POWER POINT on bt crops
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Battling the Two-Edged Sword in China:
Controlling Pests with Bt Cotton and Managing
Resistance Build-up with Refuge Policies
Fangbin Qiao
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Bacillus thuringiensis Bt
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On the one hand
One the other hand
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resistant
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Refuge
resistant susceptible
On plots with Bt cotton On plots with no Bt cotton
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Is a US-style refuge policy really
suitable for all the other countries?
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what are the optimal refuge polices for these countries?
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It turns out that to properly model this issue, the context
of the study (such as the dynamics of the pest population, the nature of the cropping patterns; etc.)all matter. Therefore, a model on cotton is going to bedifferent than a model on corn
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0
20
40
60
N o r t h e r
C e n t r a
W e s t e r
( %
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
1 9
7 9
1 9
8 2
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8 5
1 9
8 8
1 9
9 1
1 9
9 4
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2 0
0 0
( 1
, 0 0 0
t o n s
)
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Helicoverpa
armigera
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9329
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On the one hand,
On the other hand,
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140160
180
1981 1985 1987 1995
Resistance factor of
cotton bollworm to
pyrethroid
In fact, this was not the first
time that the bollworm
population built up resistance.
During the 1980s, it had built up resistance to
organophosphates.
So, farmers had to move to
using pyrethroid-based
insecticides. The problem in theearly 1990s was that there was
nothing to move into.
This tendency of the bollworm to
evolve resistance is an
important characteristic that I
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Nice wine!
Am I drunk?
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0
2000
4000
6000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
( 1 , 0 0 0
h a
)
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0
25
50
75
100
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
( % )
Henan, Shandong, and Hebei are the 2nd, 3rd and 4th largest cotton roduction rovinces in China
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Bt is just another
pesticide. Will
bollworms developresistance like they
did to OPs in the
1980s and
Pyrethroids in the1990s?0
40
80
120
1 10 18 33 38 44
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In the US: non-Bt cotton refuge
natural refuge crop
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In China: things are different There are“natural refuge crops” in the diverse croppingpattern
Definition of natural refuge crop: a crop otherthan cotton that can serve as a host for thecotton bollworm
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China’s cropping patterns are different than those in the US where cotton is often mono-cropped
across huge areas. The typical view in China is like this. Cotton plots are planted among manydifferent crops. Farms are very diversified
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And, so the argument is that China does not need to spend the
time and effort developing, enforcing cotton refuges.
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In China: things are different There are“natural refuge crops” in the diverse croppingpattern
Definition of natural refuge crop: a crop otherthan cotton that can serve as a host for thecotton bollworm
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So, what are the cropping patterns like in Northern China? Are there
natural refuges? I use 3 tapes of data to show this. And information
from these data sources are incorporated into my analysis
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my family farm (2006)
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hosted
CORN
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∑
=
=+
−−=− geno
geno
geno
t t t t t
MR D D g D D
No. 1
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∑
∑∑=
=
=
=
=
=
+
−−−+
−−−−+−−−=−
geno
geno
geno
t t t t t
geno
geno
genot t t t t t
geno
geno
genot t t t t t t
MR D D g ww
MR D D g wwwMR D D g wwww
∑
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=
==
+
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geno geno
t t t t t
geno geno
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geno geno
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MR D D g vv
MR D D g vvvMR D D g vvvv
No. 2
No. 3
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( )t t t t t t t
T t
t
nbtcp
btcpq
nbtcpqbtcpqccpqcbt D
t
t
t
Min δ α −+++∑=
=
≤≤
≤≤≤≤
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∑=
=
+ −−=− geno
geno
geno
t t t t t MR D D g D D
∑
∑∑
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geno
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geno
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geno
t t t t t t t
MR D D g ww
MR D D g wwwMR D D g wwww
∑
∑∑
=
==
+
−−−+
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geno geno
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geno geno
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geno geno
t t t t t t t
MR D D g vv
MR D D g vvvMR D D g vvvv
)+
≤≤
≤≤
≤≤
=
=+−+++= t t t t t t t t
nbtcpbtcpq
T t
t DV nbtcpqbtcpqccpqcbt D DV
t
t
t
Min δ α
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1
0 .
5
0
. 5
1
0 5 10 15
(Year)
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Even though 100% Bt cotton has been planted for 15 years, because
of these natural refuge crops, the share of the susceptible gene to Bt
toxin is still hi h >80% at the 15th ear.
(Year)
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However, if we assume natural refuge crops are not available, or cotton
is the only host plant for cotton bollworm, and if 100% Bt cotton has
been planted for 15 years, then the share of the susceptible gene to Bt
toxin will be very low (near zero) at the 15th year. In other words, pest
(Year)
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Cost of zero refuge policy and optimal dynamic refuge
policy for 20-year plan
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Thank you!