Power Systems

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Paweł Szczesniak

Three-Phase AC–AC PowerConverters Based on MatrixConverter Topology

Matrix-Reactance FrequencyConverters Concept

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Paweł SzczesniakInstitute of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Zielona GóraZielona GóraPoland

ISSN 1612-1287 ISSN 1860-4676 (electronic)ISBN 978-1-4471-4895-1 ISBN 978-1-4471-4896-8 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-4896-8Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012953565

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Preface

The aim of this monograph is to present a concise conception of a new family ofmodern power frequency converters called matrix-reactance frequency converters.Currently used direct frequency converters, without DC electrical energy storageelements, have some disadvantages, such as the voltage transfer ratio limit of0.866 in the majority of topologies and control strategies. Because of this theseconverters cannot be universally used in the industry. For example, in the case ofthe variable speed drive system for induction motors, a reduction in the supplyvoltage by 10 % means 20 % loss of torque capability, which is unacceptable inmost applications. However, the advantage of this kind of converter is the elim-ination of a large and expensive DC energy storage. The converters presented inthis book also do not have DC energy storage. What is more they enable the buck-boost voltage transformation. The topologies of the presented matrix-reactancefrequency converters are based on the three-phase unipolar buck-boost matrix-reactance chopper with source or load switches arranged as in a matrix converter.This approach gives the possibility to obtain an output voltage greater than theinput one (similarly as in a matrix-reactance chopper) and a frequency conversion(similarly as in a matrix converter). Nine new topologies of matrix-reactancefrequency converters based on boost, buck-boost, Cuk, Zeta or SEPIC structuresare presented.

This monograph is composed of seven chapters, the organization of which canbe understood as follows: the first chapter presents a short introduction on the stateof the art and future trends in power frequency converters. The actual designtendencies in modern power electronic converters are also discussed here.

The second chapter presents a review of the most important AC–AC frequencyconverters without DC electrical energy storage as well as basic topologies ofhybrid and with DC energy storage element converters. In this chapter thetopologies, general operation and properties of this kind of converter are discussed.Mainly attention is paid to direct matrix converter topologies (voltage and currentsource matrix converters, multilevel matrix converters) and indirect matrix con-verters (sparse, very sparse and ultra sparse). A large part of the chapter is dedi-cated to explaining the design and function of a matrix converter. A matrix

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converter consists of nine bi-directional switches as the main power elements, andcreates a variable load voltages with setting frequency. It is also referred as an‘‘all-silicon solution’’, because it does not have any large energy storage elements.The state of the art in matrix converter technology will be presented in this part ofthe text, with particular emphasis on control techniques, commutation methods andpractical circuit realisation. This part also discusses a conception of convertersbased on matrix-reactance choppers, which are later called matrix-reactance fre-quency converters. A separate subchapter is devoted to hybrid frequency con-verters with small-sized DC electrical energy storage elements.

Chapter 3 describes the concept of a new family of matrix-reactance frequencyconverter topologies. In addition, a general description of such converters is alsopresented. The control techniques for these converters, based on the low frequencyVenturini method, in particular, are exposed. Moreover, another concept of controlstrategies are suggested.

In Chap. 4 the averaged state space models of the discussed matrix-reactancefrequency converters are described. It should be noted that the models, as a resultof averaging, are continuously non-stationary ones, because the average valueswitch state function of matrix switches are time-varying. In order to obtain astationary averaged state space model, a two-frequency form (dq) transformation isused. The aim of this chapter is to show stationary mathematical models of allmatrix-reactance frequency converters. Furthermore, one part of the chapterincludes the solution to the stationary averaged equations, based on stationaryaveraged models, in steady and transient states. Based on this solution the steadyand transient state time waveforms of the averaged state variables are described,and steady-state characteristics are drawn.

Chapters 5 and 6 present some analytical, simulation and experimental testresults. Analytical, test results are obtained from the solution presented in theprevious chapter. Steady and transient state average time waveforms of currentsand voltages in matrix-reactance frequency converters are shown. Furthermore thestatic characteristics are also presented. Additionally, a simulation verification ofthe first of two matrix-reactance frequency converters with buck-boost topologyhas been carried out with the use of a drive system with an inductor cage motor. Asimulation study was carried out using the PSpice program. Furthermore, a 1 kVAmatrix-reactance frequency converter with buck-boost topologies (two topologies)has been constructed to verify experimentally the concept. The obtained experi-mental and simulation test results confirm the theoretical analysis. The experi-mental test results are also shown in this section. Finally, in Chap. 7 conclusionsand other comments are made.

Zielona Góra, August 2012 Paweł Szczesniak

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Acknowledgments

The author thanks the Institute of Electrical Engineering members for their helpand technical advice on this monograph.

Special thanks go to Professor Zbigniew Fedyczak.

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Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Review of AC–AC Frequency Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.2 Frequency Converters with a DC Energy Storage Element . . . . . 192.3 Frequency Converters Without DC Energy Storage Element. . . . 22

2.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.3.2 Direct AC–AC Frequency Converters:

Matrix Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.3.3 Indirect AC–AC Frequency Converters Without

DC Energy Storage Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652.3.4 AC–AC Frequency Converters Based

on Matrix-Reactance Chopper Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . 722.4 Hybrid AC–AC Frequency Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742.5 Summary of Topology Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

3 Concept of Matrix-Reactance Frequency Converters . . . . . . . . . . . 873.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873.2 Topology Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883.3 Topologies of Matrix-Reactance Frequency Converters

with Voltage Source Matrix Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953.4 Topologies of Matrix-Reactance Frequency Converters

with a Current Source Matrix Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983.5 Control Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003.6 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

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4 Modeling of Matrix-Reactance Frequency Converters . . . . . . . . . . 1074.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074.2 Averaged State-Space Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084.3 Stationary State-Space Averaged Model: dq Transformation . . . . 1104.4 Solution of Stationary State-Space Averaged Equations . . . . . . . 1124.5 Mathematical Models of Matrix Reactance

Frequency Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134.6 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5 Property Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275.2 Steady-State Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285.3 Transient State Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375.4 Drive System Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405.5 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

6 Experimental Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516.2 Practical Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516.3 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596.4 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

7 Summary of Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

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Acronyms

3D Three-Dimensional SpaceAC Alternating CurrentA/D Analog to Digital ConverterARCP Auxiliary Resonant Commutated PoleB2B Back-to-BackCSI Current Source InverterCSMC Current Source Matrix ConverterCSR Current Source RectifierD/A Digital to Analog ConverterDC Direct CurrentDPFC Direct Power Frequency ConvertersDSP Digital Signal Processordq Direct–Quadrature TransformationEMC Electromagnetic CompatibilityEMI Electromagnetic InterferenceFACTS Flexible AC Transmission SystemFCC Forced Commutated CycloconvertersFPGA Field Programmable Gate ArrayGTO Gate Turn-Off ThyristorIGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar TransistorILMC Inverting Link Matrix ConverterIMC Indirect Matrix ConverterI/O Input/OutputJFET Junction Gate Field-Effect TransistorJTAG Joint Test Action GroupLC Resonant circuit consists of an inductor (L) and a capacitor (C)LPF Low-Pass FilterLSCS Load Synchronous-Connected Switches SetMC Matrix ConverterMCS Matrix-Connected Switches SetMIMC Multilevel Indirect Matrix Converter

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MLMC Multi Level Matrix ConverterMMC Modular Matrix ConverterMOS Metal-Oxide-SemiconductorMRC Matrix-Reactance ChopperMRFC Matrix-Reactance Frequency ConverterMRFC-b Topology of MRFC Based on Boost MRCMRFC-I-b-b First Topology of MRFC Based on Buck-Boost MRCMRFC-II-b-b Second Topology of MRFC Based on Buck-Boost MRCMRFC-I-c First Topology of MRFC Based Cuk MRCMRFC-II-c Second Topology of MRFC Based on Cuk MRCMRFC-I-z First Topology of MRFC Based on Zeta MRCMRFC-II-z Second Topology of MRFC Based on Zeta MRCMRFC-I-s First Topology of MRFC Based on SEPIC MRCMRFC-II-s Second Topology of MRFC Based on SEPIC MRCMTO MOS Turn-Off ThyristorNCC Naturally Commutated CycloconvertersPC Personal ComputerPCI Peripheral Component InterconnectPh.D. Doctor of Philosophy—for the Latin Philosophiae DoctorPWM Pulse-Width ModulationRAM Random Access MemoryRB-IGBT Reverse Blocking Insulated Gate Bipolar TransistorRLC Resonant circuit consists of a resistor (R) an inductor (L) and a

capacitor (C)SCS Synchronous-Connected Switches setSEPIC Single-Ended Primary-Inductance ConverterSMC Sparse Matrix ConverterSPFC Static Power Frequency ConvertersSSCS Source Synchronous-Connected Switches SetSVM Space Vector ModulationVSI Voltage Source InverterVSMC Very Sparse Matrix ConverterVSMC Voltage Source Matrix ConverterVSR Voltage Source RectifierUPS Uninterruptible Power SuppliesUSB Universal Serial BusUSMC Ultra Sparse Matrix ConverterZCS Zero Current Switchingabc Stationary Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

xii Acronyms