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Tunisia&theArabSpring
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Freedom
• Whatdoyouthinkofwhenyouheartheword“freedom”?
• Whatactionsdoyouassociatewith“freedom”?
• Whatmakesacountry“free”?• Whatcountriesdoyouassociatewith“freedom”?Why?
• Whatcountriesaren’tfree?Why?
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Thetextonthesignsays,"Peacefulprotestcreateschange",whilethetextonthebloody
swordsays"Terrorismcreateschange".
Tunisia:AnOverview• ThesmallestNorthAfricanState:slightly
largerthanGeorgia• Population:10,629,186– AgeBreakdown:– 0-14years: 23.2%– 15-64years: 69.3%– 65yearsandover: 7.5%
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Tunisia:AnOverview• UnemploymentRate:
– Officially14%,butbelievedtobemuchhigher– Universitygraduatesarechronicallyunemployed
• 25%to50%ofrecentcollegegraduatesmaybeunemployed,withgraduatesinagriculturehavingtheworstprospects,withuptoa70%unemploymentrate
• EthnicGroups:– 98%Arab,1%European,1%Jewish&other
• Religion:– 98%Muslim,1%Christian,1%Jewishandother
• Languages:– ArabicandFrench
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Tunisia:AnOverview• Urbanpopulation:
– 67%oftotalpopulation
• LiteracyRate:– definition: age15andovercan
readandwrite– totalpopulation: 74.3%
• Tunisiscapitalandlargestcity
• Tunisiahasadiverseeconomy,withimportantagricultural,mining,tourism,andmanufacturingsectors.
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Tunisia’sGovernment• Obtainedindependencefrom
FranceonMarch20,1956
• OneofthemoresociallyliberalArabgovernments
• SinceindependenceTunisiahasonlyhadtwopresidents:– Habib Bourguiba (1956– 1987)– Zine ElAbidine BenAli(1987–
2011)
• WhatdoestheabovefacttellyouaboutthenatureofTunisia’sgovernment?
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Tunisia’sGovernment• Officiallyaconstitutionalrepublic
– Presidentaschief-of-state– PrimeMinisterasheadofgovernment
(appointedbyPresident)– BicameralParliament:
• ChamberofDeputies• ChamberofAdvisors
• Multi-partysystem,butConstitutionalDemocraticRally(RCD)dominatedthegovernment.– Won84%oftheseatsinChamberofDeputiesin2009Election
• PoliticalReformssince1987– Abolishedlife-termpresidencies,buttherearenotermlimits– Openedupparliamenttooppositionparties– 8recognizedpoliticalparties
• Womenhold27%oftheseatsintheChamberofDeputies– Ahigher%thantheUSCongress 12
RCDPoster
VotinginTunisia• Electionsheldevery5to6
years
• Suffrageisuniversalat18,exceptfor– Activemilitary– Internalsecurityforces
• ComparingpastUSelectionstoTunisia’smostrecentpresidentialelection,whatdoesBenAli’smarginofvictorytellyouaboutelectionsinTunisia?
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ElectionYear Candidates % ofvotes2008 Barack Obama 52.9%
JohnMcCain 45.7%2004 George W.Bush 50.7%
JohnKerry 48.3%1964 LyndonJohnson 61.1%
BarryGoldwater 38.5%
FallofBenAli• InJanuary2011,BenAlifledTunisiaafteraseriesofproteststhroughoutthecountry.– WhatdoyouthinkpromptedTunisianstodemandchange?– Whatwouldittakeforyoutogetoutmarchinginthestreets?
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Wikileaks• Aninternationalorganizationthat
publishessubmissionsofprivate,secret,andclassifiedmedia.
• Inearly2010theybeganpublishingUSdiplomaticcables.
• AccordingtoWikipedia,“thecablescontaindiplomaticanalysisfromworldleaders,andthediplomats'assessmentofhostcountriesandtheirofficials.”
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Wikileaks
Readthe“TunisianDiplomaticCable”handoutinyourgroupsandanswertheattachedquestions.
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TheArabSpringAfterTunisia
AsofOctober2011,17nationshaveseensometypeofminorandmajorprotests,civiluprisingsorrevolutions.
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TheArabSpringAfterTunisia
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• ShortlyafterBenAlifled,peacefulprotestsforcedHosniMubarak– Egypt’sleader–tostepdownafter30yearsinpower.– Heiscurrentlyontrial.
• InLibya,rebelsroseupagainstMuammarGaddafiandabloodycivilwar– whichinvolvedassistancebytheUS– ensured.Gaddafiwasoverthrownandkilled.
TheArabSpringAfterTunisia
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• AsofNovember2011,Basharal-Assad–Syria’sLeader– isviolentlysuppressingprotestsanduprisingsinhiscountry.
• InSaudiArabia,womenarepostingvideosofthemselvesdriving(whichisforbiddeninSaudiArabia)ontheinternet.TheSaudiKingrecentlygrantedwomentherighttovoteinthenextelections.
Tunisia’sElections• InOctober2011,Tunisianswenttothepolls,underthe
watchfuleyeofinternationalelectionobservers,forthefirsttrulydemocraticelectioninover50years.
• Theelectionsweremostlypeaceful.Onlyahandfulofpeopleprotested.
• ManyobservershaileditasaseismicshiftinMiddleEasternpoliticsandasamodelforothercountriesparticipatingintheArabSpring.
• Aregionthathaslongbeendominatedbystrongmen,hadafairandfreeelection.
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Tunisia’sElectionResults• Thiselectionwastodetermine
anassemblyofpeopletowritethenewConstitution.
• Afterthevoteswerecounted,Ennahda,andIslamistparty,wonwith41%ofthevote.– Islamistpartiesbelievethat
Islamisareligionandapoliticalsystem
– Theycanrangefromextremelyoppressivetomoderate
– Ennadha isconsideredmoderate.
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Tunisia’sElectionResults• SomeTunisiansarenervous
becausetheyfeararepressivereligioussociety
• Ennahda hasattemptedtoassuagepeople’sfearsbypromisingthat:– Hijabs(femaleheadcover)will
notberequiredbylaw– Alcoholwillnotbebanned– Non-Muslimswillnotbe
persecuted– Womenwillbeallowedto
voteandholdoffice22
Tourismisamajorindustry.Arepressivereligiousregimewouldhurttheindustry.
TheOverblownIslamistThreat• Readthearticleandanswerthefollowingquestionsinyourpairs:– WhywereIslamistpartiespopularunderautocraticregimes?
– HowdoestheyoungergenerationofArabsaffectthepoweroftheIslamistparties?
– WhathashappenedwhenIslamistpartieshavebeenincludedingovernment?
– DowehaveanythingsimilarintheUnitedStates?
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