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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

Microbiology

B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein

AN INTRODUCTIONEIGHTH EDITION

TORTORA • FUNKE • CASE

Chapter 18Practical Applications of Immunology


Vaccine History

• Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox (18th century)

• Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox

• Herd immunity - when most of population is immune to a disease

• Actively acquired artificial immunity

• Works because of the anamnestic (remembering or secondary) response…memory cells!!


Principal Vaccine Types

• Living, attenuated (weakened)

• Killed or Inactivated

• Whole MO

• Part only, often conjugated

• Toxoid

• New technologies


• DtaP

• Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid

• Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis

• Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid

• Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from N. meningitidis

• Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides conjugated with protein

• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae antigens conjugated with protein

Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans


Principal Bacterial Vaccines• DaPT

• Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid

• Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis

• Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid

• Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide

(capsular Ag) from N. meningitidis

• Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis:

Polysaccharides conjugated with protein

• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae

antigens conjugated with protein


Principal Viral Vaccines

• Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus

• Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus (Older OPV)

• Rabies: Inactivated virus

• Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus

• Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated (nasal) virus

• Measles: Attenuated virus

• Mumps: Attenuated virus

• Rubella: Attenuated virus

• Chickenpox: Attenuated virus

• Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine)


Monoclonal Antibodies - Mabs

Figure 18.2


Monoclonal Antibodies

• Immunotoxins: Mabs conjugated with toxin to target cancer cells

• Chimeric mabs: Genetically modified mice that produce Ab with a human constant region

• Humanized mabs: Mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding

• Fully human antibodies: Mabs produced from a human gene on a mouse


Monoclonal Antibodies

• Alemtuzumab: For leukemia

• Infliximab: For Crohn’s disease

• Rituximab: For non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

• Trastuzumab: Herceptin for breast cancer

• Basiliximab and daclizumab: Block IL–2, immunosuppresives for transplants

• Palivizumab: Treatment of RSV


Serology

• Study of Ag-Ab reactions

• Finding Ag or Ab by various reactions

• Paired sera – acute and convalescent

• Direct tests detect antigens (from patient sample)

• Indirect tests detect antibodies (in patient serum)


Precipitation Reactions

• Involve soluble antigens with antibodies

Figure 18.3


Agglutination Reactions

• Involve particulate antigens and antibodies

• Antigens may be:

• On a cell (direct agglutination)

• Attached to latex spheres (indirect or passive agglutination)

Figure 18.4


Antibody Titer

• Is the concentration of antibodies against a particular antigen

Figure 18.5


Hemagglutination

• Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs.

• Viral hemagglutination inhibition tests for antibodies by the antibodies' ability to prevent viruses from agglutinating RBCs.

Figure 18.7


Neutralization Reactions

• Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin

Figure 18.8b


Complement Fixation

Figure 18.9.1


Complement Fixation

Figure 18.9.2


Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Direct)

Figure 18.10a


Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Indirect)

Figure 18.10b


Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(Direct ELISA)

Figure 18.12a


Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Indirect ELISA)

Figure 18.12b


Serological Tests

Figure 18.13


Serological Tests

• Direct tests detect antigens (from patient sample)

• Indirect tests detect antibodies (in patient's serum)


Serological Tests

• Agglutination: Particulate antigens (Indirect and direct)

• Hemagglutination: Agglutination of RBCs

• Precipitation: Soluble antigens

• Fluorescent-antibody technique: Antibodies linked to fluorescent dye (direct and indirect)

• Complement fixation: RBCs are indicator

• Neutralization: Inactivates toxin or virus

• ELISA: Peroxidase enzyme is the indicator (direct and indirect)


Question 1

• Patient’s serum, influenza virus, sheep RBCs, and anti-sheep RBCs are mixed in a tube.

• Influenza virus agglutinates RBCs.

• What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus?


Question 2

• Patient’s serum, Chlamydia, guinea pig complement, sheep RBCs, and anti-sheep RBCs are mixed in a tube.

• What happens if the patient has antibodies against Chlamydia?

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