POWER SYSTEM COMMISSIONING AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICE DET 310 CHAPTER 7 UNDERGROUND CABLES.

POWER SYSTEM COMMISSIONING AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICE

DET 310

CHAPTER 7

UNDERGROUND CABLES

70 INTRODUCTION

A considerable amount of transmission and distribution of electrical energy especially in densely populated urban areas is carried out by means of underground cable

The underground cable are rugged in construction and provide greater service reliability increased safety better appearance and trouble free service under a variety of environmental conditions

71 Applications Of Underground Cables

Underground cables are necessary for supply connection in the electrical plants in generating stations transmission system and distribution systems utilization plants and so on List of example of underground cable application for connecting one apparatus with the others for the following

- Supply power to the individual machine apparatus in electrical plants- Connection between switchgear and individual load group load- Connection between auxiliary transformer and switchgear- Subtransmission line between receiving substation and distribution substation

72 Underground Distribution System Vs Overhead Line

Safety Reliability of supply Interference Disturbance Maintenance Environment impact Economics

73 Cable Constructions

A cable consists of three main components-bull Conductorbull Insulationbull Sheath

External protection is provided by the sheath against

mechanical damage chemical reaction moisture an so on


bull Conductorndash An element design to

transmit electricityndash A single core has one

conductor while a three-core has 3 conductors

ndash A cable may be has single core 3 core or multiple conductor

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ETE503 Underground Cable


bull Insulationndash Is a material that reduces

or prevents the transmission of electricity

ndash Each conductor is covered by insulation

ndash Insulation is phase to ground and phase to phase

XLPE

PAPER

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bull Sheathndash Cable protective covering ndash Metallic or nonmetallic

protective covering over the conductor insulation shield

ndash External protection is provided by the sheath against mechanical damage chemical reaction moisture an so on

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75 Types of Underground Cables

bullThe identification of the cable are based on the several items

bull Insulationbull Voltage Systembull Cable Sizing And Corebull Technical Specification Characteristics Of The

Cable

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bullUsually the operating voltage decides the types of insulation and cable placed in various categories depending upon the voltage for which they are designed

ndashLow Voltage Cable (LV) 11kVndashHigh Voltage Cable (HV) 11 kV

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76 High Voltage Cable Categories

bullPaper Insulationndash3 core belted 11kV PILC cablendashSingle core screened 11 kV PILC cable

bullPolymer Insulationndash3 core XLPE 11 kV cablendashSingle core XLPE 11 kV cable

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bull A = Conductor (Aluminum)

bull B = Strand Screen (carbon black paper )bull C = Insulation (Paper)bull D = Insulation Screen

(carbon black paper)bull E = Sheath (copper

lead)bull F = Jacket Example of Single core

screened 11 kV PILC cable041923

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bull B = Strand Screen (extruded

semiconducting)bull C = Insulation (XLPE)bull D = Insulation Screen (extruded

semiconducting)bull E = Shield (copper

tape)bull F = Jacket

Example of Single core XLPE 11 kV cable

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78 Why XLPE Cable

ndash Excellent Electrical amp Physical Properties

ndash Capable Of Carrying Large Current At High Temperaturebull Normal ~ 90ocbull Emergency ~ 130ocbull Short Circuit Conditions

~250ocndash Easy To Install ndash XLPE Easier

To Jointndash No Need For Metallic Sheath

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79 Cable Accessories

bull A cable network must be capable of supplying electric power without interruption

bull If a failure does occur it is usually the junction points on the network that are at fault rarely the cable

bull So it pays to choose cable accessories with care

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bull Cable accessories can be divided into 3 major categories-ndash JointSplice

ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice

TerminationConnector

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710 Examples of Cable JointSplice

Examples Of LVMVHV Cable Joint-

1LV Heat Shrink Joint

2LV Heat Shrink (Branch Joint)

3MV Heat Shrink Joint

4MV Heat Shrink Joint (Transition Joint Paper To Polymeric)

5 HV Heat Shrink Joint Up To 72KV

6HV Heat Shrink Joint Up To 170kv

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bull Cable termination is one of the important components in the electrical power system

bull A failure of it can cause a long interruption costly repair and loss of revenue

bull A cable termination is a way of preparing the end of a cable to provide adequate electrical and mechanical properties

710 Cable Accessories ndashTermination

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711 Examples of Cable Connector

Examples Of LVMVHV Cable Connector-

1 MV Heat Shrink Straight Bushing Boot

2MV Heat Shrink Right Angle Bushing Boot

3MV Push On connector with surge arrestor

4MV Push On Connector separable 3 Core

5 MV Push On Connector 1 Core

6MV Push On Straight Bushing Boot

1 2 3 4 5 6

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7120 (CABLE FAULT) INTRODUCTION

1048707 Cable faults are undesirable causes because-

1 Power supply is interrupted

2 Locating fault in a long underground cable is difficult and time consuming

3 Repairing faulty cable is difficult and time consuming aging is a natural process

1048707 Cable insulation gets deterioration with time1048707 Preventive Maintenance periodic monitoring is necessary to prevent failure

7121 CAUSES OF CABLE FAULT (CONTINUE)

71221 MECHANICAL

7122 CAUSES OF UNDERGROUND CABLE FAILURE

Major factors that cause failure of a cable are-

bull Damaged accidentally by external mechanical means

bull Damage caused as a results of mishandling the cable

during layout

bull Poor workmanship in cable jointing

bull Natural causes due to aging

of cable

bull Damaged caused by movement

of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING

Mishandling of cable may be occurred during installation

Some of the examples are

1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush

71223 Poor workmanship During Cable Jointing

The cable are jointed together with poor workmanship can lead to cable fault after a period of time

71224 NATURAL CAUSES DUE TO AGING OF CABLE

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

713 TYPES OF CABLE FAULT

GENERAL

bull Series (open circuit) Fault

- Failure of continuity (conductor (s) or cable)

bull Shunt (short circuit) fault

- failure of insulation

713 TYPES OF FAULT (CONTINUE)-


7131 SERIES AND SHUNT FAULT

Are subsided into the following categories

Low Resistance Fault of ZR 10

Where Zo= cable surge impedance

=10 ndash 100 ohm

Usually happens in series fault

High Resistance Fault

Where ZoR f 10

7132 INTERMITTENT OR FLASH FAULT

-Usually not apparent to insulation resistance measuring

instrument

-Does not manifest itself at lower voltages or a surge

-Breakdown will appear under application of high voltage

dc or DC pressure test

714 FAULT LOCATION PROCEDURE

The proper sequence of cable fault location are as follows

a) Analysis of fault

b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing

d) Confirmation and re-test

714 FAULT LOCATION PROCEDURE (cont-)







Continuity Test - With the cable conductor shorted or looped at the remote end perform continuity test on the cable

- Measure and record the results in ohm

- Three measurements are to be carried out between R-Y Y-B B-R

- The test will determine whether any of cable is open circuited - The resistance per-conductor per km is provided in Table VI VII VIII and IX (refer appendix A)


if the continuity of the cable is sound insulation resistance from one end are sufficient

If continuity is broken IR test should be carried out at both ends of the cable

7141 BURNING A FAULT

-The continuity and IR test may indicate that burning of fault by means of HT pressure test set is required

-

7141 BURNING A FAULT (continue-)

-Burning a fault is achieve by passing current from a DC HT test set through the fault

-Other conductors not under test should be earthed

-HT is applied for about 5 to 10 minutes to burn the fault

- HT test is used to determine which fault location equipment is suitable to be used

-HT is the last resort often used because it sometimes produce ambiguous and unpredictable results

-Therefore fault location equipment should be attempted first

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70 INTRODUCTION

A considerable amount of transmission and distribution of electrical energy especially in densely populated urban areas is carried out by means of underground cable

The underground cable are rugged in construction and provide greater service reliability increased safety better appearance and trouble free service under a variety of environmental conditions















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PAPER

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Cable

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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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PAPER

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Cable

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78 Why XLPE Cable





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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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XLPE

PAPER

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Cable

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78 Why XLPE Cable





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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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Cable

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78 Why XLPE Cable





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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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Cable

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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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2

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4

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1 2 3 4 5 6

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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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78 Why XLPE Cable





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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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2

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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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78 Why XLPE Cable





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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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2

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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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ndash Termination

ndash Connector


JointSplice


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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

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78 Why XLPE Cable


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1 2 3 4 5 6

041923

19









71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








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78 Why XLPE Cable


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71221 MECHANICAL





during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

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78 Why XLPE Cable


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during layout



of cable


of soil and erosion

71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

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Slide 4

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78 Why XLPE Cable


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71222 MISHANDLING



1 Excessive pull

2 Sharp bend

3 Accident crush




CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5


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Slide 10



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78 Why XLPE Cable


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CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5


Slide 7



Slide 10



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78 Why XLPE Cable


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CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5


Slide 7



Slide 10



Slide 13

78 Why XLPE Cable


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CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5


Slide 7



Slide 10



Slide 13

78 Why XLPE Cable


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CONTINUE-

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5


Slide 7



Slide 10



Slide 13

78 Why XLPE Cable


Slide 16




Slide 20

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Slide 45

Slide 46

CONTINUE-


GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5


Slide 7



Slide 10



Slide 13

78 Why XLPE Cable


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GENERAL











=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5


Slide 7



Slide 10



Slide 13

78 Why XLPE Cable


Slide 16




Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

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Slide 44

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=10 ndash 100 ohm



Where ZoR f 10



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5


Slide 7



Slide 10



Slide 13

78 Why XLPE Cable


Slide 16




Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

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Slide 24

Slide 25

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Slide 28

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Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46



instrument







b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5


Slide 7



Slide 10



Slide 13

78 Why XLPE Cable


Slide 16




Slide 20

Slide 21

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b) Pre-location

c) Pin Pointing


















-








Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5


Slide 7



Slide 10



Slide 13

78 Why XLPE Cable


Slide 16




Slide 20

Slide 21

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-








Slide 1

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78 Why XLPE Cable


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78 Why XLPE Cable


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POWER SYSTEM COMMISSIONING AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICE DET 310 CHAPTER 7 UNDERGROUND CABLES.

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Transcript of POWER SYSTEM COMMISSIONING AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICE DET 310 CHAPTER 7 UNDERGROUND CABLES.