Power Generating Stations

8/12/2019 Power Generating Stations

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NuclearPower Station

In the US, 20% of our electricity is produced bynuclear power.

There are 103 US nuclear power plants.


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NUCLEAR FUEL

uclear fuel is any !aterial that can beconsu!ed to deri"e nuclear ener#y.

The !ost co!!on type of nuclear fuel is fissile

ele!ents that can be !ade to under#o nuclearfission chain reactions in a nuclear reactor

The !ost co!!on nuclear fuels are 23$U and23&u.

ot all nuclear fuels are used in fission chainreactions


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California Nuclear energy

'ach of the fi"e reactors produces about 1,100!illion watts (!e#awatts) of electricity

This is enou#h to power one !illion ho!es per

reactor 'ach reactor*s production is e+ui"alent to 1$ !illion

barrels of oil or 3.$ !illion tons of coal a year.

The total $,$00 reactor produced !e#awatts is outof a pea state electrical power of 30,000 - 0,000!e#awatts.


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Worldwide Nuclear Power Reactors

There are 0 nuclear power reactors in 31countries.

30 !ore are under construction. They account for 1/% of the world*s

electricity.

They produce a total of 3$1 #i#awatts (billionwatts) of electricity.


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orld uclear &ower &lants


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uclear 'lectricity &roduction by ountriesand e#ions in i#awatts (orld Total 3$0

i#awatts) and percent of electricityUS 4 Trend5 declinin#

North America Region 10

6rance /3 Increasin#

er!any 21 7ein# phased out

U. 8. 12

Western Europe Region 12/

9apan Increasin#

Asia Region // Increasin#

Eastern Europe Region 11

Former Soviet U. Region 3


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How a Nuclear Reactor works

23$U fissions by absorbin# a neutron andproducin# 2 to 3 neutrons, which initiate ona"era#e one !ore fission to !ae a controlled

chain reaction or!al water is used as a !oderator to slow the

neutrons since slow neutrons tae lon#er topass by a U nucleus and ha"e !ore ti!e to be

absorbed The protons in the hydro#en in the water ha"e

the sa!e !ass as the neutron and stop the! bya billiard ball effect


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How a Nuclear Reactor works

The e:tra neutrons are taen up by protons tofor! deuterons

23$U is enriched fro! its 0.4% in nature to about

3% to produce the reaction, and is contained inrods in the water

7oron control rods are inserted to absorbneutrons when it is ti!e to shut down the reactor

The hot water is boiled or sent throu#h a heate:chan#er to produce stea!.

The stea! then powers turbines.


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Nucleons more tigtly !ound in Fission

Product Nuclei " #i$es %&& 'e$ Energy (er

Fission


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NUCLEAR F)SS)*N

hen a neutron stries an ato! of uraniu!, theuraniu! splits into two li#hter ato!s andreleases heat si!ultaneously.

6ission of hea"y ele!ents is an e:other!icreaction which can release lar#e a!ounts ofener#y both as electro!a#netic radiation and asinetic ener#y of the fra#!ents


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NUCLEAR CHA)N REAC+)*NS

; chain reaction refers to a process in whichneutrons released in fission produce anadditional fission in at least one further nucleus.

This nucleus in turn produces neutrons, and theprocess repeats.

If the process is controlled it is used for nuclearpower or if uncontrolled it is used for nuclear

weapons


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NUCLEAR CHA)N REAC+)*NS

U%,-< n = fission < 2 or 3 n < 200 >e? If each neutron releases two !ore neutrons,

then the nu!ber of fissions doubles each#eneration.

In that case, in 10 #enerations there are 1,02fissions and in @0 #enerations about / : 10%,(a!ole) fissions.


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Nuclear Fission from Slow Neutrons

and Water 'oderator


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'ain Parts of Nuclear Reactor


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NUCLEAR REAC+*R

; nuclear reactor is a de"ice in which nuclearchain reactions are initiated, controlled, andsustained at a steady rate,

as opposed to a nuclear bo!b, in which thechain reaction occurs in a fraction of a secondand is uncontrolled causin# an e:plosion.


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C*N+R*L R*.S

ontrol rods !ade of a !aterial that absorbsneutrons are inserted into the bundle usin# a!echanis! that can rise or lower the control

rods. The control rods essentially contain neutron

absorbers lie, boron, cad!iu! or indiu!.


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S+EA' #ENERA+*RS

Stea! #enerators are heat e:chan#ers used tocon"ert water into stea! fro! heat produced ina nuclear reactor core.

'ither ordinary water or hea"y water is used asthe coolant.


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S+EA' +UR/)NE

; stea! turbine is a !echanical de"ice thate:tracts ther!al ener#y fro! pressuriAed stea!,and con"erts it into useful !echanical

?arious hi#hBperfor!ance alloys and superalloys ha"e been used for stea! #eneratortubin#.


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C**LAN+ PU'P

The coolant pu!p pressuriAes the coolant topressures of the order of 1$$bar.

The pressure of the coolant loop is !aintained

al!ost constant with the help of the pu!p and apressuriAed unit.


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C*N.ENSER

ondenser is a de"ice or unit which is used tocondense "apor into li+uid.

The obCecti"e of the condenser are to reduce the

turbine e:haust pressure to increase theefficiency and to reco"er hi#h +uality feed waterin the for! of condensate D feed bac it to thestea! #enerator without any further treat!ent.


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C**L)N# +*WER

oolin# towers are heat re!o"al de"ices used totransfer process waste heat to the at!osphere.

ater circulatin# throu#h the condenser is taen

to the coolin# tower for coolin# and reuse


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A.0AN+A#ES

uclear power #eneration does e!it relati"elylow a!ounts of carbon dio:ide (E2).

The e!issions of #reen house #ases and

therefore the contribution of nuclear powerplants to #lobal war!in# is therefore relati"elylittle.

This technolo#y is readily a"ailable, it does notha"e to be de"eloped first.

It is possible to #enerate a hi#h a!ount ofelectrical ener#y in one sin#le plant


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.)SA.0AN+A#ES

The proble! of radioacti"e waste is still an unsol"edone.

Fi#h riss5 It is technically i!possible to build a plantwith 100% security.

The ener#y source for nuclear ener#y is Uraniu!. Uraniu! is a scarce resource, its supply is esti!ated to

last only for the ne:t 30 to /0 years dependin# on theactual de!and.

uclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could bepreferred tar#ets for terrorist attacs..

Gurin# the operation of nuclear power plants, radioacti"ewaste is produced, which in turn can be used for the

production of nuclear weapons.


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)nside a Nuclear

Reactor

Stea! outlet

6uel ods

ontrol ods


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Energy +aken out !y Steam +ur!ine


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Production of Plutonium 1Pu2 in

Nuclear Reactors

23%&u is produced in nuclear reactors by theabsorption of a neutron on 23@U, followed by two betadecays

23%&u also fissions by absorbin# a ther!al neutron,and on a"era#e produces 1H3 of the ener#y in a fuelcycle.

23%&u is relati"ely stable, with a half life of 2

thousand years. It is used in nuclear weapons

It can be bred for nuclear reactors


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Nuclear Wea(ons to Reactor Fuel

US is buyin# hi#hly enriched uraniu! (20% 23$U)fro! the for!er So"iet Union*s nuclear weaponsfor 20 years fro! 13BB2013

on"ertin# it to low enriched uraniu! (3%23$

U)for reactor fuel It will satisfy years of US reactor fuel de!and It co!es fro! /,@$$ So"iet nuclear warheads so

far


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Nuclear Plant Future

ewer desi#ns are bein# sou#ht to !ae the! !oreecono!ical and safer

&reappro"al of a few desi#ns will hasten de"elop!ent

Gisposal of hi#h le"el radioacti"e waste still bein#studied, but scientists belie"e deep burial would wor

7ecause they are ha"e lar#e electrical output, their costat 2 billion is hard to obtain and #uarantee with bans

eplacin# plants !ay be cheaper usin# the sa!e sitesand contain!ent "essels


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Nuclear Pro!lems and Solutions

Three >ile Island 14 $0% core !eltdown, stuc "al"e with no indicator released

water, but contain!ent "essel held >ore sensors added, better co!!unication to e:perts in

ashin#ton, don*t turn off e!er#ency coolin#

2@ year US safety record since accident hernobyl 1@/ Fu!an stupidity turned off coolin# syste! &oor stea! coolin# reactor desi#n allowed unstable stea!

pocet to e:plode raphite cau#ht fire Gesi#n not used in other countries


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3ucca 'ountain Pro4ect5 Nuclear Fuel

and Hig Le$el Waste Re(ository >uch !ore secure repository than lea"in# hi#h le"el waste at

/0 reactor sites around the country. En old ato!ic bo!b testin# base, inside a !ountain. The stora#e is abo"e the water table. The Jucca >ountain site would be /0% filled by present

waste.

US has le#al co!!it!ent to the reactor industry. Site has been studied e:tensi"ely by scientists for o"er 20

years. ill store waste durin# its 10,000 year decay ti!e. Kuestions of how to deflect drippin# water around and under

the stora#e "essels. Kuestions of radioacti"e decay weaenin# stora#e containers. ; solution would be to build containers that can be opened

and reincased, or to which surrounded casin#s could beadded.


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Nuclear Power Pro(osed

Solution7

ichard arwin, >ITand industry propose5 If $0 years fro! now the world uses twice as !uch ener#y, and half

co!es fro! nuclear power eed ,000 nuclear reactors, usin# about a !illion tons of Uraniu! a

year ith hi#her cost terrestrial ore, would last for 300 years 7reeder reactors creatin# &lutoniu! could e:tend the supply to 200,000

years onpollutin#, nonBE2 producin# source eed !ore trained nuclear en#ineers and sites

Study fuel reprocessin#, waste disposal, and safer desi#ns. hile nuclear reactors ha"e to be on all day and ni#ht, and power useis less at ni#ht, they could be used to char#e up electric cars.

Until electric cars or a hydro#en #eneration econo!y, they !i#ht onlybe used for the 0% of #eneration used at ni#ht, up fro! the present20% that they #enerate.
http://www.iter.org/http://www.iter.org/http://www.iter.org/http://www.iter.org/


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Fusion Reactors 6usion easiest for Geuteron (G) < Tritiu!(T)5 G(p,n) < T(p,nn) 4Fe(pp,nn) < n

in a hi#h te!perature plas!a. eplace!ent T created fro! Li blanet around reactor

n < /Li 4Fe < T 6usion reactors International IT'in 2012 for research for a decade, costin# $

billion urrent stale!ate o"er sitin# in 6rance or 9apan

6ollowed by G'>E for a functionin# plant, tain# another 10years. Gesi#n and co!pletion of a co!!ercial plant not until 20$0.

US Lithiu! supply would last a few hundred years. Still would be a radioacti"e waste disposal proble!.
http://www.iter.org/http://www.iter.org/


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)nternational +ermonuclear

E8(erimental Reactor 1)+ER2

Power Generating Stations

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