Power Leap

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( A technical paper) DEPARTMENT OF : “ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING” COLLEGE: ST.ANN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE PRESENTED BY: S.MAHESHBABU S.PAVANKUMAR 09NC1A1034 09NC1A1036

Transcript of Power Leap

Page 1: Power Leap

( A technical paper)

DEPARTMENT OF :

“ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING”

COLLEGE:

ST.ANN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PRESENTED BY:

S.MAHESHBABU S.PAVANKUMAR

09NC1A1034 09NC1A1036

Cell no:8125800110 Cell no:9247245138

[email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT 1.INTRODUCTION

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Today each and every work in

the world is carried out by electricity. Each

continent, nation, state, city, town, village

depend on electricity to carry out the daily

activities. All the inventions till now work

on the concept of electricity. Electricity is

most often generated at a power station by

electromechanical generators, primarily

driven by heat engines fueled by chemical

combustion or nuclear fission but also by

other means such as the kinetic energy of

flowing water and wind. This kind of

electricity production is done in places

which are very far away from the

metropolitan areas and also to generate

electricity by means of these methods we

require large amounts of labor and

machine power.

The disadvantages of this type

of electricity production method include

the following. Huge turbines, dynamos and

large amounts of natural resources such as

Water and Coal are required to produce

electricity. As these electricity producing

plants are far away from the metropolitan

and the urban areas, the electricity

produced must be exported to the urban

areas by means of cables. These cables are

normally copper cables whose cost

becomes high as the distance between the

plant and the urban area becomes high.

The power exported to the urban areas

experience many losses while traveling.

These losses are very high when the power

is to be transported to a very large

distance. Cost becomes a major issue in

this process. Also the Time factor is

considered as the Electricity produced

much reach the urban areas in time.

Considering all these

disadvantages Elizabeth Redmond has

come up with a solution where in no

copper cables, dynamos, turbines and

natural resources like water, coal etc are

necessary. Losses in this process are

negligible. This process is known as

POWER LEAP.

2. WHAT IS POWER LEAP?

Energy design is a very

important concept for our rapidly evolving

society. Rather than depending on outside

sources to fabricate the energy we need,

we will take responsibility and harness

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what we already expend.  The challenge is

significant and we must propose a

breakthrough system, yet when effective, it

will have a fundamental impact on how we

live every day. Such type of a process is

POWER LEAP

POWER LEAP is a floor

tiling system that converts wasted energy

from human foot traffic into electricity.

Power leap uses PIEZO ELECTRIC

phenomenon and advanced circuitry

design, which converts human foot steps

into power. Piezoelectricity is a naturally

occurring phenomenon exhibited by

certain materials that will deform when

subjected to an electric current. Power leap

makes use of this unique material property

in the opposite way. When a force is

applied to these materials, their atomic

structure shifts and an electric gradient is

created which generates a voltage across

the material. When the piezoelectric

material is integrated into a circuit, this

voltage will create a DC current.

At rest, human body is emits

100 watts of power. That is more than

enough energy to power the computer on

which this is written. Given this we can

imagine how much energy we are emitting

while walking to work, running at the gym,

or dancing at the club! It doesn’t take a

genius to appreciate the thought of that

energy doing something more for us than

dissipating into the ground or environment.

Power leap process gives us

solution to the problem of wasted human

kinetic energy. In this a floor system is

designed that will harness the exerted

kinetic energy, and use it to generate

electricity. By integrating these interfaces

that generate electricity from our daily

activities in public and semi-public built

environments, each individual will have

the ability to generate electricity for their

community. Joggers through Central Park

would directly power the lights that make

it safe for them to jog at night. Through

use of energy generating tiles, people are

constantly involved in the very activities

that create the electricity they need. 

Dutifully offsetting their recreational

consumption, they’re contributing to the

greater energy good.

3. PRINCIPLE

Principle used in Power leap

process is Piezo electricity. Piezoelectricity

is the ability of some materials (notably

crystals and certain ceramics, including

bone) to generate an electric field or

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electric potential in response to applied

mechanical stress. The effect is closely

related to a change of polarization density

within the material's volume. If the

material is not short-circuited, the applied

stress induces a voltage across the

material.

The piezoelectric effect is

reversible in that materials exhibiting the

direct piezoelectric effect (the production

of an electric potential when stress is

applied) also exhibit the reverse

piezoelectric effect (the production of

stress and/or strain when an electric field is

applied). For example, lead zirconate

titanate crystals will exhibit a maximum

shape change of about 0.1% of the original

dimension.

In power leap process we use this

phenomenon to convert the stress produced

from the human steps in to electrical

energy. The Piezo electric effect was

originally found in natural crystals such as

quartz, topaz, and Rochelle salt that when

compressed a voltage is displaced onto the

surface of the material.  Today ceramic

compounds such as lead zirconate titrate

and barium titrate commonly exhibit

optimal electro-mechanical results.

4. COMPONENTS:

The components that are used in this process include the following.

4.1 PIEZO ELECTRIC CRYSTAL:

The crystals that utilize the Piezo electricity phenomenon are:

The quartz crystal

The Topaz crystal

Rochelle salt

Any one of the three crystals is chosen and is used.

Quartz crystal:

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Quartz crystals have piezoelectric

properties; they develop an electric

potential upon the application of

mechanical stress. An early use of this

property of quartz crystals was in

phonograph pickups. One of the most

common piezoelectric uses of quartz today

is as a crystal oscillator. The quartz clock

is a familiar device using the mineral. The

resonant frequency of a quartz crystal

oscillator is changed by mechanically

loading it, and this principle is used for

very accurate measurements of very small

mass changes in the quartz crystal

microbalance and in thin-film thickness

monitors.

4.2 PIEZO ELECTRIC CERAMIC COMPOUNDS :

Power leap uses piezoelectric plates for the generation of electricity.

The plates used are lead

zirconate titrate ceramic compounds.

These plates produce electricity when they

are applied some stress or mechanical

force as an input. These plates are

sandwiched between the concrete tile and

the glass layer.

LEAD ZIRCONATE TITRATE CERAMIC PLATE

Lead zirconate titanate or titrate

also called PZT, is a ceramic perovskite

material that shows a marked piezoelectric

effect. PZT-based compounds are

composed of the chemical elements lead

and zirconium and the chemical compound

titanate which are combined under

extremely high temperatures.

Being piezoelectric, it develops a

voltage difference across two of its faces

when compressed, or physically changes

shape when an external electric field is

applied.

It is also ferroelectric, which

means it has a spontaneous electric

polarization (electric dipole) which can be

reversed in the presence of an electric

field.

The material features an

extremely large dielectric constant at the

morph tropic phase boundary (MPB) near

x = 0.52. These properties make PZT-

based compounds one of the most

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prominent and useful electro ceramics.

Commercially, it is usually not used in its

pure form, rather it is doped with either

acceptor do pants, which create oxygen

(anion) vacancies, or donor do pants,

which create metal vacancies and facilitate

domain wall motion in the material. In

general, acceptor doping creates hard PZT

while donor doping creates soft PZT. Hard

and soft PZT's generally differ in their

piezoelectric constants. Piezoelectric

constants are proportional to the

polarization or to the electrical field

generated per unit of mechanical stress, or

alternatively is the mechanical strain

produced by per unit of electric field

applied. In general, soft PZT has higher

piezoelectric constant, but larger losses in

the material due to internal friction. In hard

PZT, domain wall motion is pinned by the

impurities thereby lowering the losses in

the material, but at the expense of a

reduced piezoelectric constant.

4.3 CONCENTRATE AND ITS

UNDULATING SURFACE

Concrete is a construction

material composed of cement (commonly

Portland cement) as well as other

cementitious materials such as fly ash and

slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse

aggregate such as gravel, limestone, or

granite, plus a fine aggregate such as

sand), water, and chemical admixtures.

Concrete solidifies and hardens

after mixing with water and placement due

to a chemical process known as hydration.

The water reacts with the cement, which

bonds the other components together,

eventually creating a stone-like material.

Concrete is used to make pavements, pipe,

architectural structures, foundations,

motorways/roads, bridges/overpasses,

parking structures, brick/block walls and

footings for gates, fences and poles.

Tiles used in powerleap are

made up of concrete. These tiles have an

undulationg surface and the piezoelectric

plates are kept on the concretes’ undulating

surface.

PIEZO ELECETRIC PLATES ON CONCRETE UNDULATING SURFACE

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5. POWER STORAGE :

The power storage devices used

in power leap are the batteries. An

electrical battery is a combination of one

or more electrochemical cells, used to

convert stored chemical energy into

electrical energy. Batteries are used to

store electrical energy in the form of

chemical energy. Batteries may be used

once and discarded, or recharged for years

as in standby power applications.

Miniature cells are used to power devices

such as hearing aids and wristwatches;

larger batteries provide standby power for

telephone exchanges or computer data

centers.

The more electrolyte and

electrode material there is in the cell, the

greater the capacity of the cell. Thus a

small cell has less capacity than a larger

cell, given the same chemistry (e.g.

alkaline cells), though they develop the

same open-circuit voltage.

Because of the chemical

reactions within the cells, the capacity of a

battery depends on the discharge

conditions such as the magnitude of the

current (which may vary with time), the

allowable terminal voltage of the battery,

temperature and other factors. The

available capacity of a battery depends

upon the rate at which it is discharged. If a

battery is discharged at a relatively high

rate, the available capacity will be lower

than expected.

The battery capacity that battery

manufacturers print on a battery is usually

the product of 20 hours multiplied by the

maximum constant current that a new

battery can supply for 20 hours at 68 F°

(20 C°), down to a predetermined terminal

voltage per cell. A battery rated at 100 A·h

will deliver 5 A over a 20 hour period at

room temperature. However, if it is instead

discharged at 50 A, it will have a lower

apparent capacity.

In practical batteries, internal

energy losses, and limited rate of diffusion

of ions through the electrolyte, cause the

efficiency of a battery to vary at different

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discharge rates. When discharging at low

rate, the battery's energy is delivered more

efficiently than at higher discharge rates,

but if the rate is too low, it will self-

discharge during the long time of

operation, again lowering its efficiency.

Even if never taken out of the

original package, disposable (or "primary")

batteries can lose 8 to 20 percent of their

original charge every year at a temperature

of about 20°–30°C. This is known as the

"self discharge" rate and is due to non-

current-producing "side" chemical

reactions, which occur within the cell even

if no load is applied to it. The rate of the

side reactions is reduced if the batteries are

stored at low temperature, although some

batteries can be damaged by freezing. High

or low temperatures may reduce battery

performance. This will affect the initial

voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline

battery this initial voltage is approximately

normally distributed around 1.6 volts.

Discharging performance of all batteries

drops at low temperature

When a person steps on the tile

then the tile gets compressed which

generates force on the Piezo electric plate.

This force produces a current of around 24

micro amperes and a voltage of 22v peak

to peak. The current produced here is the

DC current. This Dc current applied to the

batteries which store the current in the

form of chemical energy. When the

batteries get charged the required electrical

energy is stored and this electrical energy

is then used to power up the appliances at

any time. The only disadvantage here is

that discharging phenomenon. The

electrical energy stored in battery is

discharged immediately when no power is

applied at the input. This discharge takes

place in the reverse direction. By using a

proper combination of rectifier and diodes

this type of discharge can be avoided.

6. DC CURRENT TO AC CURRENT

CONVERTER:

An inverter is an electrical

device that converts direct current (DC) to

alternating current (AC); the converted AC

can be at any required voltage and

frequency with the use of appropriate

transformers, switching, and control

circuits.

Static inverters have no moving

parts and are used in a wide range of

applications, from small switching power

supplies in computers, to large electric

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utility high-voltage direct current

applications that transport bulk power.

Inverters are commonly used to supply AC

power from DC sources such as solar

panels or batteries.

The electrical inverter is a high-

power electronic oscillator. It is so named

because early mechanical AC to DC

converters was made to work in reverse,

and thus was "inverted", to convert DC to

AC. The inverter performs the opposite

function of a rectifier.

Grid tie inverters can feed energy

back into the distribution network because

they produce alternating current with the

same wave shape and frequency as

supplied by the distribution system. They

can also switch off automatically in the

event of a blackout. Micro-inverters

convert direct current from individual solar

panels into alternating current for the

electric grid.

INVERTER DESIGN

BASIC DESIGN AD

ADVANCED DESIGN

7. POWER LEAP APPLICATIONS :

7.1 PUBLIC PLACES

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Public places like

1. Parks

2. Road sides (where human traffic is huge) etc can be powered through power leap.

We find many people walking at

these places. So, using the power leap tiles

would generate more and more electricity

as the people will be continuously walking

in these places.

Parks contain street lights,

fountains, shops which can be powered

when the people jogging or walking in

these parks walk or run over these power

leap tiles.

Road side places have traffic

signaling posts and street lights which can

be automatically powered using power

leap.

7.2 ENTERTAINMENT:

Entertainment places for people like

1. Pubs , discos and also

2. Auditoriums where live performances like

dances take place also can be powered

using power leap tiles.

7.3 CORPORATE PLACES:

Corporate places like

1. Bus and Railway stations,

2. Airports and

3. Office buildings can power all the necessary appliances using power leap tiles.

Bus, Railway stations and

airports contain huge amount of human

traffic. Large amount of people use these

places as their means of transport. These

places would not run out of human traffic

at any time in the day. This human traffic

can be used to generate the required

electricity necessary for the bus, railway

and airports to power up.

Corporate buildings, offices

make use of power leap tiles to make their

appliances powered. If the power is not

present in the office then the people

belonging to that office can just come and

walk on those tiles to generate electricity

which eliminates the use of generators.

7.4 RETAIL STORES

Retail stores like

1. Shopping malls

2. super markets

Shopping malls and super markets make

use of power leap tiles to generate power

required to run all its appliances like lights,

elevators, air conditioners etc.

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8. ADVANTAGES:

Advantages of Power leap include

1. Production of electricity takes place at

the same place where it can be used

directly. This eliminates the transportation

charges of power which occur in

conventional methods.

2. No cables are used to import power from places that are far away.

3. Cost is very very less as power leap

doesn’t use copper cables, work stations to

route electricity to required destinations.

So, no transportation charges.

4. Natural resources like wood, charcoal, water are not used in the production of electricity.

5. Large turbines, dynamos are not used o produce electricity

6. Less man power is used

9.CONCLUSION:

Power leap takes us to the future

generation where electricity is produced at

the place where we live in. no cable costs,

no transportation charges and no use of

natural resources like water, charcoal are

required to produce electricity through

power leap. All the other electricity

generation techniques use something as

input which may not be readily available in

the market. But power leap uses MAN

POWER as input which is readily available

at any time and at free of cost. This makes

power leap different from all the other

techniques that are used to produce

electricity. So be ready for the next

generation electricity producing technique

that produces electricity at the place where

you live in.

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