PowerLecture: Chapter 8 Blood. Learning Objectives Describe the composition and functions of blood....

PowerLecture:PowerLecture:Chapter 8Chapter 8

BloodBlood

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Describe the composition and functions of Describe the composition and functions of blood.blood.

Explain how red blood cells transport Explain how red blood cells transport oxygen.oxygen.

Explain the basis of blood typing.Explain the basis of blood typing. Define hemostasis and distinguish it from Define hemostasis and distinguish it from

homeostasis.homeostasis.

Learning Objectives (cont’d)Learning Objectives (cont’d)

Describe how blood disorders disrupt Describe how blood disorders disrupt homeostasis and critical body functions, homeostasis and critical body functions, such as clotting. such as clotting.

Impacts/IssuesImpacts/Issues

Chemical QuestionsChemical Questions

Chemical QuestionsChemical Questions

Healthy people have Healthy people have contaminants in their blood.contaminants in their blood.

The chemicals are products from The chemicals are products from everyday life: metals, secondhand everyday life: metals, secondhand cigarette smoke, pesticides, etc.cigarette smoke, pesticides, etc.

Most of the chemicals did not even Most of the chemicals did not even exist 50 years ago.exist 50 years ago.

Not enough is known about the Not enough is known about the long-term effects of these long-term effects of these chemicals on human health, chemicals on human health, especially for the very young.especially for the very young.

Useful References for Impacts/IssuesUseful References for Impacts/Issues

The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at the the book companion websitebook companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at . Log in to the book’s e-resources page at www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles. www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.

Environmental Scorecard - In Your Environmental Scorecard - In Your CommunityCommunity

InfoTrac: Elevated Blood Lead Levels in InfoTrac: Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Refugee Children – New Hampshire, 2003–Refugee Children – New Hampshire, 2003–2004. 2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly ReportMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, , Jan. 21, 2005.Jan. 21, 2005.

How Would You Vote?How Would You Vote?To conduct an instant in-class survey using a classroom response To conduct an instant in-class survey using a classroom response system, access “JoinIn Clicker Content” from the PowerLecture main system, access “JoinIn Clicker Content” from the PowerLecture main menu. menu.

Government regulation of substances such Government regulation of substances such as lead seems to be effective. Should other as lead seems to be effective. Should other suspect industrial chemicals be regulated?suspect industrial chemicals be regulated? a. Yes, until companies are forced to prove their a. Yes, until companies are forced to prove their

chemicals are harmless before selling them, they chemicals are harmless before selling them, they should be regulated. should be regulated.

No, regulation hampers industry and is not No, regulation hampers industry and is not necessary unless these chemicals are proven necessary unless these chemicals are proven harmful. harmful.

Useful References for Useful References for How Would You Vote?How Would You Vote?


CDC: National Report on Human Exposure to CDC: National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental ChemicalsEnvironmental Chemicals

Environmental Working Group: Body BurdenEnvironmental Working Group: Body Burden NRDC: Healthy Milk, Healthy Baby – NRDC: Healthy Milk, Healthy Baby –

Chemical Pollution and Mother’s MilkChemical Pollution and Mother’s Milk

Section 1Section 1

Blood: Plasma, Blood Blood: Plasma, Blood Cells, and PlateletsCells, and Platelets

Blood: Plasma, Blood Cells, and PlateletsBlood: Plasma, Blood Cells, and Platelets

BloodBlood is a connective is a connective tissue; it contains tissue; it contains plasma, blood cells, and plasma, blood cells, and cell fragments called cell fragments called platelets.platelets.

Adult women of average Adult women of average size have 4-5 liters of size have 4-5 liters of blood in their bodies; blood in their bodies; men have slightly more.men have slightly more.

Figure 8.1Figure 8.1

Fig. 8.1, p.143

redbloodcell

platelets

whitebloodcell


Plasma is the fluid part of blood.Plasma is the fluid part of blood. Roughly 55% of whole blood is Roughly 55% of whole blood is plasmaplasma, which , which

is mostly water. is mostly water. Plasma proteins perform a variety of tasks:Plasma proteins perform a variety of tasks:

• Albumin is important in maintaining osmotic balance Albumin is important in maintaining osmotic balance and transports chemicals such as therapeutic drugs.and transports chemicals such as therapeutic drugs.

• Other plasma proteins include protein hormones, as Other plasma proteins include protein hormones, as well as proteins involved in immunity, blood clotting, well as proteins involved in immunity, blood clotting, and the transport of lipids and vitamins.and the transport of lipids and vitamins.

Plasma further contains ions, glucose, amino Plasma further contains ions, glucose, amino acids, signaling molecules, and dissolved acids, signaling molecules, and dissolved gases.gases.


Red blood cells carry oxygen and CORed blood cells carry oxygen and CO22.. ErythrocytesErythrocytes, or , or red blood cellsred blood cells, (45% of , (45% of

whole blood) are biconcave disks.whole blood) are biconcave disks.• They contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein They contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein

that binds with oxygen.that binds with oxygen.• They also carry a small amount of carbon dioxide.They also carry a small amount of carbon dioxide.

Red blood cells originate from Red blood cells originate from stem cellsstem cells in the in the bone marrow.bone marrow.

Animation: Cellular Components of BloodAnimation: Cellular Components of Blood

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natural killer cells

eosinophils

neutrophils

basophils

mast cells

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

dendritic cells macrophages

platelets

red blood cells

(erythrocytes)

forerunners of

white blood cells

(leukocytes)

monocytes (immature

phagocytes)

stem cells in marrow

megakaryocytes

?

Fig. 8.2, p.145


White blood cells perform defense and White blood cells perform defense and cleanup duties.cleanup duties.

LeukocytesLeukocytes, or , or white blood cellswhite blood cells, make up a , make up a minor portion of whole blood and are minor portion of whole blood and are responsible for housekeeping and defense; responsible for housekeeping and defense; they also are derived from bone marrow.they also are derived from bone marrow.

Leukocytes are of two main types:Leukocytes are of two main types:• GranulocytesGranulocytes have stainable granules in the have stainable granules in the

cytoplasm; they include neutrophils, eosinophils, and cytoplasm; they include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils; and they work in body defense activities.basophils; and they work in body defense activities.

• AgranulocytesAgranulocytes have no visible granules; monocytes have no visible granules; monocytes become macrophages; and lymphocytes become B become macrophages; and lymphocytes become B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.


Platelets help clot blood.Platelets help clot blood. PlateletsPlatelets are fragments of megakaryocytes are fragments of megakaryocytes

produced by bone marrow stem cells.produced by bone marrow stem cells. They are short lived, numerous, and function in They are short lived, numerous, and function in

blood clotting.blood clotting.

Fig. 8.1, p.143

FunctionsComponents Relative Amounts

Plasma portion (50%-60% of total volume):

Plasma portion (50%-60% of total volume):

1.Water

2.Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, etc.)

3. Ions, sugars, lipids, amino acids, hormones, vitamins, dissolved gasses

91%-92% of plasma volume

7%-8%

1%-2%

Solvent

Defense, clotting, lipid transport, roles in extracellular fluid volume, etc.

Roles in extracellular fluid volume, pH, etc.

1.White blood cells: Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes(macrophages) Eosinophils Basophils

2.Platelets

3.Red blood cells

3,000-6,7501,000-2,700

150-720 100-360

25-90

250,00-300,000

4,800,000-5,400,000 per microliter

Phagocytosis during inflammationImmune responsesPhagocytosis in all defense responsesDefense against parasitic wormsSecrete substances for inflammatory response and for fat removal from blood

Roles in clotting

Oxygen, carbon dioxide transport

Video: Immortality IndustryVideo: Immortality Industry

This video clip is available in CNN Today This video clip is available in CNN Today Videos for Anatomy and Physiology, 2004, Videos for Anatomy and Physiology, 2004, Volume VIII. Instructors, contact your local Volume VIII. Instructors, contact your local sales representative to order this volume, sales representative to order this volume, while supplies last.while supplies last.

Useful References for Section 1Useful References for Section 1


InfoTrac: FDA to Hear Artificial Blood Test InfoTrac: FDA to Hear Artificial Blood Test Proposal. Proposal. UPI NewsTrackUPI NewsTrack, July 6, 2006., July 6, 2006.

Section 2Section 2

How Blood Transports How Blood Transports OxygenOxygen

How Blood Transports OxygenHow Blood Transports Oxygen

Hemoglobin is the oxygen Hemoglobin is the oxygen

carrier.carrier. Only a tiny amount of oxygen Only a tiny amount of oxygen

is dissolved in blood plasma.is dissolved in blood plasma. Most of the oxygen is bound to the heme groups Most of the oxygen is bound to the heme groups

of hemoglobin; oxygen-bearing hemoglobin is of hemoglobin; oxygen-bearing hemoglobin is called called oxyhemoglobinoxyhemoglobin..

What determines how much oxygen What determines how much oxygen hemoglobin can carry?hemoglobin can carry?


The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin changes as conditions in the tissues vary.changes as conditions in the tissues vary.

• Binding of oxygen is favored by conditions in the Binding of oxygen is favored by conditions in the lungs: abundant oxygen, cooler temperature, and lungs: abundant oxygen, cooler temperature, and neutral pH.neutral pH.

• Release of oxygen is favored in the tissues where Release of oxygen is favored in the tissues where the oxygen levels are lower, temperatures higher, the oxygen levels are lower, temperatures higher, and pH more acidic.and pH more acidic.

• Hemoglobin also transports a small amount of Hemoglobin also transports a small amount of carbon dioxide.carbon dioxide.

p.146

Hb + O2

more O2

coolerless acidic

less O2

warmermore acidic

TISSUESLUNGS

Hb + O2HbO2 HbO2

Animation: Globin and Animation: Globin and Hemoglobin StructureHemoglobin Structure

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Each hemoglobin molecule has four Each hemoglobin molecule has four polypeptide chains (globin proteins), each of polypeptide chains (globin proteins), each of which possesses a heme group containing an which possesses a heme group containing an iron molecule; each iron binds one molecule of iron molecule; each iron binds one molecule of oxygen.oxygen.

coiled and twisted polypeptide chain of one globin molecule

heme group

Fig. 8.3b, p.146



Royal Society of Chemistry: Transport of Royal Society of Chemistry: Transport of Oxygen in the BloodOxygen in the Blood

InfoTrac: Hemoglobin Levels Are Testy InfoTrac: Hemoglobin Levels Are Testy Issue. Issue. New York Daily NewsNew York Daily News, Feb. 12, 2006., Feb. 12, 2006.

Section 3Section 3

Hormonal Control of Red Hormonal Control of Red Blood Cell ProductionBlood Cell Production

Hormonal Control of Hormonal Control of Red Blood Cell ProductionRed Blood Cell Production

Red blood cells form from stem cells Red blood cells form from stem cells located in red bone marrow.located in red bone marrow.

The hormone The hormone erythropoietinerythropoietin from the kidneys from the kidneys is the stimulus for stem cell division.is the stimulus for stem cell division.

Mature red blood cells have no nuclei and live Mature red blood cells have no nuclei and live for only about 120 days.for only about 120 days.

• Macrophages remove old blood cells from the Macrophages remove old blood cells from the bloodstream; amino acids are returned to the blood, bloodstream; amino acids are returned to the blood, iron is returned to the bone marrow, and heme iron is returned to the bone marrow, and heme groups are converted to bilirubin.groups are converted to bilirubin.

• Red Red cell countscell counts remain rather constant at 5.4 remain rather constant at 5.4 million/microliter for males and 4.8 million for million/microliter for males and 4.8 million for females.females.

Hormonal Control of Hormonal Control of Red Blood Cell ProductionRed Blood Cell Production

A negative feedback loop stabilizes the red A negative feedback loop stabilizes the red blood cell count.blood cell count.

The kidneys monitor oxygen content of the The kidneys monitor oxygen content of the blood; when it drops too low, the kidneys blood; when it drops too low, the kidneys secrete erythropoietin.secrete erythropoietin.

Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells; this increases produce more red blood cells; this increases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.

As oxygen levels rise, the information feeds As oxygen levels rise, the information feeds back to the kidneys, which stop secreting back to the kidneys, which stop secreting erythropoietin.erythropoietin.

Fig. 8.4, p.147

Reduced oxygenin blood

The kidneys detect reduced O2 in the blood.

When less O2 is delivered to the kidneys, they secrete the hormone erythropoietin into the blood.

Erythropoietin stimulates production of red blood cells in bone marrow.

The additional circulating RBCs increase O2 carried in blood.

The increased O2 relieves the initial stimulus that triggered erythropoietin secretion.RBCs

Erythropoietin

Increased oxygenin blood

Kidney

Developingred blood cellsin red bonemarrowRelieves

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

Section 4Section 4

Blood Types – Blood Types – Genetically Different Red Genetically Different Red

Blood CellsBlood Cells

All cells of the human body have surface All cells of the human body have surface proteins and other molecules that serve as proteins and other molecules that serve as “self” identification markers.“self” identification markers.

Any protein marker that prompts a defensive Any protein marker that prompts a defensive action is called an action is called an antigenantigen..

The human body produces The human body produces antibodiesantibodies that that recognize markers on foreign cells as “nonself” recognize markers on foreign cells as “nonself” and stimulate immune reactions.and stimulate immune reactions.

Blood Types – Blood Types – Genetically Different Red Blood CellsGenetically Different Red Blood Cells

The ABO group of blood types includes key The ABO group of blood types includes key self markers on red blood cells. self markers on red blood cells.

ABO blood groups are based on glycoprotein ABO blood groups are based on glycoprotein surface markers on red blood cells.surface markers on red blood cells.

• Type A has A markers; type B has B markers.Type A has A markers; type B has B markers.• Type AB has both markers; type O has neither Type AB has both markers; type O has neither

marker.marker. Depending on ABO blood type, the body will Depending on ABO blood type, the body will

also possess antibodies to other blood types; also possess antibodies to other blood types; ABO blood typingABO blood typing is done to prevent is done to prevent incompatible blood types from being mixed.incompatible blood types from being mixed.


Mixing incompatible blood types can cause Mixing incompatible blood types can cause the clumping called agglutination.the clumping called agglutination.

Type A blood types do not have antibodies Type A blood types do not have antibodies against A markers, but they do have antibodies against A markers, but they do have antibodies to type B; Type B blood types do not have type to type B; Type B blood types do not have type B antibodies, but they do have type A B antibodies, but they do have type A antibodies, etc.antibodies, etc.

• A type A person cannot donate blood to a type B A type A person cannot donate blood to a type B person because they are person because they are incompatibleincompatible..

• When mixed, markers on the surface of red blood When mixed, markers on the surface of red blood cells (not just the ABO markers) that do not match cells (not just the ABO markers) that do not match will cause the blood cells to undergo will cause the blood cells to undergo agglutinationagglutination, , a defense response where the blood cells clump.a defense response where the blood cells clump.


Animation: Genetics of ABO Blood TypesAnimation: Genetics of ABO Blood Types

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Table 8.1, p.148

Table 8.2, p.151

Animation: Transfusions and Blood TypesAnimation: Transfusions and Blood Types

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Blood Types – Genetically Different Red Blood Types – Genetically Different Red Blood CellsBlood Cells

Clumped cells can clog small blood vessels, Clumped cells can clog small blood vessels, damage tissues, and cause death. damage tissues, and cause death.

Fig. 8.5b, p. 149Fig. 8.5b, p. 149

incompatible blood cellscompatible blood cells

Fig. 8.5a, p.149

Oxygen and nutrient flow to cells and tissues is reduced

Donortype B blood Recipient with

type A blood

Antigen B

Antibody totype A blood

Antibody totype B blood

Antigen A

Red blood cells fromdonor agglutinatedby antibodies inrecipient’s blood

Red blood cells usually burst Clumping blocks blood

flow in capillaries

Side effects disrupt kidney function

Fig. 8.5a, p.149

Stepped Art

Donortype B blood Recipient with

type A blood

Oxygen and nutrient flow to cells and tissues is reduced

Red blood cells usually burst Clumping blocks blood flow

in capillaries

Side effects disrupt kidney function

Red blood cells fromdonor agglutinatedby antibodies inrecipient’s blood

Antigen A

Antibody totype B blood

Antibody totype A blood

Antigen B



InfoTrac: Babies Accept Hearts with All Blood InfoTrac: Babies Accept Hearts with All Blood Types. Types. UPI NewsTrackUPI NewsTrack, April 5, 2005., April 5, 2005.

Section 5Section 5

Rh Blood TypingRh Blood Typing

Rh blood typing looks for an Rh marker.Rh blood typing looks for an Rh marker. Rh blood typingRh blood typing looks for the presence (Rh looks for the presence (Rh++) )

or absence (Rhor absence (Rh--) of antigen on red blood cells. ) of antigen on red blood cells. An RhAn Rh-- person transfused with Rh person transfused with Rh++ blood will blood will

produce antibodies to the Rh marker.produce antibodies to the Rh marker.


An RhAn Rh-- mother who bears an Rh mother who bears an Rh++ child can also child can also become sensitized to the Rh antigen; become sensitized to the Rh antigen; secondary children may be at risk from secondary children may be at risk from maternal antibodies.maternal antibodies.

• In In hemolytic disease of the newbornhemolytic disease of the newborn, too many , too many cells may be destroyed and the fetus dies.cells may be destroyed and the fetus dies.

• Medical treatment (RhoGam) given to the mother Medical treatment (RhoGam) given to the mother after the birth of the first Rhafter the birth of the first Rh++ baby can inactivate the baby can inactivate the Rh antibodies.Rh antibodies.


Animation: Rh Blood Type Animation: Rh Blood Type and Pregnancy Complicationsand Pregnancy Complications

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There are also many other markers on red There are also many other markers on red blood cells.blood cells.

Hundreds of different blood cell markers are Hundreds of different blood cell markers are known; most are widely scattered in the human known; most are widely scattered in the human population.population.

To avoid problems with transfusions, blood To avoid problems with transfusions, blood undergoes undergoes cross-matching cross-matching to exclude to exclude incompatible blood types from being used.incompatible blood types from being used.




InfoTrac: Rh Disease: It’s Still a Threat. InfoTrac: Rh Disease: It’s Still a Threat. Contemporary OB/GYNContemporary OB/GYN, May 2004., May 2004.

Section 6Section 6

New Frontiers of Blood New Frontiers of Blood TypingTyping

Blood + DNA: Investigating crimes and Blood + DNA: Investigating crimes and identifying mom or dad.identifying mom or dad.

Blood cell markers can be used to compare Blood cell markers can be used to compare evidence from crime scenes to samples taken evidence from crime scenes to samples taken from possible perpetrators.from possible perpetrators.

Because blood groups are determined by Because blood groups are determined by genes, they are a useful source of information genes, they are a useful source of information about a person’s genetic heritage.about a person’s genetic heritage.

Blood typing can also be used to help Blood typing can also be used to help determine the identity of a child’s father or determine the identity of a child’s father or mother.mother.

New Frontiers of Blood TypingNew Frontiers of Blood Typing

For safety’s sake, some people bank their For safety’s sake, some people bank their own blood.own blood.

Even with screening, blood transfusions still Even with screening, blood transfusions still carry the risk of being incompatible or carry the risk of being incompatible or potentially contaminated with infectious agents.potentially contaminated with infectious agents.

In In autologous transfusionsautologous transfusions, individuals pre-, individuals pre-donate blood to donate blood to

themselves prior themselves prior

to surgeries in case to surgeries in case

transfusion is needed.transfusion is needed.



Blood substitutes must also avoid sparking Blood substitutes must also avoid sparking an immune response.an immune response.

Blood substitutes have potential uses in Blood substitutes have potential uses in situations where it is not feasible to perfectly situations where it is not feasible to perfectly match blood, such as in an ambulance or on match blood, such as in an ambulance or on the battlefield.the battlefield.

To date, however, substitutes have To date, however, substitutes have been difficult to manufacture; been difficult to manufacture; OxygentOxygentTMTM is an oxygen carrier is an oxygen carrier that has currently reached the final that has currently reached the final stages of clinical trials.stages of clinical trials.


Useful References for Section 6 Useful References for Section 6


InfoTrac: Autologous Blood Transfusion: A InfoTrac: Autologous Blood Transfusion: A Safer Way of Transfusion. Safer Way of Transfusion. GPGP, Feb. 24, , Feb. 24, 2006.2006.

Section 7Section 7

Hemostasis and Blood Hemostasis and Blood ClottingClotting

Hemostasis and Blood ClottingHemostasis and Blood Clotting

Hemostasis prevents blood loss.Hemostasis prevents blood loss. HemostasisHemostasis is the process that stops bleeding is the process that stops bleeding

to prevent excess loss of blood.to prevent excess loss of blood.• Spasms of the smooth muscle in the damaged blood Spasms of the smooth muscle in the damaged blood

vessel stop blood flow for a few minutes by vessel stop blood flow for a few minutes by constriction of the vessel.constriction of the vessel.

• Platelets clump to plug the rupture; they then release Platelets clump to plug the rupture; they then release serotonin and other chemicals to prolong the spasm serotonin and other chemicals to prolong the spasm and attract more platelets.and attract more platelets.

• Finally, the blood Finally, the blood coagulatescoagulates to form the clot. to form the clot. Hemostasis can only seal tears and punctures Hemostasis can only seal tears and punctures

that are relatively small.that are relatively small.

Animation: HemostasisAnimation: Hemostasis

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Fig. 8.8, p.152

Ca2+

Blood flow

Fibrinogen

Prothrombin

Thrombin

Fibrin threads (clot)

Damaged cells and platelets release substances thatactivate clotting factors

Injury toblood vessel

Wall of vesselcontracts

Platelets stickto collagen fibersof damaged vesselwall

More permanentclot forms

Blood flowceases

PlateletplugBlood flow

decreases

Blood flowdecreases

Prothrombinactivator

Ca2+

1 2 3 4


Factors in blood are one trigger for blood Factors in blood are one trigger for blood clotting.clotting.

In the In the intrinsic clotting mechanismintrinsic clotting mechanism, internal , internal damage activates a plasma protein (“factor X”) damage activates a plasma protein (“factor X”) that triggers the formation of that triggers the formation of thrombinthrombin. .

Thrombin acts on Thrombin acts on fibrinogenfibrinogen to form insoluble to form insoluble threads of threads of fibrinfibrin that will entrap blood cells and that will entrap blood cells and platelets to form a clot.platelets to form a clot.


Factors from damaged Factors from damaged tissue also can cause a tissue also can cause a clot to form.clot to form.

In the In the extrinsic clotting extrinsic clotting mechanismmechanism, blood , blood clotting is triggered by the clotting is triggered by the release of substances release of substances outside the blood itself outside the blood itself due to damage there; the due to damage there; the pathway is similar to the pathway is similar to the intrinsic mechanism.intrinsic mechanism.



Clots that form in unbroken vessels can be life-Clots that form in unbroken vessels can be life-threatening.threatening.

• A clot that stays where it forms is called a A clot that stays where it forms is called a thrombusthrombus; ; one that breaks free and moves is called an one that breaks free and moves is called an embolusembolus..

• A A strokestroke occurs when an embolus blocks flow to occurs when an embolus blocks flow to some part of the brain.some part of the brain.

HemophiliaHemophilia is a genetic disorder where clotting is a genetic disorder where clotting factors are absent from the blood so it does not factors are absent from the blood so it does not clot properly.clot properly.

Fig. 8.9, p.153

Blood vessels

NeutrophilsdefensiveWBCs)

Damage to skin

Epidermis

Dermis

Blood clot

Fig. 8.9, p.153

Scab

Collagenfiber

Regeneratingepithelium

Bloodvessel

Collagenfiber



American Academy of Family Physicians: American Academy of Family Physicians: HypercoagulationHypercoagulation

InfoTrac: Factor V Leiden as a Common InfoTrac: Factor V Leiden as a Common Genetic Risk Factor for Venous Genetic Risk Factor for Venous Thromboembolism. Thromboembolism. Journal of Nursing Journal of Nursing ScholarshipScholarship, Spring 2006., Spring 2006.

Section 8Section 8

Blood DisordersBlood Disorders

Anemias are red blood cell disorders.Anemias are red blood cell disorders. AnemiasAnemias develop when red blood cells deliver develop when red blood cells deliver

too little oxygen to the tissues.too little oxygen to the tissues. Two types result from nutrient deficiencies:Two types result from nutrient deficiencies:

• In In iron-deficiency anemiairon-deficiency anemia, red cells contain too little , red cells contain too little hemoglobin, usually resulting from an iron-poor diet.hemoglobin, usually resulting from an iron-poor diet.

• Pernicious anemiaPernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of folic is caused by a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin Bacid or vitamin B1212..

Aplastic anemiaAplastic anemia results from a destruction of results from a destruction of the red bone marrow and its stem cells. the red bone marrow and its stem cells.


Hemolytic anemiasHemolytic anemias are are

caused by the premature caused by the premature

destruction of red blood cells.destruction of red blood cells.• Sickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemia, a genetic , a genetic

disease, is one cause.disease, is one cause.• MalariaMalaria is a major cause of is a major cause of

hemolytic anemia and follows hemolytic anemia and follows

infection by a protozoan infection by a protozoan

transmitted by mosquitoes.transmitted by mosquitoes.• In In thalassemiathalassemia, individuals produce abnormal , individuals produce abnormal

hemoglobin.hemoglobin.



Fig. 8.10, p.154

Carbon monoxide poisoning prevents Carbon monoxide poisoning prevents hemoglobin from binding oxygen.hemoglobin from binding oxygen.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas present in auto exhaust fumes and smoke gas present in auto exhaust fumes and smoke from wood, coal, charcoal, and tobacco.from wood, coal, charcoal, and tobacco.

CO binds to hemoglobin 200 times more tightly CO binds to hemoglobin 200 times more tightly than oxygen, thus blocking oxygen transport to than oxygen, thus blocking oxygen transport to tissues.tissues.


Mononucleosis and leukemias affect white Mononucleosis and leukemias affect white blood cells.blood cells.

Infectious mononucleosisInfectious mononucleosis is caused by the is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which triggers Epstein-Barr virus, which triggers overproduction of lymphocytes.overproduction of lymphocytes.

LeukemiasLeukemias are very serious cancers in which are very serious cancers in which there is an overproduction of white blood cells there is an overproduction of white blood cells and destruction of bone marrow; and destruction of bone marrow; chronic chronic myelogenous leukemiamyelogenous leukemia is one type. is one type.


Fig. 8.11, p.154

Other viral infections, such as HIV (the human Other viral infections, such as HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus), can also harm or immunodeficiency virus), can also harm or destroy white blood cells.destroy white blood cells.

Toxins can destroy blood cells or poison the Toxins can destroy blood cells or poison the blood in other ways.blood in other ways.

SepticemiaSepticemia can occur when bacteria release can occur when bacteria release toxins into the blood; toxins into the blood; Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus (Staph A) is one important example.(Staph A) is one important example.

ToxemiaToxemia happens when metabolic poisons happens when metabolic poisons accumulate in the body; toxemia can occur if accumulate in the body; toxemia can occur if the kidneys do not adequately filter the blood the kidneys do not adequately filter the blood and remove these poisons.and remove these poisons.


Video: Global AIDSVideo: Global AIDS

This video clip is available in CNN Today This video clip is available in CNN Today Videos for Biology, 2003, Volume VII. Videos for Biology, 2003, Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local sales Instructors, contact your local sales representative to order this volume, while representative to order this volume, while supplies last.supplies last.



Leukemia & Lymphoma SocietyLeukemia & Lymphoma Society National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute:

Blood Diseases and Resources InformationBlood Diseases and Resources Information InfoTrac: When Mono Strikes. Nina M. InfoTrac: When Mono Strikes. Nina M.

Riccio. Riccio. Current Health 2, Current Health 2, March 2000.March 2000. InfoTrac: Anemia: That Run-Down Feeling. InfoTrac: Anemia: That Run-Down Feeling.

Shiela Globus. Shiela Globus. Current Health 2Current Health 2, Mar. 1999., Mar. 1999.

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