Power of Pollinators - Nebraska Game and Parks...
Transcript of Power of Pollinators - Nebraska Game and Parks...
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Power ofPower ofPollinatorsPollinators
Lindsay RogersNebraska Game & Parks Commission
Nebraska Project WILD
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Why is Why is pollination pollination important? important?
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Do you LikeDo you LikeChocolate?Chocolate?
Coffee?Coffee?Almonds?
apples?Bananas?Tequila? Tequila?
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“Pollination is one of the mostPollination is one of the most important mechanisms in the
d fmaintenance and promotion of biodiversity and, in general, life on Earth. Pollination benefits society by increasing food y y gsecurity and improving livelihoods “livelihoods.
‐Convention on Biological Diversity, Sustaining Life on Earth
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Q: Insect pollinators helpQ: Insect pollinators help produce products amounting t $ ll i thto $_______ annually in the U.S.
A $20 thousandA. $20 thousand
B. $20 million
$C. $20 billion
D. $20 trillion
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A $20 BILLIONAnswer: $20 BILLION
Foods
BeveragesBeverages
Spices & Condiments
FibersFibers
Medicines
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F d P d tiFood Production
70% of the world’s crop plants depend on pollination (apples, bananas,
blueberries, chocolate, coffee, melons, potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila)
Wildlife depends on production of berries and fruits for foodberries and fruits for food
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So how does So, how does pollination pollination
work? work?
Pollination Pollination 101101
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Pollen is moved from the stamen to the pistil where the
ovules are fertilized
Stamen: male part of theStamen: male part of the flower
Pistil: female part of the flower
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So then what?
When the pollen reaches the ovuleWhen the pollen reaches the ovule,this results in the production of fertile
dseeds.
Some plants will self fertilize, otherswill cross pollinate.
What’s the difference?
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Self‐pollination pvs.
Cross‐pollination
With cross pollination, you get more genetic diversity in the plan thisgenetic diversity in the plan... this leads to a plant that is better able to survive.
Cloning vs BreedingCloning vs. Breeding
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So THEN what?
After fertilization, some plants producefruit in order to attract animals...
Animals eat the fruit and disperse theAnimals eat the fruit and disperse theseeds
Other plants, simply produce the seed and rely on wind to disperse the
d Oth t till thseeds... Others water, still others....
This gets into seed dispersal methods... g panother day!
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Meet the Meet the PollinationPollination
super powerssuper powers
Pollinator Pollinator SpeciesSpecies
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Q: Which species provideQ: Which species provide pollination services ________?
A. Insects B. BirdsC BatsC. BatsD. WindE. Self‐pollinationF All of the aboveF. All of the above
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A: All of the above(insects, birds, bats, wind, self‐pollination)
80% of flowering plants rely80% of flowering plants rely on animals for pollination
99% of animal pollinators are pinsects
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Insect Insect PollinatorsPollinators
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Types of Insect PollinatorsTypes of Insect Pollinators
B‐ Bees‐ Butterflies ‐WaspsMoths‐Moths
‐ Flies‐ Beetles‐ AntsAnts
Syrphid Fly (honey bee mimic)
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Q: Which species of bees is NOT native to North America?
A. Mason Bee
B. Honey Bee
C. Bumble Bee
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A: Honey BeeA: Honey Bee
So, why is it here? Imported for agriculture.
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BeesBees• Bees are one of the most common and efficient pollinatorsand efficient pollinators
• 20,000 species of bees world‐wide• 4 000 species of bees in North• 4,000 species of bees in North America
• Types of beesh b blhoney, bumble, carpenter, mason, leafcutter, sweat, and diggerdigger
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Bees Most are solitary not social, therefore not aggressive
Most DO NOT live in a hive... this is l f i l b (i honly for social bees (i.e.. honey
bees)
Branched body hairs help collect pollenpollen
Use pollen & nectar as foodUse pollen & nectar as food
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True or False?True or False? Butterflies have taste buds on their antennae?
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FALSE!FALSE!
Their taste buds are on their feet.... antenna are for smelling!
l “ ” l h hFemales “taste” plants with their feet to find the right plant to lay their eggs on.
B fl b d 2 000Butterfly taste buds are 2,000 times more sensitive than human’s.
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ButterfliesButterflies
Long tongue called a proboscis.... its used like a straw to drink nectar.
Wings are covered with delicate scales
Life Cycle – complete metamorphosisEggLarva (caterpillar)Pupa (chrysalis)Adult
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Q: Which is not a pollinator species in Nebraska?
A. WaspsB B tlB. BeetlesC. AntsD. BatsE FliesE. Flies
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A: BatsA: BatsNebraska’s bats are insectivoresinsectivores.
b k hNebraska has thousands of wasps, flies, beetles, and ants that help a ts t at e ppollinate our plants.
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The Role of The Role of FlowersFlowers
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What do these two pictures have to do with each other?other?
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They’re both ADVERTISEMENTS
Flowers attract pollinators just likejust like billboards attract
lpeople
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Flowers rely on several llstrategies to attract pollinators:
‐ Nectar: nutritional value‐ Pollen: nutritional valuePollen: nutritional value‐ Fragrance
‐ sweet: beessweet: bees‐ fruity: beetles‐ rotten: flies & waspsp
‐ Color‐ StructureStructure
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Nectar
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Pollen
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Pollen
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Color‐ Bees and butterflies see in color‐ Different eye structure than humansUV i l t bl ll (NOT d) If‐ UV, violet, blue, yellow (NOT red)... If a
flower is red, it is not pollinated by a bee or butterflybutterfly.
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Structure‐ Long and skinny – butterflies, hummingbirds
Fl “li ” h i t lik b bl‐ Flower “lip” – heavy insects like bumble bees
‐ shallow flowers – insects with a short tongues like waspsg p
‐ wide‐open flowers – insects with sponge‐l k h f “ k ”like mouth parts for “soaking‐up” nectar.
small inconspicuous flowers small‐ small inconspicuous flowers – small inconspicuous insects (ants)
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Declining pollinators...
Why?
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The Reason for the Decline• Habitat Loss (nesting sites, feeding sites)
‐Wetlands‐ PrairiesW dl d‐Woodlands
• Loss of floral diversity• Loss of floral diversity• Development‐increased urbanization• Expansion of intensive agriculture (no natural areas adjacent to crops)
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More reasons for decline• Pollution• Pesticides (dusts and micro‐encapsulated insecticides are bad)H bi id (b d• Herbicides (broadcast
spraying and pellet use)• Disease• Disease• Competition with •non‐native & invasive species• Climate change• Disruption in •migration routes
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Q: Which of the following is NOT native to Nebraska?
A bl ( it h )A. blue (pitcher) sage
B. coneflower
C. butterfly milkweed
D. purple loosestrifeD. purple loosestrife
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A: Purple LoosestrifeA: Purple Loosestrife
N ti dNon‐native and invasive species are l bl falso a problem for pollinators due to
titi (fcompetition (from other insects) and l f ti l tloss of native plant species.
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The Consequences
Specialized pollinator for some plant species... Lose the pollinator, lose the plan (and vise versa).
Loss of genetic diversity
Affect crop and fruit production
Drive up food prices
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Helping Helping PollinatorsPollinators
What CanWhat Canshould you should you
do? do?
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What needs to be done:
‐ Need better understanding of populations and economic importance of pollinatorsand economic importance of pollinators
‐ Understand their natural history and biology
‐Work to provide native habitat diversity including a succession of diverse flowersincluding a succession of diverse flowers
‐Citizen science (monitoring)
‐Incentive programs to use pollinator friendly programs
‐ EDUCATION!!
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In YOUR backyard...
‐ Provide local native food sources for larva and adultsand adults
‐ Chose several colors and shapes of flowers, fl i l i lflowers in clumps, successional
‐ Provide clean water
‐ Provide nesting sites : soft dirt, hollow branches, holes in wood
‐ Reduce (or eliminate) insecticide and herbicide use (spot treat). Avoid sprayingherbicide use (spot treat). Avoid spraying insecticide when flowers are in bloom.
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Questions?Questions?