharge curve is

obtained. Using the equation, the time where the battery is fully discharged can be obtained and

thus, the SOH. The test is done to two batteries: one old, and one new. The new battery

discharge data is compared with a nominal model of the battery. Based on initial tests, the

newly purchased battery is estimated to last 2.54 hours starting from roughly 70-80% full

capacity. With this, the older battery was estimated to last 0.152 hours with a solar panel

attached, and 0.143 hours without a solar panel, or having a 6% and 5.65% SOH, respectively.

Keywords: state-of-charge, state-of-health, lead-acid, battery, photovoltaic


Energy

MICROWAVE DRYING OF STINGLESS BEE POLLENS

Franz Z. MIRANDA, Carolyn Grace G. SOMERA

Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

Stingless bee pollens are good source of vitamins and minerals that can be collected from the

surplus of bees. Conventional drying causes a decrease in the amount of nutrient of bee

pollens. The objective of the study was to reduce nutrient loss of bee pollens using microwave

drying.

A microwave oven was modified to have an air circulating facility for drying purpose. Fresh bee

pollens were analyzed in terms of moisture content, water activity, pH, and nutrient content

(protein, vitamin E and β-carotene) for baseline data. The bee pollens were then microwave

dried in different power output (119, 336 and 700W) and characterized to determine changes

during drying.

The dryer has an overall dimensions of 300 x 450 x 500 mm (LxWxH) and an inside air

velocity of 2 m/s. Data were laid in CRD and analyzed using ANOVA for treatment means.

Results showed that 700W power output has the least drying time of 5 minutes with highest

drying capacity of 1.8 kg/h and moisture reduction rate of 96%/h. On the other hand, the 119W

microwave output shows the longest drying time of 19.5 hours having the lowest drying

capacity of 0.008 kg/h and moisture reduction rate of 0.41%/h.

Analysis of fresh bee pollens showed 12.07±0.40% MC, pH of 4.04±0.01, water activity of

0.622, 16% w/w of protein, 1.1 mg/100g of vitamin E and 0.118 mg/100g of β-carotene. The

336W setting showed the lowest protein loss of 0.4 g/100g compared to 700W with 0.6 g/100g

loss. For the vitamin E, 119W lose 0.15 mg/100g while at 700W, vitamin E increases by 1.7

mg/100g. All treatment’s values for β-carotene increases with 700W having the highest (0.226

mg/100g) and 336W with the lowest (0.174 mg/100g). Water activity and pH of microwave

dried bee pollens showed similar values of 0.3 and 3.8, respectively.

Keywords: pollen, microwave, drying


74 15


APPLICATION OF SMOKE FLOW VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUE ON A DAY-OLD

CHICK VAN

Jake Floyd G. FABIAN, Joema A. GAMBOA, Adrian Ralph T. LONGAKIT,

Ryan Eduard T. MABAGA


This study is performed to visualize the flow pattern inside a 15.5ft day-old chick trailer in its

stationary condition. This trailer functions as a delivery method of hatchlings that are to be

cultivated and is equipped with fan systems to cater the airflow needs of the chicks. The study

was performed using smoke visualization technique wherein smoke is propagated into the chick

trailer to follow the flow as soon as the fan systems are operated. Visualization of the smoke

flow was done on multiple sections of the trailer using a laser pointer equipped with a glass rod

strip to produce a light sheet, and motion of the smoke was then recorded using an action

camera positioned normal to the light sheet. This study aimed to confirm whether there was an

accumulation of air happening inside the chick trailer and to observe the flow behavior inside.

After conducting the experiment, the data show flow patterns inside the trailer. One prominent

behavior observed is the recirculation of the fan’s exhaust back to its intake. Data confirmed that

part of the intake air is accumulated inside since the process of recirculation kept ongoing even

after the fan reached its maximum speed. By this, it was concluded that the rated discharge rate

of the fans was not fully utilized to its function since most of the delivered air that went through

the fan recirculated back to its exhaust. Furthermore, actual velocity values were also compared

with theoretically predicted values and showed that actual values were way lower than the

theoretical ones mainly due to the recirculation and other affecting factors.

Keywords: visualization, smoke flow, chick van


AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF IGNITION AND COMBUSTION

CHARACTERISTIC OF COCONUT SHELL IN THE BURNER DEVELOPMENT IN

THE PHILIPPINES

Noel T. DERECHO, Jesus Jr. G. AMISCARAY


The coconut shell is a good potential biomass fuel that could be an alternative source of fuel

especially in remote areas that hardly access and afford the conventional fuel but abundant in

agricultural waste. A lot of studies conducted of the said fuel in terms of gasification and

pyrolysis but only a few researchers discussed the characteristic of the fuel by direct

combustion. There is still a need to explore studying the flame characteristic of the coconut

shell to establish the combustion behavior, as well as, characterize the ignition pattern of the

said fuel. An experiment was conducted through directly combusting coconut shell. The fuel

reaction and the behavior were observed and the temperature profile was measured during

the experiment. The result after the experiments shows that an average of 65.92% of the total

combustion time is the rapid combustion effect. And the mass fraction remained after burning

is averagely 2.50 %. By the taken results of the experiment, the coconut shell shows a positive

result in which it can deliver a good combustion performance. And an on the other hand, with

the amount that coconut shell as an agricultural waste is produced every day, it is one

promising alternative fuel for domestic use and, as well as, it can be an alternative fuel to

replace coal in making electricity.

Keywords: coconut shell, combustion, alternative fuel, burner, biomass


16 73


COMBINED MIXTURE DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS AND BIOREACTOR STUDIES ON THE

ETHANOL FERMENTATION BEHAVIOR OF TWO EVOLUTIONARY ENGINEERED

Saccharomyces cerevisiae STRAINS IN GLUCOSE-XYLOSE MIXTURES

John Nikko V. SALVILLA2,3, Fidel Rey P. NAYVE Jr.1, Catalino G. ALFAFARA2

1National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH-UPLB)

and 2Department of Chemical Engineering,

University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines;3Energy Engineering Program, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

Evolutionary engineering techniques such as genome shuffling have been used to improve

desired phenotype traits on microorganisms. Genome shuffling is a method which uses the

advantage of multi-parental crossing and the recombination of entire genomes usually related

with conventional breeding. In this study, two xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

were subjected to a round of genome shuffling to improve their xylose-utilizing ability for ethanol

production. Among the candidate strains generated, strain “N1” was found to have a

comparable ethanol production at ambient temperature with its parent strain (strain CMM044).

Thus, the behavior of strains CMM044 and “N1” were characterized in the succeeding

experiments. Combined mixture designed experiments were employed to assess the behavior

of the evolutionary engineered strains in glucose-xylose mixtures. Statistical models relating the

factors (xylose/glucose proportions, initial total sugar concentration, C/N ratio and strain) to the

responses (ethanol, biomass, residual xylose and glucose concentrations) were generated. The

optimum fermentation conditions for each strain to achieve the target goals for the responses

were: (1) for strain CMM044: (a) 0.378 xylose proportion, (b) 0.622 glucose proportion, (c) 8.427

initial total sugar concentration and (d) 27.205 C/N ratio, (2) for strain “N1”: (a) 0.280 xylose

proportion, (b) 0.720 glucose proportion, (c) 7.963 initial total sugar concentration and (d) 15

C/N ratio. The ethanol concentrations produced by the two strains under the obtained optimum

fermentation conditions were successfully verified. In the bioreactor run, a fermentation

efficiency of 79.6 % was observed. Furthermore, it was observed that glucose was utilized

faster than xylose. Both yeast strains could convert xylose to ethanol, thus, both may have a

great potential in the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production.

Keywords: ethanol fermentation, lignocellulosic biomass, evolutionary engineering, genome

shuffling, xylose fermentation


Energy

INCREASING MATERIAL EFFICIENCY OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING THROUGH

LATTICE INFILL PATTERN

Leonardo VENANCIO Jr., Von Eric DAMIREZ, Timothy Scott CHU,

Luzviminda DE RAMOS, Hedrick SIPACIO, Alvin Y. CHUA


Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the widely utilized technology of low-cost 3D

Printing. It uses plastic filament as material for Additive Manufacturing. To lessen the amount

of filament consumption of the prints, modification of the infill patterns was conducted. This

study focuses on the introduction of new infill pattern – the lattice infill to increase material

efficiency of 3D prints, compared to conventional infill patterns.

Benchmark designs such as the grid and cubic infill pattern were first created by the 3D printer

slicing software. The proposed lattice infill design was created using a CAD software and

rendered as STL file for compatibility with the slicing software. The three infill patterns were

simulated in the slicing software to measure approximate product weight and the proposed

design is simulated in an engineering simulation software to determine the stress performance

and displacement when an external force is introduced.

Results showed that the new infill pattern saves material up to 61.3% compared to

conventional infill patterns. In effect, it increased the amount of prints produced per spool by

2.5 times. It is also found out that the lattice infill pattern print can resist to up to 1.6kN of

compressive load prior to breaking.

Keywords: additive manufacturing, infill, lattice


72 17


SOIL-TO-METAL FRICTION AND SOIL ADHESION OF NANOSILICA-BASED SURFACE-

COATED COLD-ROLLED STEEL

Job Jonas C. RUZGAL1, Delfin C. SUMINISTRADO1, Rossana Marie C. AMONGO1,

Engelbert K. PERALTA1, Cesar B. QUICOY2, Milagros M. PERALTA3

1Institute of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology;2Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, College of Economics and Management;

and 3Institute of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences,

University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines

A coating procedure using nanosilica as its precursor was developed to reduce soil-to-metal

friction and soil adhesion in cold rolled steels (CRS). This was in relation in developing a

nanosilica-based surface coating for tillage implements. A significant decrease in soil-to-metal

friction and soil adhesion may significantly decrease the energy expenditure during tillage.

Treated CRS substrates were dip–coated with sodium silicate hydrates Nanosilica weight

concentration (5%, 12.5% and 20%) in the silicate solution and dipping time (5, 17.5 and 30

minutes) varied among treatments. The sodium silicate-coated CRS substrates were then oven

dried at 100°C and aged for 10 hours. They were then dipped into a surface modifying agent

(HMDS–Methanol solution). Soil bin test showed that, on the average, coating the CRS

substrates with the developed procedure decreased soil-to-metal friction, adhesion coefficient

and actual soil adhesion by 24.0%, 36.0% and 32.0%, respectively. After the soil bin test, it was

noticeable that more soil adheres to uncoated CRS compared to coated CRS. Nanosilica

concentration only had a significant effect on soil-to-metal friction coefficient and adhesion

coefficient while neither factor had no significant effect to actual soil adhesion. The optimum

nanosilica weight concentration was at 5%. Increasing the nanosilica concentration beyond 5%

had no significant effect on soil-to-metal friction and soil adhesion. Surface morphology of

uncoated and coated CRS were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope. It showed

that microscopic crevices were deposited with sodium silicate hydrates. The deposition and

hydration of the silicates created a thin film that smoothens the exterior of the CRS substrates.

The second dipping of the substrate did not create a uniform hydrophobic film in the surface of

the substrate. Due to the formation of the hydrates, silicas in the coating were no longer

nanoscopic. Hydration and deposition had increased the surface area-to-volume ratio of the

silicas.

Keywords: soil-to-metal friction, soil adhesion, surface coating, nanosilica, nanotechnology


ENERGY RESERVOIR OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR PROCESS EFFICIENCY

OF A CONTINUOUS FLOW PASTEURIZATION SYSTEM

Jerry James M. DE LA TORRE1, Alvin B. CULABA1 and Romualdo C. MARTINEZ2

1Mechanical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines;2Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PHilMech)

Nueva Ecija, Philippines

An energy reservoir optimization model was developed to improve the process efficiency of a

conventional continuous flow pasteurizer. A baseline data was obtained on the product mass-

based energy transfer in each component of coconut water pasteurizer units in Nueva Ecija

and Camarines Sur. Using the source-sink balance in the energy reservoir regime, the model

sought to minimize the total energy demand subject to product load variability and

performance range of each pasteurizer actuator component such as product pump, heater,

heat recovery module, fan, chiller and filling pump. The results showed a significant

improvement in terms of energy use (27.16 %) and energy cost efficiency of (51%). A 10,000-

bottle/day pasteurization facility can get a net savings of P138,562.71 per year for a 330 ml

beverage selling at P20.00 per bottle.

Keywords: energy system, optimization, pasteurization


18 71


DESIGN OPTIMISATION FOR A DECOMMISSIONED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC FACILITY

TO SUPPORT TYPICAL ISLAND COMMUNITIES: A CASE STUDY OF PANGAN-AN

ISLAND, CEBU, PHILIPPINES

Lorafe LOZANO1,2,3, Edward M. QUERIKIOL3,4, Luzvisminda M. BELLOTINDOS4,

AbuBakr S. BAHAJ5, Michael Lochinvar S. ABUNDO6

1Engineering Graduate Program, 2Department of Industrial Engineering, 3Department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering, and 4Centre for Research on Energy Systems and

Technologies, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines;5Sustainable Energy Research Group, Energy and Climate Change Division – Engineering and

Applied Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom;6Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Clean Tech One, Singapore

It is well established that about 1.1 billion people located in remote areas around the world still

live without electricity. Minigrids, normally with renewable energy (RE) components are deemed

the most cost-effective method of providing electricity access to these regions. In 1999, Pangan-

an Island in the Philippines became one of the earliest recipients of a 45kWp off-grid solar

photovoltaic microgrid facility from the Belgian government. In 2011, the facility has

discontinued operations due to battery degradation and the dilapidation of the poor quality solar

modules used. Currently, a communal diesel generator has replaced the system in providing the

island with 4-hour electricity access every night. The reticulation of the mini grid is in very good

quality, yet the islanders are suffering a disproportionately low level of power to allow

development. To address this, we are proposing the invigoration of the facility and the

community through redesign of the system informed by historical and future consumption data.

Using HOMERPro, to simulate the optimal design that could serve the demand of the island, we

used actual metered demand obtained from a 24-hour observation on the island when 24-hour

electricity was still available. Hybrid and all-PV configurations were considered in the design

architecture. Results indicate that an optimal design of 40kW PV system with 100 kWh battery

with appropriate charge controllers and inverter will be sufficient. The cost of energy of this

optimised system is US$ 0.54 per kWh, relatively lower than the current diesel tariff of US$ 0.72

per kWh. Sensitivity analysis undertaken in the paper addressed the cost of energy in relation to

the fuel price and load variations indicates that an all PV system with batteries is optimal for all

load and fuel price scenarios. The analysis and approach undertaken here can be generalised

to address RE system for isolated communities.

Keywords: rural electrification, mini grids, off-grid design optimisation, PV systems, HOMERPro


Energy

MONITORING OCEAN WAVES BY UTILIZING LORA TECHNOLOGY AND

ANDROID PHONE

Aiko Janine PADILLA, Nathaniel LIBATIQUE, Gregory TANGONAN


Typhoons cause changes in ocean wave condition which makes sea activities of constant

threat. Transportation, tourism activities and safety are some of the most susceptible to

unpleasant condition of the ocean. A meteorological buoy can measure and transmit ocean

wave’s condition but will cost millions of pesos.

To create a low-cost ocean wave monitoring system, smart phones are programmed as

beacons to capture the changes in ocean wave behavior and GPS position. Equipped with

Long range and Low power (LoRa) communication system, beacons will be able to transmit

the collected data to nearby unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) listening for active beacons.

LoRa beacons are attached to floating buoys and boats to continuously gather the wave’s

condition. The ability of the beacon to send GPS position is a powerful approach in times of

disaster and maritime accidents. Using histogram, patterns were created, visualized and

interpreted to obtain knowledge from the acceleration and orientation collected by the

beacons.

Keywords: long range and low power, meteorological buoy, ocean wave monitoring


70 19

Information and Communications Technology

GESTURE TO VOICE CONVERSION USING AN MLP-BASED SENSORY GLOVES: AN

INVESTIGATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF INTER-USER LEARNING AND

SENSOR ORIENTATION

Christian S. MAGAPAN, Percival J. FORCADILLA, Warren A. NUÑEZ


Communication can be attributed into three main factors – transmitter, receiver and medium.

However, a dilemma arises when either one of the receiver or the transmitter operates at a

different medium than the other. In the case of a deaf/mute person trying to convey his/her

ideas to a non-signing individual, communication happens only if the latter is able to understand

sign language. This study wanted address this medium misalignment by converting SL into

audible form using a Smart-Wearable prototype. Moreover, this study also aimed to identify the

effects of interuser learning and sensor orientation on the system’s performance.

The prototype was a glove integrated with NodeMCU (microcontroller), Flex sensors and

MPU6050 (Inertial Measurement Unit). Multilayered Perceptron Model was used as the decision

algorithm for the prototype and Backpropagation Method was opted for training the Neural

Network. Finger flexion and XYZ-acceleration served as the raw data points which will be fed to

a neural network in order to come up with the signed word identification.

Correspondents for the experimentation included 5 teachers and 10 deaf/mute students. Each

correspondent was asked to sign 25 words for each of the two glove sensor orientation (SO) –

Finger-Length(FL) Based and Joint(J) Based. After Data Attribute Sampling, datasets were

divided into two groups for Inter-User Learning. The first group was where the datasets from the

teachers were not included in the training of the neural network but was excluded during the

validation while the second group included the teacher’s dataset for both training and validation.

Results of the study suggests that the prototype has a significant accuracy rate for both SO but

Cost-Efficiency Analysis favored the FL-Based SO. Furthermore, the system’s performance was

deemed unaffected by Inter-User Learning. It can be inferred that the prototype can also be

used as a teaching tool for teachers.

Keywords: smart wearables, sign language recognition, back propagation


NETWORK MODELING FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ON FEEDER LOSSES USING

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Alfred Rey G. VASQUEZ, Federico V. CUDIA


Economic growth in the Philippines nowadays is highly observed. With the development and

population growth, it results to growing electrical energy demand which in turn causes problem

in the electricity supply. Among these problems in electrical power system is the distribution

feeder loss. This study focuses on the concept of distribution feeder loss calculation technique

using artificial neural network, a branch of artificial intelligence. This paper also determines the

amount of feeder losses in a test circuit of the representative distribution utility with respect to

the class of loads connected in an hourly rate since the existing loss estimation method used

by the utility company only determine the average losses on a daily rate.

The data used in this study such as distribution load profile, average distribution losses, and

single line diagram were requested from the Palawan Electric Cooperative as the

representative utility. A three-phase load flow analysis was conducted through MatLab

simulation using Newton-Raphson method to determine input data and distribution losses in a

given period of time. Using the results from the said simulation, three neural network models

were developed for majority residential loads, commercial loads and industrial loads as

suggested in the previous research. Utilizing t-statistical analysis, the results of the load flow

and the artificial neural network analysis, respectively were compared to attain an absolute

error of less than 4%. Applying the multilayer feedforward neural network, the study proved

that the developed neural network model for circuits with corresponding type of loads were

effective in estimating losses in distribution feeders.

Keywords: artificial neural network (ANN), load flow, distribution losses


20 69

Energy Information and Communications Technology

PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF A DIESEL ENGINE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY

DEVICE WITH COILED WIRE INSERT FOR DOMESTIC HOT WATER

Irene Lara M. ABAD, Aian Rey A. CALADCAD, Michael E. LORETERO


Forty percent of fuel energy in diesel engine is emitted to the atmosphere through heat

dissipation and exhaust causing high energy losses and harmful emissions. But, with exhaust

heat exchangers, the lost thermal energy can be recovered and utilized for heating applications.

However, the low convective heat transfer coefficient on the exhaust side results to its inefficient

heat transfer performance which limits this application.

Thus, this study aimed to investigate and compare the performance of a waste heat recovery

device with and without coiled wire (pitch = 10 mm and wire diameter = 1 mm) heat transfer

enhancement at various diesel engine throttle conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) in order to

improve the thermohydraulic performance of exhaust heat exchanger for domestic hot water.

This was done by investigating the exhaust and water temperature, recovered waste heat and

generated pressure drop of the device with and without enhancement at various operating

conditions.

Results showed that the enhancement increased the retention time of exhaust flow causing

large temperature gradients on both working fluids even after reaching the middle of the device.

This consequently increased the recovered waste heat up to 225% as compared to the smooth

tube. Although higher pressure drops were obtained from the enhanced device than the smooth

tube, these values were low enough to not affect the engine’s performance. Furthermore, the

effect of the wire insert was observed to be more apparent at 25% throttle condition which

tended to decrease as the throttle condition was increased. Moreover, the best thermal

hydraulic performance ratio of 1.92 was obtained for the device with coiled wire insert at 25%

throttle and no engine load condition.

Therefore, the results showed that coiled wires could be successfully inserted within the exhaust

heat exchangers to improve its thermohydraulic performance for domestic hot water.

Keywords: waste heat recovery, coiled wire


Energy

21


PERSUASIVE TRASH BIN DESIGN

Gabriel John DE LEON, Joana Patrice GRATUITO, Eugene Angelo SUBANG,

Rosemary SEVA


This study applied the design thinking methodology to arrive at a persuasive trash bin design.

In the diagnosis of the problem, empathy mapping was done to capture the actual needs of

the citizens and tourists visiting Luneta Park based on the insights that transpired from actual

interviews and immersion. A survey was then conducted to prioritize the problems faced by the

visitors. Littering and other issues related to trash disposal was found to be the primary

concern in the area. To quantify this problem, a setup on an existing trash bin was done to

evaluate the reactions of people on waste scattered around the trash bin and/or their way of

disposing garbage that they had on hand. It was identified that 0% picked up scattered trash

and 9.09% attempted to throw their own garbage into the bin but missed. In order to solve this

issue, improved trash bin designs were created using persuasive technology. Three

alternatives were evaluated using the concept screening method, in which the trash bin design

with visual entertainment, namely the “Light Me Up Bin,” was chosen. A prototype of this

design was developed to conduct an “after” experiment. As a result, there was an increase of

11.15% in the number of people picking up trash scattered around the bin (with p-value of

1.2881×10-12 wherein the sample proportion is 0.0444, therefore significant at 0.05

significance level) and 100% of visitors properly threw their own garbage into the bin (with p-

value of 0.63612 wherein the sample proportion is 0.375, insignificant at 0.05). Future studies

suggest to focus on the latter with longer experimentation hours due to few occurrences in the

identified time interval. Moreover, improved persuasive aesthetics and sustainable power

sources can be further explored.

Keywords: persuasive technology, trash bin, littering


68

COPING WITH THE INFORMATION AGE: DEVELOPMENT OF A DATA FLOW

DIAGRAM-BASED KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR MITIGATING DELAYS

FOR CONSTRUCTION

Roderick N. MACARIOLA


The construction industry adopts itself to the paradigm shift of today’s technology as evident in

the numerous researches being conducted to create a more sustainable process and risk-

resilient systems in management of projects. In this study, the documentation system of private

construction companies in the Philippines served as the primary focus with an intention to

scrutinize and improve the data management system of these construction projects.

Data was gathered from three (3) different companies (A, AA, and AAA) involving six of their

ongoing projects. After the conduct of two (2) Likert Scale surveys, contractor-based factors are

the most common delay issues in projects namely financial difficulties and late deliveries with a

mean of 4.32 and 4.26 respectively; while, communication and proper data management were

deemed by the respondents as most effective with a mean of 4.66 and 4.51 respectively. The

analysis of variance from the three companies does not show much difference as it was able to

meet the 95% confidence level implying that the hypothesis is valid in all three sets and same

as the analysis of variance among the three construction entities—contractor, client, and

consultant.

The DFD-Simulation Method showed a significant 2-3 days of schedule improvement valued

from Php 10,000.00 – Php 125,000.00. Therefore, construction data management needs to

apply DFD and other emerging technologies such as BIM to improve construction delay

mitigation.

Keywords: Data Flow Diagram, Knowledge Management System

Corresponding/Presenting Author: [email protected]

67


PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL WITH COOLING

FINS FOR FASTER CONDENSATION DURING DAYTIME

Aian Rey A. CALADCAD, Irene Lara M. ABAD, Michael E. LORETERO

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of San Carlos,

Cebu City, Philippines

World population had increased exponentially every year which set enormous demands on

usable water. Also, because of climate change and inadequate wastewater treatment, water

scarcity had affected different regions especially those in remote communities. Thus,

researches are continued for economical innovations of extracting usable water from seawater

through solar desalination using solar still. However, the low condensation rate on

conventional solar still had resulted to its low distillate output.

Thus, this study aimed to investigate the performance of a modified solar still with designed

cooling fins as compared to conventional solar still (without cooling fins) in order to increase its

condensation rate during daytime for higher distillate output. The present work recorded the

daily weather conditions (solar radiation, ambient temperature and wind speed) during the

course of the experiment in order to assess the effect of different weather conditions on the

performance of solar stills. In addition, the temperatures on different parts of the still were

recorded in order to plot the temperature profile to assess its effect on distillate production

rate.

Results showed that changes on weather conditions had a more apparent effect on increasing

and decreasing the distillate outputs than changes on water and basin temperatures from both

solar stills. However, higher wind speed had a more notable effect on increasing the

condensation rate of the modified solar still. The enhanced solar still produced higher daily

distillate outputs with the highest reaching up to 1,697.6 mL/m2 which was higher by 23.36%

as compared to the output of unenhanced solar still. In addition, the modified still had better

mean daily distillate output of 1,402.44 mL/m2/day which was higher by 10.72% than the

conventional still.

Thus, the results showed that adding the designed cooling fins on conventional solar still had

increased its condensation rate which produced higher distillate output.

Keywords: solar desalination, solar still


Energy

22

66

DEVELOPMENT OF AN IOT PLATFORM

Nestor B. GRAMATA Jr.1, Jose Claro N. MONJE2


Interconnection and management of digital devices can be time consuming, involved,

expensive, and difficult. A solution is a well-designed IoT platform that can significantly reduce

the time, effort, cost, and complexity associated with such tasks. This paper presents a

reconfigurable, customizable, cost-effective, modular, and lightweight IoT platform that has

been designed and developed. Using HTTP requests or SMS messages, devices can easily

send data to this IoT platform with minimal configuration. The IoT platform features user

management, node registration and setup, data visualization, and data extraction via web UI.

The platform can also be deployed on local networks. The IoT platform has also been load

tested with simultaneous HTTP requests from 75 virtual machines.

Keywords: IoT, LAMP, ESP8266, Arduino, RPi

Corresponding Author: [email protected], [email protected]


DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A POLYHEDRAL-

STRUCTURED WIND TURBINE ROTOR

Shiela Marie A. BERING, Michael E. LORETERO

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of San Carlos,

Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines

Wind turbine rotor designs continually develops through modification, innovation and invention

as power demands increase. Rotor is the organ that transforms the kinetic energy of wind to

mechanical energy. Different types of wind turbine develop over time depending on the design

structure. Common Vertical Axis Wind Turbine designs that are known are the Darrieus-type,

Savonius-type, and Hybrid-type. Helical wind turbines, and new designs and modification in the

wind turbine rotor structure is gaining popularity nowadays in order to enhance the aerodynamic

performance and increase the power output. Wind turbine rotors encounters wind vortices and

wake problems against the wind during operation that causes blade warping and vibration that

results to inefficient performance and failure of the wind turbine machine. The study of Bianchini

and Feng stated that stresses and fatigues on blades while in operation is one of the major

problems encountered during design consideration of wind turbines.

In this study, a new design of wind turbine rotor will be proposed. The polyhedral-structured

wind turbine (P-WT) rotor is designed to support four blades and operate under low-wind speed

conditions. Through Solidworks flow simulation, the wind flow around the rotor was analyzed

both in vertical- and horizontal- axis configuration to determine in what axis of configuration the

rotor will operate with better interaction with the wind. The Polyhedral-structured wind turbine

rotor in horizontal axis configuration shows best result compared to P-WT in vertical axis

configuration. Wind flow in horizontal axis P-WT shows smooth flow with minimal wind vortices

around the rotor while in vertical shows unbalanced wind forces on the airfoil which results to a

higher stress on four airfoils. Further laboratory testing on the rotor model will be conducted to

validate the simulation results, which will include actual experiment to assess the optimum

performance of the proposed P-WT rotor model.

Keywords: wind energy, wind turbine rotor, flow simulation, aerodynamic performance


Energy

23

IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL SOLAR FARM IN BOHOL PHILIPPINES USING QGIS BASED

ON MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS

Jaybee E. LACEA1,2, Ernest Noel P. SOCONG1,2, Edward M. QUERIKIOL1,2,

Evelyn B. TABOADA 1

1Engineering Graduate Program and 2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,

School of Engineering, University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines

Pre-designed planning of identifying suitable solar PV farm is a critical issue in the

implementation of renewable energy technologies due to its direct impact on the

multidimensional aspect of socio-cultural, technical, economic, and environmental challenges

of the existing power grid as well as the development of its future infrastructures. The available

site-specific resources report in the area will determine the energy reserve available when the

system needs to scale up due to the increase in energy demand.

Thus, the planning process of identifying potential sites for renewable energy technologies

(RETs) such as solar PV farm deployment must be put into consideration, especially in a large

and complex area.

This study develops a three-steps approach. In the first step, identifying suitable areas of the

entire Bohol province for a solar PV farm using Quantum Geographic Information System

(QGIS) based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) was employed. The next step, is to

develop the Land Suitability Index (LSI) map of the suitable locations of solar power plants

using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) tool and then lastly, by estimating the capacity of

the power plant that can be installed.

Upon evaluation based on the set criteria and restrictions including the protected areas,

landslides areas, earthquake fault lines, distance to transmission lines and major roads, land

orientation, land slope and solar irradiance, the study shows that the areas of Ubay, Candijay,

and Mabini are among the top municipalities of Bohol province with the estimated capacity of

11.9MW, 8.3MW, and 6.3MW respectively.

Keywords: QGIS, multi-criteria decision-making, renewable energy, site selection, solar energy

system planning


Energy

24

NON-INVASIVE DIABETES DETECTION USING FACIAL TEXTURE FEATURES CAPTURED

IN A LESS RESTRICTIVE ENVIRONMENT

Christina A. GARCIA, Rosula SJ. REYES, Patricia Angela R. ABU


The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) worldwide has risen dramatically with 1 of 3 deaths

happening in Western Pacific region according to the 2017 report of International Diabetes

Federation. The Philippines ranks 5th in WP with the most cases of diabetes. Local experts and

IDF estimate that half of the people with diabetes are unaware they have it and will likely remain

undiagnosed, or have pre-diabetes. Conventional ways to detect if a person has diabetes are

often invasive and painful such as puncturing fingers for blood sample. Though noninvasive DM

identification techniques have gotten the considerations of more analysts, presently they have

restrictive set-up for image capture. This paper explores the performance of using mobile device

as convenient tool for image capture of DM and healthy dataset for non-invasive detection using

facial block texture features and Gabor filter. Filipino participants that undergo regular check-

ups for diabetes monitoring are chosen within the age inclusion criteria of range 20 to 79 years

old in which surveys from IDF and World Health report for Ph assessed the occurrence of

diabetes is most prevalent. For each subject, a mobile device 12mp and 7mp cameras and a

laptop camera will be used to take the photo placed 30 cm in front of the face under normal

lighting condition to ensure full coverage and avoid unnecessary background. A ratio of 70:30

training to testing set will be maintained and extracted facial blocks will be classified using SVM

and KNN.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Texture Features, Gabor Filter



65

LUNG SOUND ANALYSIS USING ENHANCED MEL FREQUENCY CEPSTRAL

COEFFICIENT (EMFCC) AND HISTOGRAM

Wally Enrico M. INGCO, Rosula SJ. REYES, Patricia Angela R. ABU


Human activities such as smoking are one of the major causes of lung disease in the world.

Nowadays, chronic illnesses are recognized as one of the most prevalent health threats in our

society. Nevertheless, the digital age enabled researchers and scientist to study sounds and

images on a more comprehensive level, leading to new knowledge and discoveries to solve

such problems. Data mining which is a powerful method used in predicting knowledge from a

large database is an excellent example of these developments. Such progress opens doors

for other applications like Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. In this study, lung sound

images were analyzed using a developed eMFCC feature extractor. The method follows the

basic procedure in data mining but uses a relatively smaller database. A total of 300 lung

sound recordings were used in this study, 150 for normal breathing sound and 150 for

abnormal (wheeze) sound. Data pre-processing was done using audacity while data mining

and post- processing were done in MATLAB. Using histogram, patterns were visualized and

interpreted to form new knowledge from the lung sound images. Using the original MFCC

model, the result shows that the average variance and standard deviation of the 150 normal

lung sounds yielded a value of 982.55 and 31.35, respectively. Using the enhanced model, the

average variance and standard deviation decreased to the value of 607.67 and 24.65,

respectively. For wheeze, variance decreased from 702.24 to 524.32 and standard deviation

from 26.50 to 22.90. This shows that the data points are now closer to the mean and is

therefore beneficial in other applications such as Machine learning. This will allow machines to

differentiate and identify the two sounds more accurately compared to the conventional MFCC

model.

Keywords: enhanced mel frequency cepstral coefficient; respiratory sound; sound analysis



64

POTENTIAL OF SUGARCANE RESIDUES USING RS-GIS SUPPORTED METHODOLOGY

IN MEDELLIN, CEBU

Wenyville NABOR GALANG1, Ian Dominic TABAÑAG2, Michael LORETERO3

1Engineering Graduate Program, 2Department of Chemical Engineering, and 3Department of

Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines

The abundance of biomass in the form of agricultural residues can be an aid in increasing the

renewable energy source of the country and shift its dependence from coal. Agricultural

residues specifically the sugarcane harvest trash left on fields and burnt can be utilized for its

bioenergy and bioethanol potential. The use of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information

system (GIS) technology has been developed to provide detailed assessment of the

quantification, mapping and monitoring of biomass’ distribution, abundance and quality. The

methodology provides an avenue to fulfill effective and efficient use of biomass potential for

renewable energy source. Theoretical energy potential measurement was conducted in the

town of Medellin as part of Bogo-Medellin mill district in the northern region of Cebu province.

The calculation was assessed using light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-derived agricultural

land cover map. This baseline valuation serves as primary input to obtain detailed resource

assessment for biomass energy. Estimating the potential of sugarcane trash as a source for

bioenergy and bioethanol is calculated based on average higher heating value and biochemical

composition data gathered from various related literatures. GIS-based calculations revealed

specific areas with highest renewable energy source potential. Results on the total theoretical

biomass energy that can be produced were spatially represented using GIS with its respective

equivalent to generate electricity and bioethanol annually. The RS-GIS approach provides a

comprehensive view of the spatial variation and processes in agricultural bioresources that

served as guide in the efficient utilization of indigenous resources for renewable energy.

Keywords: Biomass, geographic information system, LiDAR, remote sensing, renewable energy


Energy

25

PROOF OF CONCEPT OF AN E-VOTING SYSTEM USING BLOCKCHAIN WITH

HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION AND PROOF OF AUTHORITY

Earl Andrea G. ABAD, Ruahden F. DANG-AWAN, John Rafael A. FERRER,

Adrian Roy L. VALDEZ

University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

The need for the implementation of e-voting systems is becoming more prevalent in current

research on the subject. Some authorities are presently looking at blockchain applications in

order to utilize their technology on e-voting systems.

In this paper, we present a blockchain e-voting application to emphasize security parameters,

such as cryptographic security, data integrity, individual privacy, decentralization,

authentication, and transparency. The approaches used in the application are homomorphic

encryption and Proof of Authority.

In the discussion, the application is explained further by modelling it in the environment of an

existing voting system and examining the pre-voting, voting, and post-voting phases. The

resulting application is also explored in terms of blockchain-based e-voting requirements, like

voter’s privacy, ballot manipulation, collusion, and malicious nodes. All of these can provide the

necessary reference for future research and implementations of blockchain in e-voting systems.

Keywords: e-voting, blockchain, homomorphic encryption, proof of authority



63

WATER POWER CHARACTERIZATION OF MALATGAO BATANGBATANG

RIVER IRRIGATIONS, PALAWAN, PHILIPPINES

Jibsam F. ANDRES1,3, Michael E. LORETERO1,2

1Engineering Graduate Program and 2Department of Mechanical Engineering,

University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines;3College of Engineering and Technology, Western Philippines University,

Aborlan, Palawan, Philippines

The existence of irrigation canals in the Philippines for a decade was purposely constructed

for agricultural use only. The availability and existence of agricultural irrigation canals was

considered as a possible source of small-scale energy source and on-site energy generation.

The study characterized the water power of irrigations of Malatgao Batang-Batang Irrigation

System (MBBRIS) managed by the National Irrigation Administration. MBBRIS managed

irrigation canals of Batang-Batang, Malatgao North, Malatgao South, Manaile and Tigman

which are located in the municipalities of Aborlan and Narra, Palawan, Philippines. The water

power characteristics have been analyzed using the 10-year monthly diverted discharge of

each irrigation. The flow duration curve of each water resource was then used to determine

the water power capacity considering the flow rate equaled or exceeded for 40% of the time

and the existing irrigation drop head in each site.

Result shows that Batang-Batang irrigation canal has a power capacity of 297.49 kW,

Malatgao North irrigation canal capacity of 53.59 kW, Malatgao South Irrigation canal of 55.05

kW, Manaile irrigation Canal of 27.13 kW and Tigman irrigation canal of 6.89 kW. Among

these five (5) irrigation canals, the Manaile irrigation is located nearest to the consumers since

its main canal is beside the village. Though the considered area of the study shows mostly

less than a hundred of kW, this study recommends an installation of series of turbines to

increase water power capacity such as Tesla turbines applicable for small-scale hydropower

generation. This system could increase the irrigation canals power capacity without requiring

neither additional water head nor water discharge.

Keywords: water power, energy capacity, power characteristics, flow-duration curve


Energy

26

APPLICATION OF ENERGY PLUS MODELLING TO COOL ROOF RETROFIT FOR ENERGY

CONSERVATION OPTIMIZATION: COOL ROOF VALIDATION TO PHILIPPINE

GREEN BUILDING CODE

Philip Rockyboy B. FUENTES, Angel SABUSAP, Michael E. LORETERO


Roofs play an important role to heat transfer from the outside to the inside buildings and

residentials in the Philippines as far as energy consumption is concerned, especially on areas

with air-conditioning system. The direct sunlight will be easily absorbed by roofs that could result

to faster heat flow and thus, increasing energy consumption that as well result to higher costs.

For this reason, the issue of energy consumption is very paramount in any community.

This research study intends to introduce a modelling software that optimizes the energy

conservation of a certain location (Room 3 of Civil Engineering Building in the University of San

Carlos – Talamban Campus) by cool roof retrofitting. Cool roofs are reflective roof property

usually light in color and absorb less solar radiation than does a conventional roof that would

result to a significant reduction of heat transfer from the roof to the space beneath. It also

intends to validate cool roof retrofitting from the Philippine Green Building Code with the

simulated model. In addition, it will be able to interpret and verify results from modelling to the

actual implementation of the study.

This study is based on two concurrent testing methodologies. The first method is a computer

software simulation of the physical experiment before and after retrofitting that calculates the

energy consumption with identified important parameters such as the infiltration cooling load,

lightings, etc. The second method is the full-scale implementation of the study with the proposed

location. This implementation developed two different simultaneous approach: the first approach

involves the characterization of the room in terms of thermal and humidity properties by

installing sensors which detect these properties at certain specific location in and outside the

room, whereas in the second simultaneous approach, is the installation of a power meter, a

device used to acquire energy consumption for every minute, attached to each air conditioning

system. It is aimed to compare and integrate the two methodologies in order to establish an

effective predictive model for future applications.

Keywords: cool roof, energy plus simulation


Energy

27

DESIGN OF A HAND-GESTURE-RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR HANDHELD

AUGMENTED REALITY

Eric Cesar E. VIDAL Jr., Ma. Mercedes T. RODRIGO


Augmented Reality (AR) is the concept of augmenting the real world with virtual objects, e.g.,

rendering 3-D graphics on a real-time video feed. AR systems traditionally employ devices

such as game controllers or touchscreens for user input; these devices prohibit the user from

directly interacting with the real 3-D space in which the virtual objects are located, resulting in

inaccurate or unrealistic user interaction. This problem may be alleviated by having the user

position their hands in the same physical space as the virtual objects, with the user interacting

with them directly through hand gestures (such as pointing, pinching, turning, etc.).

In this research, a Hand Gesture Recognition (HGR) system is built on top of a handheld AR

tracking system, using currently-available smartphone hardware. HGR and AR tracking are

traditionally separate processes, with the two competing for processing time and other limited

resources on a smartphone. Additionally, current smartphones contain a limited number of

sensors, further reducing the accuracy of the HGR process. Thus, this study describes the

work-in-progress architecture of a software system that delivers acceptable accuracy and

performance for detecting hand gestures while displaying AR. This system has three parts:

hand image segmentation (separating the hand from the rest of the image in a continuous

video feed from the smartphone’s camera sensors), translation of the hand image into an

internal model (determining attributes such as finger position, orientation, etc.), and

identification/parameterization of a given hand gesture from the internal model, for use in an

application.

Preliminary results indicate that the system is currently capable of producing acceptable hand-

segmented images in real-time. This result promises to make hand-gesture-enabled AR

applications available soon, without the need for expensive specialized hardware (e.g.,

HoloLens). This, in turn, encourages further development of highly-interactive handheld AR

applications for purposes such as education and tourism.

Keywords: augmented reality, hand gesture recognition, computer vision, smartphone

technology



62

AUTOMATED DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF RAIN ACOUSTIC SENSOR DATA

Danilyn Joy O. AQUINO


Three of the top five problems discussed in the 2019 UN Global Report were about

environment-related risk of the world, which is expected to continue in the next 10 years.

Extreme weather events appear as the risk of greatest concern. The ability to monitor the

varying intensities and spatial distribution of rain is a key action that could be implemented to

reduce risks.

A novel sensor for rain measurement was developed by the Electronics, Computer and

Communications Department of the Ateneo de Manila University that is relatively low cost,

portable and easily deployable. It is implemented using an omnidirectional microphone acting as

an acoustic sensor with the gathered data sent to a server. The sound produced by the impact

of raindrops on the sensing element’s metal casing was processed by a Raspberry Pi and is

mapped to rain rate. A solar power supply provides the power source for uninterrupted

operation.

This study aims to automate the processing of rain acoustic sensor data and to perform analysis

for comparison with the tipping bucket rain gauge. The data being pulled from the server serves

as the input for file sorting, data cleaning and web-based visualization. Time series graphs of

gathered acoustic rain sensor data and rain rate computation of tipping bucket data were

provided in a web interface together with other pertinent information such as accumulated rain.

Additionally, Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (MFCC) will be performed to extract

significant signal parameters on available sound recordings using MATLAB while R will be used

for running statistical tests to complement rain event classification and modeling of relationship

with tipping bucket data.

Keywords: automated data processing, rain acoustic sensor, tipping bucket, MFCC,

statistical analysis

Corresponding/Presenting Author: [email protected]


61

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A SINGLE BASIN SOLAR STILL WITH SENSIBLE

HEAT STORAGE MEDIUM

Khareljoy SUNGCAD, Michael LORETERO


This study has evaluated the effect of integrating a sensible heat storage system to a single

slope single basin solar stills for nocturnal desalination. The study was conducted at the

rooftop of the Lawrence Bunzel Building, School of Engineering, University of San Carlos -

Technological Center, Talamban, Cebu City (latitude 10.3157oN, longitude 123.8854oE).

The result showed that the use of thermal energy storage system (TESS) provides an

additional effect in the desalination of a single basin single slope solar still. In comparison to

the solar still that had no thermal storage medium, the solar still that had sand as TESS

registered an average increase of 76.62% yield when using seawater as basin water and an

average increase of 26% when using brackish water as basin water on a 2-cm depth of water.

On the other hand, in the comparison of the solar stills that used sand and limestone as

TESS, the former registered a 12% increase in the yield when using seawater as basin water

at 2-cm depth. However, the solar still that used the combination of 2-cm depth brackish water

and limestone as TESS registered about 43% lower yield than the solar still setup that used 2-

cm depth seawater and sand as thermal storage medium.

The water output of the solar still was also affected by the depth of water introduced to the

solar still. The solar still with sand as TESS yielded 41% greater than the solar still without

storage medium. However, the result for the solar still with limestone as TESS and used

brackish water as 1-cm depth had insignificant changes in terms of the yield in comparison

with the setup without thermal storage. For the solar still without storage medium, there was

an increase of about 22% when using a 1-cm water depth basin water compared to 2-cm.

Keywords: solar desalination, thermal energy storage


Energy

28

DISCOVERING INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP AS A DRIVER THROUGH MEDIATED

LEARNING IN A SOCIAL LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Orven E. LLANTOS1,2, Maria Regina Justina E. ESTUAR1

1Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Quezon City, Philippines;2Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan City, Philippines

Online learning environments are designed with specific users and respective roles in mind.

However, for social systems that thrive on the interaction between and among users,

important features are developed based on relationships that evolve over time.

Typical learning management systems are designed with the teacher and the student as

primary users of the system. my.eskwela is a social learning management system that has

been designed for use in public schools in the Philippines with the inclusion of an additional

user, the

school administrator.

Although administrators influence on student learning through mediated effects of instructional

leadership, pieces of literature are few that include them in the implementation of sLMS. By

applying Social Network Analysis in the interaction logs from a sLMS that includes instructional

leaders in its implementation, this paper aims to answer the question: Can instructional

leadership be manifested in social system interactions?

Using measures of centrality in social network analysis, results show that administrators play a

key role in the network as key drivers of the network information flow. The results affirm the

presence of instructional leadership in the implementation of my.eskwela. In addition, sLMS

should provide a means of administrator to monitor activities in enforcing the mediated

learning to students. Contribution of this study is on the method to verify the instructional

leadership of administrators in its inclusion in the implementation of sLMS.

Keywords: social network analysis, social learning management system, instructional

leadership, centrality



60

UBIQUITY OF MICROPLASTICS IN THE SURFACE WATERS AND SEDIMENTS SAMPLED

FOR FIVE IDENTIFIED RIVER MOUTHS OF MANILA BAY

Ezra D. OSORIO1, Maria Antonia N. TANCHULING1

1University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

Microplastics have been increasingly documented globally in numerous environmental

compartments including in the marine and freshwater systems, and these are considered to be

an emerging contaminant due to the growing concerns to their environmental and health

impacts. However, little information exists in the Philippines despite the fact that the country is

considered to be the third largest contributor of plastics in oceans. Hence, this study is the first

to evaluate the abundance, distribution, and composition of microplastic pollution in Manila Bay,

specifically in the mouths of five rivers (Cañas River, Meycauayan River, Parañaque River,

Pasig River and Tullahan River) draining into the bay. Surface water and sediments samples

were collected, then passed through (a) stacked sieves with sizes of 2.36 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm,

0.25 mm, 0.125 mm and 0.075 mm. These samples were digested to remove organic matter,

and salt solutions were added to allow the microplastics to float. Particles were extracted using

peristaltic pump, examined under a 40x magnification stereo microscope, and quantified and

categorized into size, color, and type. Results show that microplastics were present ubiquitously

at the surface waters and sediments of all river mouths, but with varying concentration of 1,580

to 57,665 particles/m3 (surface water) and 386 to 1,357 particles/kg (sediment). Based on the

categorization according to shape, color, and size, fragment was the most abundant shape,

while white, blue and transparent were the most prevalent colors. Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that polypropylene, high and low-density polyethylene

and polystyrene were the main types of microplastics present in the river mouths. This study can

provide valuable points of reference to better understanding microplastic pollution in river and

coastal systems, and the results verify that higher levels of human impact lead to greater plastic

pollution.

Keywords: FTIR, microplastics, Manila Bay, sediment, surface water


Energy

29

TOWARDS DEVELOPING A RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM FOR CLASSICAL MUSIC

Ana Felicia T. CRUZ, Andrei D. CORONEL


Music recommender systems have become a popular tool utilized by numerous online music

streaming apps like Spotify and Apple Music. Despite the prevalence of music recommenders,

not many have created one particularly for classical music. Although listeners of classical music

are not typically dominant, they still constitute as a significant target group for music

recommender systems.

Majority of the mainstream recommendation systems use collaborative filtering which help

predict the users' music preferences based on their past preferences and preferences of similar

users. The use of this popular recommendation algorithm is not ideal for less mainstream music

such as classical music as it holds bias towards more popular items such as those belonging to

the pop genre.

Classical music will greatly benefit from the use of a content-based recommendation system

that will analyze the music’s rhythmic, melodical, and chordal features as these features help

define a user’s musical taste. As such, we present an approach for content-based

recommendation using similarity of classical music using high-level musical features.

In this study, we use and compare different distance metrics as the core of a music

recommender system for classical music. The distance metric is used to predict how close the

music is to the user’s preferred music taste and thus, be used to provide music

recommendations to the intended user. Comparison of various feature selection and processing

is used and experimented on to minimize the computational expense of the method while

maximizing results. Some techniques used in the study include normalization, correlation

analysis, regression, and decision trees. Finally, the study compares different evaluation metrics

that represent the effectiveness of the recommendations through a listening test. The

preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of these features and techniques in creating a

content-based recommender for classical music.

Keywords: music similarity, distance metrics, recommender system



59

PRECISION AGRICULTURE THROUGH NUTRIENT CORRECTION FOR SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Kristoffer O. FLORES, Rosula S.J. REYES, Samuel Matthew G. DUMLAO


With the conversion of lands that are supposed to be used for agriculture, food supply is

becoming a major problem in the Philippines. Improvement in the production and efficiency in

agriculture are the most promising solution to this threat in food supply through precision

agriculture. This study implemented precision agriculture particularly nutrient correction to

improve agricultural production in the Philippines. A wireless sensor network composed of soil

sensors that monitored moisture, temperature and electrical conductivity, light and humidity

was implemented. A PID Controller was used to generate a recommended amount of fertilizer

to the farmer. Using the sensor data and Recurrent Neural Network, soil was also

characterized which were used by the user to simulate possible soil health management in

terms of frequency of application of fertilizer. Through the simulations, users were given

options to divide the fertilizer into smaller but more frequent application or more amount with

less frequent application. It was also found out that daily or more frequent application of

fertilizer saved fertilizer cost than applying it all at once. A graphic user interface was created

through a website for the user.

Keywords: precision agriculture, Nutrient-correction, Recurrent Neural Network, PID Controller


Energy

30

MQTT AND RESTFUL PROTOCOL BASED HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM FOR

HETEROGENEOUS IOT DEVICES

Raymark C. PAROCHA1, Erees Queen B. MACABEBE2


Recent advancements in Internet and web technologies allow the user the means to control

and consume information using various Internet capable devices. Despite the potential of IoT

environment to connect and share data among physical object, it lacks standardization at the

network and application level. In this setup, the end-users are forced to install several

applications for controlling devices that are governed by different platforms and the application

developers have to deal with platform-specific issues.

To be able to address the integration of different backend technologies while also allowing the

user to create personalized user interface, a home automation framework is needed. Thus,

this study developed a home automation system based on MQTT and RESTful protocols that

are focused on the integration of different smart devices and back-end technologies.

In this system, smart appliances from different manufacturers were obtained and implemented

which included known brands such as TP-Link, Wemo, LG, Xiaomi, Sonoff, and Amazon

Alexa. While each smart device has multiple features, the study is limited on providing only the

basic functionalities of the smart devices and provide the user the means to control these

devices remotely through the web-based application developed.

Keywords: home automation, interoperability, MQTT, RESTful

Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected]

58


DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT CONTAMINANT SOURCE IN BOAC RIVER,

MARINDUQUE, PHILIPPINES USING ARCGIS 10.0 COUPLED WITH MATLAB 2018A

Kevin Lawrence M. DE JESUS1,3, Delia B. SENORO2, 4

1School of Graduate Studies; 2School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering; 3School of Chemical, Biological, Material Engineering and Science; and

4Resiliency and Sustainable Development Center,


This study aims to determine the possible source of contaminants recorded in Boac River,

Province of Marinduque. High concentration of various metals were recorded all throughout the

stretch of Boac River in March – May 2019 during the monitoring activities. These

concentrations exceeded the Probable Effect Concentration (PEC) limit which signifies that

adverse effects to environment and public health are likely to occur. Tracing the possible source

of contaminants, the ArcGIS 10.0 coupled with MATLAB 2018a were employed. ArcGIS 10.0

and MATLAB 2018a aided in the concentration spatial distribution illustration and data

correlation analysis, respectively. The spatial distribution analysis illustrates that Brgy. San

Antonio, Sta. Cruz recorded the highest Fe concentration. Brgy. Hinapulan has high

concentration not only on Fe but also Mn and Cu. Brgy. Butansapa is also high in Mn, and Brgy.

Mahinhin, Labo, Putting Buhanging, part of Bantay and Ogbac were likewise high in Cu

concentration. The spatial distribution map showed that the present pollution hot spot for

contaminated sediments is located at Brgy. Hinapulan in the Municipality of Boac. Results of the

correlation analysis showed positive correlation of Cu to Zn, Ni to Cd and Fe to Cr. This

indicates that possible source of contaminants is Brgy San Antonio. This finding corroborates

with the geological profile of the area in which the subsurface of the Brgy San Antonio and

toward Boac to Gasan Municipality is sedimentary rock. This type of subsurface is a pervious

subsurface layer that permits water flow. This finding implied continuous flow of contamination

from higher elevation (Brgy San Antonio, Sta. Cruz) to Boac River either by surface and/or sub-

surface flow. This new finding aids in making the remediation strategies and enhancement of

relevant policies and regulations.

Keywords: sediment, metals, MATLAB, ArcGIS, correlation and spatial analysis

Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected]

Acknowledgement: This paper acknowledges the support from the Department of Science and Technology –

Philippine Council on Health Research and Development (DOST – PCHRD), and the Taiwan Association for

Soil and Groundwater Environment Protection (TASGEP)

31

Environment and Infrastructure

MODELING THE SPREAD OF HEALTH INFORMATION USING SOCIAL NETWORK

ANALYSIS: UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON DENGVAXIA

Angelu Bianca C. ABRIGO, Ma. Regina Justina E. ESTUAR


Social media platform like Twitter paved the way for easy information dissemination over the

Internet. However, use of social media platform carries high probability of misinformation. In

2018, many parents decided to completely stop getting their children vaccinated due to the

Dengvaxia scandal, which resulted to several measles outbreaks [7, 11, 50]. Social media

platform contributed to the fast information dissemination regarding the “danger” of Dengvaxia

which created a negative perception towards vaccines in general. This study identified how

information regarding the adverse effects of Dengvaxia spread on Twitter. Doc2vec was

compared to n-gram neural network classification in order to identify public perception on health

tweets (PPHT). The diffusion characteristics and its corresponding centrality measures was

used to model the spread of PPHT and non-PPHT. The result shows that bigram neural network

has the highest performance measure with 85.57% accuracy, 85% precision, 86% recall and

85% F1 score. Moreover, the most influential PPHT tweets comes from Youtube video shares,

news agencies and its associates. While influential mediators are users that mostly post tweets

to support a particular administration (ie. Duterte admin). PPHT spreads broader, faster and has

more replies than non-PPHT, but has a lower structural virality and number of favorites. This

shows that it is possible to mitigate the spread of PPHT if appropriate measures are enforced.

Keywords: natural language processing, N-gram, neural network, social network analysis


57


COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF FIVE COCONUT CHARCOAL SAMPLES

PRODUCED FROM DIFFERENT PYROLYZING TECHNIQUES

Sheila BALLADARES, Abigail Joy CHING, Ma. Grace CURAY, Kazel Anne DURAN,

Regine Mary TALINGTING

University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

The study aims to characterize five coconut charcoal samples produced from different

pyrolyzing methods and to determine the best charcoal to be used for adsorption. The

charcoal products were produced from different methods namely: Drum Kiln, Pit Method, Top

Lift Updraft Method (TLUD) - Top Portion Sample, Top Lift Updraft Method (TLUD) - Bottom

Portion Sample, and Hookway Retort Method. Proximate analysis and adsorption kinetic

studies were done to characterize the five samples and to determine the rate of adsorption

together with the mechanism that controls the adsorption of the five products to be able to

know the best charcoal product among the five different methods. Weights for ranking were

given to the parameters tested giving 70% for Adsorption Capacity, 20% for Fixed Carbon,

and 10% for Volatile Matter. Using ASTM Methods (ASTM D3302, ASTM D3175-17, ASTM

D3174-12, ASTM D3172-13) for Proximate Analysis, experimental data showed that fixed

carbon content of the charcoal samples from Drum Kiln, Pit Method, TLUD-Top, TLUD-Bottom

and Hookway are 54.63%, 56.84%, 64.77%, 45.85%, and 56.59% respectively; while the

volatile matter content are 30.69%, 31.65%, 20.65%, 43.39%, and 24.13% respectively. For

adsorption kinetic studies, optimization was done using Box-Behnken design with initial

concentration, adsorbent dose, and pH as factors. Only the sample from Hookway method

was subjected to optimization. The optimum conditions found for the charcoal sample from

Hookway method was used for the rest of the charcoal samples. The experimental data for the

adsorption kinetic studies showed that the pseudo-second order exhibited the best fit for all

the charcoal samples. The coefficient of determination for charcoal samples from Drum Kiln,

Pit Method, TLUD-Top, TLUD-Bottom, and Hookway Method are 0.9253, 0.944, 0.7267,

0.9885, and 0.9216. Applying the weights, the best charcoal sample is from TLUD-Top

method, followed by Hookway, Drum Kiln and Pit Method, and TLUD-Bottom.

Keywords: adsorption kinetic studies, coconut charcoal, pyrolyzing methods

Corresponding author: [email protected]

32


TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BLOCKCHAIN-ENABLED VOICE-TO-TEXT

TRANSCRIBER PLUGIN IN AN ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD FOR

DOCTOR-PATIENT CONVERSATIONS

Stephen John Matthew C. WENCESLAO, Ma. Regina E. ESTUAR


Electronic medical records (EMR) in general provide significant benefits to healthcare

organizations and clinicians. However, most physicians have poor experiences with the usage

of EMRs in their workflow. EMRs hinder with their ability to communicate effectively with their

patients.

This study aims to develop a voice-to-text transcriber plugin for an EMR to improve the

documentation process during consultation and to allow physicians to communicate more

effectively with patients. An editable summary of the clinical encounter is presented to the user

in SOAP format, and then saved to the EMR once the note has been finalized. Blockchain

technology for the speech recording is also explored to enable transparency and

accountability to speech-enabled consultations by logging the interactions made on the record

on a blockchain network.

Initial tests show that the accuracy of the speech recognition implementation is negatively

correlated with recording duration by calculating the Levenshtein distance against the

expected transcript, using datasets from Kaggle and Ezdi. Tests on annotation of patient

symptoms show a 7% accuracy in terms of string similarity with the expected result.

Improvements for speech to text transcription in EMRs should include: SOAP tagging,

shortened conversations, improve the NLP aspect to capture only the important concepts, and

testing for actual doctor-patient interaction.

Keywords: speech recognition, NLP



56

DEVELOPMENT OF A WATER CONSUMPTION MONITORING SYSTEM

James Adrian B. SOMONTINA, Erees Queen B. MACABEBE

Department of Electronics, Computer, and Communications Engineering,


Water is an essential resource for humans as it is used in many activities for both leisure and

hygiene. However, there is a lack in available technologies when it comes to monitoring water

consumption on the small scale. Households and small buildings rely only on the end-of-month

billing by the water distributor. These readings usually come at a surprise and provide no

security against non-revenue water. To address this issue, a water monitoring system that uses

a non-intrusive sensor will be further developed. What this presents is the ability to install the

sensor without breaking through pipes or knowing the layout of the water pipe network

beforehand. This is important for old networks where plans of the pipes have been lost or the

pipes are deep hidden under concrete or wood. As an addition, the system will also be able to

implement a fixture recognition using machine learning. What this presents is more information

at the hands of the users as they will be able to pinpoint their high consuming faucets or water

consuming appliance to adjust their behavior or to not be surprised by the incoming water bill.

Prior work shows implementation on the household scale, and it resulted in 92.7% accuracy in

the volume reading and a 67% precision in the fixture recognition. The focus of this work will be

on implementing the system on a small building while working to improve on the precision of the

fixture recognition.

Keywords: water monitoring, water consumption


33


LOW-COST LORA-BASED TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR WEATHER BALLOON

May Anne C. VALENCIA


Upper-air observation uses radiosonde, via weather balloon, to measure atmospheric data in

order to make an accurate weather forecast. This observation includes the gathering of air

pressure, temperature, and relative humidity from ground level to the above of the lower

troposphere. In this study, Long-Range (LoRa) embedded modules are used to provide

transmission of atmospheric data from the radiosonde carried by a balloon to the ground system

for their low-cost, low-power and long-range characteristics. The data to be transmitted,

received and saved in secure digital (SD) card includes sample atmospheric data, location

coordinates, altitude, timestamps and data for power monitoring. Environmental tests and actual

balloon flight test were conducted to determine the performance of the transmission of data.

Based on the results of the tests, 433 MHz RFM96W LoRa RF transceiver module successfully

transmit data up to approximately 10 kilometers of altitude as a transmitter of the payload.

Transmission of every data happens once in a second. The saved data in the SD card is the

expected sample data. 4-GB SD card has the capacity to saved flight’s data for more than 19

years. The payload has low output power. It is lightweight and low cost. Supply voltage lasts for

almost 57 hours.

Keywords: weather balloon, atmospheric data, upper-air, radiosonde, LoRa technology


55


DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTIVE PAYLOAD FOR DRONE DELIVERY

Mark Daniel B. BELARMINO


From 1970 to 2013, there are 720 tropical cyclones that entered the Philippine Area of

Responsibility. The infrastructure sector suffers damages on national and local roads, bridges,

seaports and airports, drainage system, telecommunications and utilities like water and

electricity supply. Disaster response operations teams use drones to deliver high-value

payload like food, emergency communication devices and health supplies.

When using aerial delivery technology, it is very important that we ensure the payload status

before, during and after it was dropped. The area where the payload will be dropped requires

to be wide and clear from obstruction. On the other hand, a very tight area needs a precise

point of drop. It could be inside the forest, urban areas, flooded houses or on top of the

mountain.

The study aims to design and develop an active payload system that allows to be maneuvered

and dropped safely on the desired point by another pilot near drop zone. The study

investigates the process of drone delivery that starts with drone deployment with autonomous

navigation, payload drop mechanism, and payload remote controlled navigation.

This research produced and designed an active payload for drone delivery using 3d printing

technology, parafoil wing, brushless and servo motor, radio controller, speed controller, and

propeller. Payload safety will be tested using force of impact measurement with different

cushioning material i.e. Bubble-wrap, Foam Peanuts, Polymeric Foams, and Paper. To

measure the drop precision and accuracy, a hit and miss will be measured from the specific

drop point. A distance measurement will be implemented to a target area of 25m 2 up to 50m

2. Each segment of the mission will be recorded; it starts with Preparation, Flight Planning,

Deployment, Flight Time, Active Payload Release, Active Payload Descend.

Keywords: drone, aerial delivery, active payload


34


CHARACTERIZATION OF TRUCK TRAFFIC IN METRO MANILA

Riches S. BACERO, Alexis M. FILLONE


This study characterized the existing truck routes and truck behavior with and without

restriction policies. The study conducted interviews of 390 truck drivers from different trucking

companies in different locations such as in the truck company’s depot and in the port of

Manila. GPS data logger was used to track the travel and route of a sample truck vehicle while

EMME4 was employed in the simulation of the truck shortest path. The study found out that

congestion is evident along the truck routes, truck ban regulations are varied and

uncoordinated across cities, and truck trips were longer with a slower speed. The study

recommended that truck policies in Metro Manila should be reviewed and reassessed for the

enhancement of these policies which lead to a better truck-oriented management.

Keywords: truck traffic, truck policies, restriction time


54


DYNAMIC STATE OF DRAINAGE DIVIDES AND RIVER NETWORKS: THE CASE OF

BOHOL ISLAND, PHILIPPINES

Imelida G. TORREFRANCA1,3, Roland Emerito S. OTADOY2,3, Alejandro F. TONGCO1

1Engineering Graduate Program, School of Engineering;2Physics Department; and

3Center for Geoinformatics and Environmental Solutions,

University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines

Drainage systems, consisting mainly of river networks and drainage divides, evolved through

geologic time as governed by erosion, tectonic uplift and climatic processes. The present

topographic features of drainage systems provided footprints of their evolution. Divide migration

and river reorganization were indicative of this dynamic state which has implications on the

delivery and transport of water, sediments and nutrients from the upstream areas to

downstream areas. The utility of topographic metrics to predict this dynamic state on synthetic

and natural landscapes has been tested in previous studies. Application of the topographic

metrics in a tropical island was aimed at understanding natural land surface variability critical for

disaster risk assessment and sustainable resource management. A topographic analysis was

carried out to understand the dynamic state of river networks and drainage divides of Bohol

island. Four across divide contrasts were tested, namely: chi (χ), mean gradient, mean local

relief and channel bed elevation. TopoToolbox implemented in Matlab facilitated the analysis

with a 10-m digital elevation model as input. Outputs from Matlab were further analyzed in a GIS

environment. The four metrics showed that the divide between the two major catchments in the

island was stable. However, anomalies indicated by differences of χ-values were found at the

headwaters of these major catchments where mountain areas marked the divide between the

major and small catchments. On these areas, divide migration was predicted to move from the

areas with lower χ values to areas with higher χ values. This divide migration entailed either an

increase or decrease in the drainage areas of the aggressor or victim catchments, respectively.

Literature suggested that divide and river network reorganization will continue until equilibrium is

attained within the landscape.

Keywords: drainage divide, divide migration, topographic analysis, TopoToolbox-Matlab,

Bohol Island


35


TROPHIC STATE ASSESSMENT USING HYBRID CLASSIFICATION TREE-ARTIFICIAL

NEURAL NETWORK

Ronnie S. CONCEPCION II1, Pocholo James M. LORESCO1, Elmer P. DADIOS2

1Electronics and Communications Engineering Department and2Manufacturing Engineering and Management Department,


Trophic state is one of the significant environmental impacts that must be monitored and

controlled in any aquatic environment. This phenomenon due to nutrient imbalance in water,

strengthened with global warming, inhibits the natural system to progress. With eutrophication,

the mass of algae in the water surface increases and results to lower dissolved oxygen in water

that is essential for fishes. Numerous limnological and physical features affects the trophic state

and thus requires extensive analysis to asses it. This paper proposed a model of hybrid

classification tree-artificial neural network (CT-ANN) to assess the trophic state based on the

selected significant features. The classification tree was used as multidimensional reduction

technique for feature selection which eliminates eight original features. The remaining predictors

having high impacts are chlorophyll-a, phosphorus and Secchi depth. The two-layer ANN with

20 artificial neurons was constructed to assess the trophic state of input features. The neural

network was modelled based on the key parameters of learning time, cross-entropy and

regression coefficient. Using ANN model alone to assess trophic state based on 11 predictors

resulted to 81.3% accuracy. The modelled hybrid classification tree-ANN based on 3 predictors

resulted to 88.8% accuracy with cross-entropy performance of 0.096495. Based on the obtained

result, the modelled hybrid classification tree-ANN provides higher accuracy in assessing the

trophic state of aquaponic system.

Keywords: aquaponics, assessment, artificial neural network, tree, trophic state


53


EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL AND POWER PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF

RETROFITTING EXTERNAL THERMAL INSULATION TO SUN-EXPOSED WALLS IN A

CONTINUOUSLY OCCUPIED BUILDING

Edrian B. PENTADO1, Noel T. DERECHO2

1,2University of San Carlos, Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines

External thermal insulation of a building’s wall is a wise financial investment. It offers a long

service life, lower maintenance costs, more stable room temperature and reduced

fuel/electrical bills. Thermal insulation applications for walls has become popular since it has

an integral part of building-renovation strategies. The study aims to identify the effects of

applying external thermal insulation to a sun-exposed wall in minimizing the heat loss rate of a

continuously occupied building in the University of San Carlos and to determine its impact in

saving electrical consumption through monitoring the performance of air conditioning units.

During the experiment, temperature and humidity sensors were deployed outside the sun-

exposed wall and inside the adjacent rooms of the sun-exposed wall of the University’s

Registrar building while power meters were installed to monitor the operation of air-conditioned

units. A white covering made of plastic (tarpaulin) was identified as the thermal insulation

retrofit. Temperature, humidity, and power consumption were the parameters of the study that

compares the data collected before and after applying thermal insulation. Also, a simulation

was established to compare the actual results.

As a result, the rate of heat loss is reduced resulting in the occurrence of a more stable room

(internal) temperature – a requirement for continuously occupied buildings. It also resulted in

more noticeable percentage savings and leads to significant energy savings.

Keywords: walls, building retrofit, thermal insulation


36


DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF BUILDING STRUCTURES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF BUILDINGS IN GENERAL SANTOS CITY, USING THE SITE

SPECIFIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM CURVE OF THE 7.2M EARTHQUAKE

GROUND MOTION

Lisa T. GUIEB1, Allan E. BOTUYAN1, Wenceslao A. GUIEB2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of

Technology, Iligan City, Philippines;2University of Mindanao, Bolton Street, Poblacion District, Davao City, Philippines

The study compares the Seismic Code Provision of National Structural Code of the Philippines

(NSCP) Code Section 208, dynamic analysis procedure for Response Spectrum Analysis

(RSA) for buildings and the Site-specific Response Spectrum Curve obtained from the recent

April 29, 2017, 7.2 magnitude earthquake record of Sarangani Province.

The earthquake provisions are for minimizing or eliminating loss of lives and destruction of

properties. The study raises the concern of validation of Seismic Provision Code in NSCP to

be dynamic. This also presents analysis of building structures using Response Spectrum

Method. The reviews of the response of application to structures as the upgrade in seismic

code must be

regular as possible by utilizing the site-specific ground motion available records in the

Philippines. According to NSCP (2010), The seismic code using the design response spectra

is referenced from the Uniform Building Code UBC-1997. The need to increase the confidence

level in using the seismic code in the country is remarkable.

The structural behaviors of buildings were analyzed using a numerical method implemented

through computer program called MathCAD and STAAD Pro for actual building modeled in 3D.

The site-specific strong motion data was downloaded using the Seismosignal, earthquake

engineering software to generate the response spectra of 7.2 M quake.

The comparison shows that the design response spectrum curve of NSCP with its maximum

spectral acceleration is unconservative at 1.2 g compared to the 7.2M strong processed

motion. The site-specific response spectrum exceeded significantly compared to the design

spectrum. The study recommends further collections of earthquake accelerograph records

from Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology are necessary (PHIVOLCS) to be

studied necessarily, analyzed and translated in a response spectrum method in the code of

the Philippines.

Keywords: response spectrum analysis, site-specific ground motion, response spectrum curve


52


RISK ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN THE CITY OF

MALOLOS USING MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS AND GEOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Emerzon S. TORRES


The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) 2015-2030 happened in the Third

UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, in 2015 emphasizes the need to shift from disaster

management to disaster risk management. The “Ten Essentials of Making a City Resilient” talks

about on making the people as well as the infrastructures disaster resilient. School buildings

housing one of the most vulnerable members of the community and being important facilities

during calamities should prioritize DRR management. This paper presents a comprehensive

analysis and assessment of public school buildings in the City of Malolos in terms of flood, fire,

typhoon and earthquake risks. Quantitative research was done to determine the risk indices of

each school buildings of the subject schools. To support the findings of the quantitative

investigation, a qualitative research was done through surveys and interviews.

In the quantitative part, risk indices were determined using the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis

(MCDA) and translated the results into Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Analytic

Hierarchy Process was used in determining the weights for various factors: (1) Rapid Visual

Screening, Non-structural Hazards, Asset Value, Classroom Demographics, and Seismic

Proximity Hazards for earthquake risk and (2) Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, Soft

Countermeasure and Hard Countermeasure for flood, fire, and typhoon risks.

After thorough investigation and computation, the GIS showed that 27% of the evaluated

buildings were High Risk in terms of flood, while 27%, 9%, and 4% were High Risk in terms of

fire, typhoon, and earthquake respectively.

Qualitatively, pupils/students, teachers and school staffs were aware and informed about the

possible effects of disasters and the things to do when these calamities come. However, most of

them knew less about the disaster risks of the school buildings they were using. Also, flooding

was the most frequent disaster the schools experienced.

Proper zoning of schools, regular retrofitting, and compliance to the existing codes can

significantly decrease the disaster risk indices of the school buildings. Awareness and

information through seminars, trainings, and drills can greatly reduce of the vulnerability of the

people and therefore upgrade the disaster preparedness of the schools in the City of Malolos.

Keywords: risk analysis, risk Index, GIS, MCDA, disaster risk


37


DESTINATION CHOICE MODEL FOR EARTHQUAKE EVACUATION USING STATED

PREFERENCE APPROACH FOR RESIDENTS IN SURIGAO CITY, PHILIPPINES

Sherwin Roy CALUMBA, Alexis FILLONE, Monorom RITH


This paper aims to evaluate the impact of facility damage, evacuation distance, and tsunami

warning on earthquake evacuation destination choice using primary stated preference data of

1,079 individuals gathered in Surigao City, Philippines in 2019. Three alternative evacuation

choices were considered such as to stay at home, to evacuate to an open space, and to

evacuate to a public shelter. The Multinomial Logit (MNL) regression was used to develop the

destination choice model. The results highlighted that the facility damage and tsunami warning

were both significant variables in determining an individual’s decision to evacuate to an open

space or a public shelter. The estimated coefficients of the model suggest that people are more

likely to evacuate to open spaces or public shelters rather than stay at homes in case of

complete facility damage. Similarly, when a tsunami warning is issued, people are more likely to

evacuate to open spaces or public shelters rather than remaining at their homes. Interestingly,

evacuation distance does not influence one’s evacuation choice.

Keywords: earthquake evacuation choice model, multinomial logit regression, stated preference

approach, Surigao City, Philippines


51


COMMUTER PERCEPTION OF PASSENGER SAFETY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN

A DEVELOPING COUNTRY USING RIDIT ANALYSIS – THE CASE OF METRO CEBU,

PHILIPPINES

Francis L. MAYO, Evelyn B. TABOADA


Safety is one of the primary concerns when a commuter travels and is an indicator in

developing a sustainable transport system. Commuters’ perceived safety in public

transportation is an essential component in a sustainable transport system, but little research

has studied this topic in a developing country. This study analyzes commuters’ perception

based on 22 factors of safety. A total of 542 questionnaires were collected from the three

cities of Metro Cebu. Ridit analysis was used to determine which of the 22 factors was

considered the least safe and most safe and further used to analyze the differences in

perception among private vehicle owners, those with prior experience with safety while

travelling, gender, age, and city of residence. It was found out that commuters generally feel

safer with security cameras in the vehicle and feel least safe when there is no lighting

provided. People who have had prior experience with safety felt unsafe when it involves the

physical and running condition of the vehicle. Private vehicle owners feel neither safe nor

unsafe and is the same with those who do not own one. The same can be said for both

genders. Middle-aged commuters generally feel safer in 4 factors compared to younger

commuters that feel unsafe in 1 factor. Lapu-Lapu residents feel unsafe in 9 factors while

other cities feel neither safe nor unsafe in all factors. The results of this study can be a useful

input in developing a sustainable transportation system and reviews in appropriate transport

policies.

Keywords: Sustainable Transportation; Ridit Analysis; Transport Safety


38


LOGISTICAL FEASIBILITY OF COAL ASH: A CASE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Janice B. JAMORA, Francis L. MAYO, Michael E. LORETERO, Noel T. NAVASCA

University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines

The major source of power generation in the Philippines is from coal-fired plants (52.1%),

where coal ash is a waste product. These coal-fired power plants are located in the different

areas in the Philippines, where Luzon area produces about 72% of coal ash, followed by

Mindanao area at 15% and Visayas area at 13%. Coal ash can be potentially utilized as partial

replacement for clinker in cement making and concrete mixing, respectively, to reduce in

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. If coal ash is utilized by cement manufacturing and

concrete batching plants, it could potentially reduce emissions by a total of 2,281,20 kt CO2-eq

using 𝑅𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑟/𝑐𝑒𝑚 of 0.78. However, the cement manufacturing and concrete batching plants are

distributed in the different regions in the Philippines, thus needing vehicles to transport the

coal ash. In order to achieve net emission reductions in transporting coal ash, the critical

transportation distance that can be travelled by land is ~2,841 km, using an emission factor

due to land transport (including the return trip) equal to 0.2516 kg CO2/ton-km, and by sea is

~5,227 km using an emission factor due to sea transport at 0.0373 kg CO2/ton-km. Different

case scenarios of transporting coal ash for utilization to various areas such as Luzon to as far

as Mindanao show that coal ash could be transported potentially, in view of reducing GHG

emissions. Further, transportation of coal ash from the coal-fired power plants to the concrete

batching plants will reduce the potential GHG emission by at least 6%-9% in the Visayas,

16%-21% in the Mindanao area and 33%-38% in Luzon, respectively.

Keywords: fly ash, fly ash logistics, fly ash transport, GHG emissions, transportation emissions


50


STORM-WISE SOIL EROSION MODELING EMPLOYING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

(ANN)

Jeoffrey Lloyd R. BARENG1, Teresito G. AGUINALDO2, Armando N. ESPINO Jr. 2,

Romeo B. GAVINO2, Marvin M. CINENSE2

1Isabela State University, Echague, Isebela, Philippines;2Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

A storm-wise soil erosion model (SWiSEM) was developed employing Artificial Neural Network

(ANN) concepts, calibrated and field tested. The SWiSEM was developed to estimate soil loss

and run-off utilizing physically measurable field data. The minimum input parameters considered

in this study include slope, bulk density, % sand-silt-clay, and rainfall intensity and duration.

These parameters were able to provide enough data for the optimum ANN model developed.

ANN models were assessed and trained using primary data sets on run-off and soil loss derived

from unit plot experimentation with the used of rainfall simulator especifically designed for the

purpose of the study. Prior to rain-simulation, rainfall frequency analysis was performed on

historical (30-year) data set from the Agrometeorological Station at ISU-Echague for the

development of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve as basis during rainfall simulation.

Results of the assessment indicated that optimally R5 and SL14 models gave the best results

among the trained run-off and soil loss models, respectively.

The finest ANN models namely R5 and SL14 to estimate run-off and soil loss, respectively, were

evaluated on-field under standard erosion plot exposed to actual climat ic condition and

environment afterwards it was mapped-out to Microsoft Visual Studio platform. Validation results

showed that the model predicted run-off and soil loss amounts at a notable precision which

implies and suggest that the SWiSEM accurately predicted the actual soil loss and can be used

in agricultural areas where left bare during the onset of rainy season.

Keywords: Artificial neural network, modeling, soil erosion, storm-wise


39


TEMPERATURE AND AQUEOUS ETHANOL CONCENTRATION EFFECTS ON THE

EXTRACTION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM MANGO

(Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae) SEED KERNEL

Francis Dave C. SIACOR, Camila Flor Y. LOBARBIO, Evelyn B. TABOADA

Department of Chemical Engineering and BioProcess Engineering and Research Center,


In processing mango-based commercial products, wastes are generated such as the seed

kernels. Mango seed kernels (MSK) can be a good source of phenolic compounds, which are

reported to possess anti-oxidative properties. To recover these compounds from MSK, solid-

liquid extraction (SLE) can be applied. However, little consideration has been paid in

investigating this extraction process in a systematic way. In this work, an approach based on

response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of extraction conditions and to

optimize them in relation to yield of phenolic compounds from MSK.

Phenolic compounds were extracted from MSK through SLE using ethanol-water solvent

system. A central composite design together with response surface methodology was used to

evaluate the effect of temperature (30oC-60oC) and %ethanol (25%-75%) under fixed extraction

time (105 minutes) and solid-to-solvent ratio (1:10) on the extraction yield.

The linear factor effects had a positive effect while quadratic effects of both factors imparted a

negative effect on the extraction yield. The following optimum conditions were found:

temperature at 63.21oC and 53.21% ethanol. A second-order polynomial equation was obtained

describing the process, and validation of this model showed that it sufficiently described the

process (4.98% difference). Furthermore, the extracts obtained at optimal conditions possess a

potential antioxidant activity at IC50 = 45 ± 0.002 μg GAE/mL extract.

The results of this study indicated that the phenolic compounds present in mango seed kernel

can be recovered through solvent extraction using aqueous ethanol as solvent. Higher

extraction efficiencies, in terms of yield, can be achieved by optimization of the extraction

process, and the optimum conditions can be applied to produce phenolic extracts with positive

antioxidant activity.

Keywords: phenolic compounds, mango seed kernel, solid-liquid extraction, response surface

methodology, antioxidant activity


49


SEISMIC RISK OF METRO MANILA DPWH BRIDGES

Eden S. DITCHELLA, Andres Winston C. ORETA


Bridges are the most vulnerable elements in transport systems, and they may undergo

structural problems due to natural disasters. In order to make a rational decision about the

need for retrofitting or replacing an existing bridge, seismic risk assessment of highway

bridges is needed. In this paper, existing DPWH reinforced concrete bridges in Quezon,

Marikina, Pasig, Makati, Taguig, and Muntinlupa is evaluated given that the West Valley Fault

runs though these cities and may experience earthquakes up to magnitude 7.2. A semi-

quantitative method is employed where relative index values are assigned for the available

attributes of each bridge. These attributes include potential hazard, vulnerability, and level of

importance. The potential hazard is quantified in terms of the bridge's distance to the seismic

fault and the liquefaction potential of its location. Bridge’s distance to the seismic fault is

obtained from the PHILVOCS Fault Finder by having the bridge’s address as the input data;

while a liquefaction potential map is utilized to account the effect of liquefaction. Moreover,

vulnerability is measured by the bridge’s over-all condition and bridge needs ratio (BNR) which

are both taken from the DPWH Bridge Inventory Data. BNR or bridge needs ratio is a value

used by the DPWH Bridge Management system to rank and prioritize bridges in accordance

with the different programs of repair, replacement, rehabilitation and retrofitting. For the level

of importance, the classification of the road to which the bridge is connected will be utilized.

Out of 128 bridges assessed, 19 falls under high-risk level.

Keywords: seismic risk, bridges, earthquake, Metro Manila, West Valley Fault


40


EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL MODELLING OF A TIDE EMBANKMENT SECTION IN

TACLOBAN CITY SUBJECTED TO STORM SURGE WAVES

Patrick Shaun N. NGO1, Lessandro Estelito O. GARCIANO1, Mario P. DE LEON1,

Neil Stephen A. LOPEZ1, Hidenori ISHII2, Kotaro IIMURA2, Justin Joseph P. VALDEZ2,

Tomoya SHIBAYAMA2

1De La Salle University, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines;2Waseda University, Totsukamachi, Shinjuku City, Tokyo, Japan

The aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda in 2013 prompted the Philippine government to advocate

for more resilient cities against natural disasters through the Build Back Better policy. One of

the projects under this is the Heightened Road and Tide Embankment (HRTE) Project that

aims to protect the coastal communities in Leyte against future storm surges. As the tide

embankment is currently being constructed, it is important to assess its reliability against future

coastal hazards. Using a laboratory to actual scale of 1:30, a representative geometry of the

tide embankment section was tested inside a wave flume where dam-break waves were

generated similar to that of a storm surge. Water level conditions inside the flume served as

experimental variables. As wave height was the main parameter being investigated, wave

gauges were placed before, on, and after the structure. The wave height distribution was

evaluated with and without the coastal structure. The maximum and significant wave height

distributions were investigated under different water level conditions. In actual scale, the

presence of the tide embankment reduced the water level by 0.5 to 1 m. Based on the

maximum values obtained, wave heights before and on the structure measured more than 8 m

above sea level, while heights inland measured above 3 m. A numerical validation of the

experimental model was conducted using ANSYS CFX based from the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF)

Simulation. The wave height profiles generated from the simulation were found to be close to

that from the wave flume experiments. Experiments in the wave flume, as well as wave tank

simulations served as a useful reference in predicting the interaction of waves with the coastal

protection structures, as these simulated the worst case scenarios of coastal flooding. Failure

mechanisms can be studied to evaluate the direct damage to the coastal structure due to

waves.

Keywords: tide embankment, dam-break wave, storm surge, significant wave height, VOF


48


ROOTZONE COOLING AND VERTICAL AEROPONIC TECHNOLOGY FOR GREEN-LEAF

ROMAINE LETTUCE (Lactuca saliva L.) PRODUCTION UNDER AUTOMATED

TROPICAL GREENHOUSE

Maribel B. PENEYRA1, Ireneo C. AGULTO2, Helen F. GAVINO2, Romeo B. GAVINO2,

Emmanuel V. SICAT2, Vitaliana U. MALAMUG2, Marvin M. CINENSE2

1Western Philippines University, San Juan, Aborlan, Palawan, Philippines;2Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

The study aimed to evaluate the rootzone cooling methods using ground heat exchanger (GHE)

and chiller in vertical aeroponic technology in a tropical greenhouse and its effect on growth,

yield and quality of green-leaf Romaine lettuce. The water productivity and economic viability

were also determined. The experiment was set up using a Combined Analysis in Strip-Plot

design in a single 6 x 12 m greenhouse wherein GHE and chiller were the two treatments that

were analyzed. The harvest periods of 20, 25 and 30 days after transplanting (DAT) were the

horizontal factors, and the levels of tower (top, middle and bottom) were the vertical factors. The

IRRI-Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) was used for data analysis.

Results revealed that longer leaves of 23.79 cm were observed from those plants that used

chiller as rootzone cooling method, broader leaves of 9.25 cm were from those plants harvested

from the top part of the tower, and the most number of leaves (19 leaves) were from those

harvested at 30 DAT. In terms of growth, those harvested at 30 DAT from the top of tower and

using chiller has significantly higher yield at 78.6 grams compared to using GHE with only 60.5

grams. After sensory evaluation, those plants harvested at 30 DAT using GHE and chiller were

acceptable

Using GHE at 20 DAT harvest period has the highest water productivity. Those harvested at 30

DAT in a small area of 18 m2 is comparably feasible and viable in both RZ cooling methods.

However, GHE has better economic indicators with potential annual net income of Php

64,156.40, ROI of 42% with a payback period is 2.41 years.

Keywords: rootzone cooling, ground heat exchanger, chiller, vertical aeroponics


41


RETROFITTING RECTANGULAR CONCRETE COLUMNS USING RECYCLED PET

BOTTLE STRIPS

Donovan E. CATINDOY, Jason Maximino C. ONGPENG

Civil Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

The Philippines is located along a typhoon belt and the so-called “Pacific Ring of Fire”

experiencing a yearly average of 20 tropical cyclones and 100-150 earthquakes with

magnitudes greater than 4. In response to both this and the expected “Big One”, retrofitting has

been done to existing structures to optimize strength and ductility. Among this is the use of

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) such as Carbon, Aramid, and Glass. However, a large

population of the Philippines lack the required technical skill and financial capability to use FRP

in their residential houses especially in the rural areas. As an alternative, it has been found that

the use of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (R-PET) has had in structural retrofitting when

cut into strips and applied as a jacket. This study investigated square columns confined with a

RPET jacket. Sixty rectangular specimens (100mm x 100mm x 400mm ht.) were prepared and

jacketed with RPET Strips. The pitch distance in between strips, their width, and bottle brand

were varied. The compressive strength was then evaluated. Significant increases in

compressive strengths were observed over their unconfined control groups – the specimens’

strength increased by 37%-67%. The use of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate strips from

waste bottles shows potential as an alternative material for retrofitting concrete columns given

by the significant increase in compressive strength.

Keywords: Concrete confinement, Retrofitting, Recycled PET Strips, Concrete Columns,

Jacketing


47

NATURALLY TREATED PHILIPPINE BAMBOO STICKS AS ALTERNATIVE

REINFORCMENT MATERIALS SUBSTITUTE FOR STEEL BARS FOR REINFORCED

COCRETE BEAM

Cesario A. BACOSA Jr.1,2, Marnie B. GIDUQUIO1, Michael E. LORETERO1

1Engineering Graduate Program, School of Engineering, University of San Carlos,

Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines;2Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology,

Western Philippines University, San Juan, Aborlan, Palawan, Philippines

In some areas of the world, bamboo is one of the most widely exploited materials for

construction due to unavailability of steel supplies is limited and plain concrete members are

commonly being used may utilized bamboo sticks as reinforcement, which is corrosion free,

affordable and environmentally friendly.

Replacement of RC and steel by increased usage of bamboo as a building material can be

possibly brought in a reduction in the release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and

would bring about curbing environmental pollution.

The object of this research is to determine the flexural strength of concrete reinforced with

treated and untreated bamboo sticks as a substitute for steel bars. The materials used were

different bamboo species such as Dendrocalamus Asper Schultes, Dendrocalamus

Merrillianos Elmer, Bambusa Vulgaris Schrader and Bambusa Blumeana Schultes cut into 60

mm length, and 10 mm diameter bamboo sticks were prepared as primary reinforcements

treated with seawater and seawater with mango polyphenol extract treated for 7, days, 14

days, 28days and 56 days respectively.

The concrete and aggregates used were by ASTM standards. The sample was prepared using

a rectangular mold of having a size of 200mm by 200mm by 600mm. The bamboo has a

remarkable tensile strength comparable to the tensile stress of the steel.

The most suitable possible substitute for steel reinforcement for concrete beam was the

Dendrocalamus Merrillianos Elmer and Dendrocalamus Asper Schultes, which have higher

tensile strength when compared to other species. The concrete flexural strength was

depending on the curing age, species of bamboo sticks used as reinforcement and the

treatment of bamboo sticks used.

Keywords: treated bamboo, alternative reinforcement materials, substitute for steel bars,

reinforced concrete beam, flexural strength, flexural load


42

Environment and Infrastructure Environment and Infrastructure

QUANTIFYING A RESILIENCE INDEX OF A WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK (WDN)

UNDER SEISMIC HAZARD

Abraham Matthew S. CARANDANG, Lessandro Estelito O. GARCIANO


Water distribution networks (WDNs) deliver water to its customers 24/7. Disruption of this

important service after a strong seismic event impedes post-disaster activities and poses

health and sanitation problems. Hence, WDNs must be able to quickly restore services after

the occurrence of a major seismic event. This ability to return the water service can be a

metric for resilience. In this paper, the authors quantify resilience by developing a framework

that translates various restoration strategies into an improved resilience measure for a multi-

source water distribution network. This framework is then applied at Surigao Metro Water

District (SMWD), a local WDN in Surigao City.

The seismic hazard at the site was mapped using a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis

(PSHA). The results show that peak ground velocities (PGV) surrounding the WDN ranges

from 48.77 cm/s to 67.92 cm/s at the site for a Level 2 (2475-year return period) earthquake.

Using Prim’s algorithm, the WDN was decomposed into Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) and

Minimum Spanning Forest (MSF) for single-source and five-source case of repair,

respectively. Subsequently, Horn’s algorithm and Maximum Slope Method were used to

optimize repair sequences for the WDN. Based on the repair sequence obtained, restoration

curves were obtained. Finally, the resilience index (with zero as lowest and one as the

highest) of the WDN was quantified by generating a resilience curve.

Eight resilience indices were computed that represented 8 restoration strategies used. The

optimal resilience index (RI) of SMWD against level 2 seismic events was 0.556. However, if

SMWD allocates monetary resources for transportation, monitoring, excavation, and

manpower by 211%, 108%, 210%, and 184%, respectively, the best RI of SMWD improved to

0.830. The result shows that resources can reduce the restoration time of damage elements

and thus increase the resilience of the WDN against seismic hazard.

Keywords: Water distribution network (WDN); restoration curve; Horn’s algorithm; resilience

curve; resilience index.


46


CLASSIFYING SEAGRASS BEDS USING OBJECT-BASED IMAGE ANALYSIS FROM

IMAGES CAPTURED BY MULTISPECRTAL CAMERA ON AN UNMANNED

AERIAL VEHICLE

Beethoven M. ARELLANO Jr., Annie G. DIOLA, Van B. PATILUNA


Seagrass beds serve as a habitat that nurse various marine creatures in the sea. It also serves

as an indicator of coastal water quality, source of income for coastal communities, sediment

stabilization, and carbon sequestration among others. Creating maps nowadays is aided by

remote sensing technologies as tools to improve coastal resources management that includes

seagrass beds which will ultimately help conserve marine life. This paper presents how

seagrass is classified from images captured by a multispectral camera attached to an

unmanned aerial vehicle that incorporates object-based image analysis. Multiple images were

captured in the study site and the images used for this study were images with the highest

saturation image edge difference standard deviation values and near-infrared edge difference

standard deviation values. The selected images were segmented using various configurations

of multiresolution segmentation and evaluated by seagrass experts to obtain optimal

segmentations. The same experts picked various points validated from onsite inspection which

were divided to have training points for the support vector machine classifier used to classify

image objects, and validation points used for accuracy assessment. It was found out that

although there are many segmentations evaluated differently by the seagrass experts, but there

will come to a range or set of segmentations that they agree upon which is optimal.

Keywords: seagrass, remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicle, classification, object-based

image analysis


43


KINETIC AND PARAMETRIC STUDIES OF THE EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM WASTE

MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) SEED KERNEL

Kramer Joseph A. LIM, Ramelito C. AGAPAY, Cesar Carlos L. HEYROSA,

Camila Flor Y. LOBARBIO, Evelyn B. TABOADA

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of San Carlos,

Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines

Mango seed kernel is a byproduct of the industrial processing of its fruit and has been reported

to contain a good amount of lipid or fat. The extraction of such high-value product is usually

done with hexane as solvent. However, ethanol is a more environment and health-friendly

alternative solvent to hexane. The effect of the type of solvent, average particle size (0.45, 0.85

and 2 mm) and temperature (30, 40 and 50 °C) on the extraction yield have been investigated.

Results have shown that Ethanol (11.48%) have a greater extraction yield than hexane (7.99%),

though, it was noted that hexane was a more selective solvent for mango oil extraction. Three

non-linear kinetic models have been used to describe the extraction of oil from mango seed

kernel namely, Elovich’s, pseudo 2nd-order and the modified Fick’s Law models. the modified

Fick’s Law had the best representation of the extraction profiles compared to the Elovich’s and

pseudo second order models as evaluated through coefficient of determination (R2), root mean

square (RMS) and average relative deviation (ARD) values. The fatty acid profile of the mango

seed kernel oil (MSKO) showed that stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) acids were the major

components making up 44.81% and 44.79%, respectively, and with 6.85% palmitic (16:0) and

2.23% arachidic acids (20:0). The higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids makes MSKO a

suitable alternative or additive to cocoa, illipe, shea, kokum and sal butters.

Keywords: mango butter, mango seed kernel, solid-liquid extraction, extraction kinetics


45


DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF A WIRELESS SENSOR NODE FOR VOLUMETRIC

WATER CONTENT MEASUREMENT – AN APPLICATION IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE

Christy A. CAÑETE1,2, Evelyn B. TABOADA1

1Engineering Graduate Program and 2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,


The availability of smart sensors to monitor volumetric water content and electrical conductivity

allows proper management of water and nutrient of the soil. These sensors can be used to

readily measure these important crop parameters in real-time which lead to increasing farming

efficiency and productivity. This work pertains to the design and calibration of a wireless

sensor node for precision farming application.

In this study, a sturdy sensor node is developed with priority to the interface design of the SDI-

12 sensor to the node, low power consumption, connectivity via the 433 MHz ISM band and

simplicity of the hardware and software design for faster prototyping. In the design, the 5TE

sensor based on the SDI-12 standard is preferred because of its robustness and high-

precision measurements not easily affected with soil salinity. The nodes are connected

wirelessly using a point-to-point topology via the 433 MHz band which is known to transmit

signals in longer distances and robust enough against obstructions and bad weather

conditions. The sensor node was calibrated and tested in parallel with the oven method to

check its accuracy. Three sensor nodes were deployed in a controlled environment for five

days to test its functionality and power consumption. A Raspberry Pi was used as a base

station to collect and save sensor data in a local database. The experimental results proved

that the sensor node is functional, provide soil measurements comparable to the oven method

and is able to work autonomously, consuming only less than 1% of the battery per day.

Keywords: wireless sensor node, volumetric water content, SDI-12 protocol


44


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