POWER ELECTRONICSFOR RENEWABLEENERGY SYSTEMS,TRANSPORTATION ANDINDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONS

POWER ELECTRONICSFOR RENEWABLEENERGY SYSTEMS,TRANSPORTATION ANDINDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONS

Edited by

Haitham Abu-RubTexas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar

Mariusz MalinowskiWarsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Kamal Al-Haddad

École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Canada

A co-publication of IEEE Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

This edition first published 2014© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Power electronics for renewable energy systems, transportation, and industrial applications / edited by HaithamAbu-Rub, Mariusz Malinowski, Kamal Al-Haddad.

pages cmAuthor’s surname spelled “Haitham” on title page.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-118-63403-5 (cloth)

1. Power electronics. 2. Industries – Power supply. I. Abu-Rub, Haithem, editor of compilation. II. Malinowski,Mariusz (Electrical engineer), editor of compilation. III. Al-Haddad, Kamal, editor of compilation.

TK7881.15.P6725 2014621.31′7 – dc23

2014001834

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781118634035

Typeset in 9/11pt TimesLTStd by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India

1 2014

This book is dedicated to our families and parents.

Contents

Foreword xix

Preface xxi

Acknowledgements xxv

List of Contributors xxvii

1 Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronicsin the Present Century 1

1.1 Introduction 11.2 Energy 21.3 Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem 3

1.3.1 Global Warming Effects 61.3.2 Mitigation of Global Warming Problems 8

1.4 Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems 81.4.1 Energy Conservation 81.4.2 Renewable Energy Systems 91.4.3 Bulk Energy Storage 16

1.5 Smart Grid 201.6 Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 21

1.6.1 Comparison of Battery EV with Fuel Cell EV 221.7 Conclusion and Future Prognosis 23

References 25

2 Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario:The Power Electronics Contribution 27

2.1 Introduction 272.2 Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems 28

2.2.1 FACTS 282.2.2 HVDC 32

2.3 Renewable Energy Systems 342.3.1 Wind Energy 352.3.2 Photovoltaic Energy 372.3.3 Ocean Energy 40

2.4 Transportation Systems 41

viii Contents

2.5 Energy Storage Systems 422.5.1 Technologies 422.5.2 Application to Transmission and Distribution Systems 462.5.3 Application to Renewable Energy Systems 462.5.4 Application to Transportation Systems 47

2.6 Conclusions 47References 47

3 An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart GridConcepts and Technologies 50

3.1 Introduction 503.2 Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids 513.3 Photovoltaic Generators 523.4 Wind and Mini-hydro Generators 553.5 Energy Storage Systems 563.6 Electric Vehicles 573.7 Microgrids 573.8 Smart Grid Issues 593.9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 603.10 Communication Systems in Smart Grids 613.11 Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing 623.12 Standards for Smart Grids 63

References 65

4 Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology 694.1 Introduction 694.2 Silicon Power Transistors 70

4.2.1 Power MOSFETs 714.2.2 IGBTs 724.2.3 High-Power Devices 75

4.3 Overview of SiC Transistor Designs 754.3.1 SiC JFET 764.3.2 Bipolar Transistor in SiC 774.3.3 SiC MOSFET 784.3.4 SiC IGBT 794.3.5 SiC Power Modules 79

4.4 Gate and Base Drivers for SiC Devices 804.4.1 Gate Drivers for Normally-on JFETs 804.4.2 Base Drivers for SiC BJTs 844.4.3 Gate Drivers for Normally-off JFETs 874.4.4 Gate Drivers for SiC MOSFETs 88

4.5 Parallel Connection of Transistors 894.6 Overview of Applications 97

4.6.1 Photovoltaics 984.6.2 AC Drives 994.6.3 Hybrid and Plug-in Electric Vehicles 994.6.4 High-Power Applications 99

4.7 Gallium Nitride Transistors 1004.8 Summary 102

References 102

Contents ix

5 AC-Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Convertersfor Renewable Energy and Transportation 107

5.1 Introduction 1075.2 Hard Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1085.3 Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1125.4 Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1135.5 Design Procedure 1225.6 Analysis 1235.7 Applications 126

5.7.1 Ac–ac Conversion (Wind Power Generation, Variable frequency Drive) 1265.7.2 Dc–ac and ac–dc Power Conversion 1285.7.3 Multiport Conversion 130

5.8 Summary 133Acknowledgment 133References 133

6 High Power Electronics: Key Technology for Wind Turbines 1366.1 Introduction 1366.2 Development of Wind Power Generation 1376.3 Wind Power Conversion 138

6.3.1 Basic Control Variables for Wind Turbines 1396.3.2 Wind Turbine Concepts 140

6.4 Power Converters for Wind Turbines 1436.4.1 Two-Level Power Converter 1446.4.2 Multilevel Power Converter 1456.4.3 Multicell Converter 147

6.5 Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter 1496.6 Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines 150

6.6.1 Active Power Control 1516.6.2 Reactive Power Control 1526.6.3 Total Harmonic Distortion 1526.6.4 Fault Ride-Through Capability 153

6.7 Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System 1556.8 Conclusion 156

References 156

7 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems 1607.1 Introduction 1607.2 Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PV Systems 162

7.2.1 Electrical Model of a PV Cell 1627.2.2 Photovoltaic Module I–V and P–V Curves 1637.2.3 MPP under Partial Shading 164

7.3 Grid-Connected PV System Configurations 1657.3.1 Centralized Configuration 1677.3.2 String Configuration 1717.3.3 Multi-string Configuration 1777.3.4 AC-Module Configuration 178

7.4 Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems 1817.4.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Methods 1817.4.2 DC–DC Stage Converter Control 185

x Contents

7.4.3 Grid-Tied Converter Control 1867.4.4 Anti-islanding Detection 189

7.5 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter-Based PV Systems 1927.6 Summary 195

References 195

8 Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems 1998.1 Introduction 1998.2 Zero Dynamics of the Nonlinear System 201

8.2.1 First Method 2018.2.2 Second Method 202

8.3 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L Filter to the Grid 2028.3.1 Steady State and Stable Operation Region 2038.3.2 Zero Dynamic Analysis 207

8.4 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter to the Grid 2088.4.1 Steady State and Stable Operation Region 2088.4.2 Zero Dynamic Analysis 213

8.5 Controllability and Stability Analysis of PV System Connected to Current Source Inverter 2198.5.1 Steady State and Stability Analysis of the System 2208.5.2 Zero Dynamics Analysis of PV 221

8.6 Conclusions 228References 229

9 Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems 2319.1 Distributed Power Generation Systems 231

9.1.1 Single-Stage Photovoltaic Systems 2329.1.2 Small/Medium-Sized Wind Turbine Systems 2339.1.3 Overview of the Control Structure 234

9.2 Control of Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems 2439.2.1 Droop Control 2449.2.2 Power Control in Microgrids 2479.2.3 Control Design Parameters 2529.2.4 Harmonic Compensation 256

9.3 Ancillary Feature 2599.3.1 Voltage Support at Local Loads Level 2599.3.2 Reactive Power Capability 2639.3.3 Voltage Support at Electric Power System Area 265

9.4 Summary 267References 268

10 Properties and Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine 27010.1 Introduction. Basic principles of DFIM 270

10.1.1 Structure of the Machine and Electric Configuration 27010.1.2 Steady-State Equivalent Circuit 27110.1.3 Dynamic Modeling 277

10.2 Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DC/AC Converter 28010.2.1 Grid Connection Operation 28010.2.2 Rotor Position Observers 29210.2.3 Stand-alone Operation 296

Contents xi

10.3 DFIM-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems 30510.3.1 Wind Turbine Aerodynamic 30510.3.2 Turbine Control Zones 30710.3.3 Turbine Control 30810.3.4 Typical Dimensioning of DFIM-Based Wind Turbines 31010.3.5 Steady-State Performance of the Wind Turbine Based on DFIM 31110.3.6 Analysis of DFIM-Based Wind Turbines during Voltage Dips 313References 317

11 AC–DC–AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems 31911.1 Introduction 319

11.1.1 Bidirectional AC–DC–AC Topologies 31911.1.2 Passive Components Design for an AC–DC–AC Converter 32211.1.3 DC-Link Capacitor Rating 32211.1.4 Flying Capacitor Rating 32511.1.5 L and LCL Filter Rating 32511.1.6 Comparison 327

11.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for AC–DC–AC Topologies 32811.2.1 Space Vector Modulation for Classical Three-Phase Two-Level Converter 32811.2.2 Space Vector Modulation for Classical Three-Phase Three-Level Converter 331

11.3 DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Converter 33411.3.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for Simplified AC–DC–AC Topologies 33711.3.3 Compensation of Semiconductor Voltage Drop and Dead-Time Effect 342

11.4 Control Algorithms for AC–DC–AC Converters 34511.4.1 Field-Oriented Control of an AC–DC Machine-Side Converter 34611.4.2 Stator Current Controller Design 34811.4.3 Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Modulation 34911.4.4 Machine Stator Flux Controller Design 35011.4.5 Machine Electromagnetic Torque Controller Design 35111.4.6 Machine Angular Speed Controller Design 35111.4.7 Voltage-Oriented Control of an AC–DC Grid-Side Converter 35211.4.8 Line Current Controllers of an AC–DC Grid-Side Converter 35211.4.9 Direct Power Control with Space Vector Modulation of an AC–DC

Grid-Side Converter 35411.4.10 Line Power Controllers of an AC–DC Grid-Side Converter 35511.4.11 DC-Link Voltage Controller for an AC–DC Converter 356

11.5 AC–DC–AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward 35611.5.1 Analysis of the Power Response Time Constant of an AC–DC–AC Converter 35811.5.2 Energy of the DC-Link Capacitor 358

11.6 Summary and Conclusions 361References 362

12 Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft 36512.1 Introduction 36512.2 More Electric Aircraft 367

12.2.1 Airbus 380 Electrical System 36912.2.2 Boeing 787 Electrical Power System 370

12.3 More Electric Engine (MEE) 37212.3.1 Power Optimized Aircraft (POA) 372

xii Contents

12.4 Electric Power Generation Strategies 37412.5 Power Electronics and Power Conversion 37812.6 Power Distribution 381

12.6.1 High-voltage operation 38312.7 Conclusions 384

References 385

13 Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 38713.1 Introduction 38713.2 Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies 388

13.2.1 Electric Vehicles 38813.2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 38913.2.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) 391

13.3 EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructures 39213.3.1 EV/PHEV Batteries and Charging Regimes 392

13.4 Power Electronics for EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructure 40413.4.1 Charging Hardware 40513.4.2 Grid-Tied Infrastructure 406

13.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts 40713.5.1 Grid Upgrade 408

13.6 Power Electronics for PEV Charging 41013.6.1 Safety Considerations 41013.6.2 Grid-Tied Residential Systems 41113.6.3 Grid-Tied Public Systems 41213.6.4 Grid-Tied Systems with Local Renewable Energy Production 416References 419

14 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications 42214.1 Introduction 42214.2 Fundamentals of Multilevel Converters/Inverters 423

14.2.1 What Is a Multilevel Converter/Inverter? 42314.2.2 Three Typical Topologies to Achieve Multilevel Voltage 42414.2.3 Generalized Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topology and Its Derivations to

Other Topologies 42514.3 Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications 432

14.3.1 Merits of Cascaded Multilevel Inverters Applied to Utility Level 43214.3.2 Y-Connected Cascaded Multilevel Inverter and Its Applications 43314.3.3 Δ-Connected Cascaded Multilevel Inverter and Its Applications 43814.3.4 Face-to-Face-Connected Cascaded Multilevel Inverter for Unified Power Flow

Control 44114.4 Emerging Applications and Discussions 444

14.4.1 Magnetic-less DC/DC Conversion 44414.4.2 Multilevel Modular Capacitor Clamped DC/DC Converter (MMCCC) 44914.4.3 nX DC/DC Converter 45114.4.4 Component Cost Comparison of Flying Capacitor DC/DC Converter, MMCCC

and nX DC/DC Converter 45314.4.5 Zero Current Switching: MMCCC 45514.4.6 Fault Tolerance and Reliability of Multilevel Converters 458

14.5 Summary 459Acknowledgment 461References 461

Contents xiii

15 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies and Control 46315.1 Introduction 46315.2 Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Output Matrix Converter 464

15.2.1 Topology 46415.2.2 Control Algorithms 464

15.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 48415.4 Matrix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output 488

15.4.1 Topology 48815.4.2 Control Techniques 489

15.5 Sample Results 499Acknowledgment 501References 501

16 Boost Preregulators for Power Factor Correctionin Single-Phase Rectifiers 503

16.1 Introduction 50316.2 Basic Boost PFC 504

16.2.1 Converter’s Topology and Averaged Model 50416.2.2 Steady-State Analysis 50716.2.3 Control Circuit 50716.2.4 Linear Control Design 50916.2.5 Simulation Results 511

16.3 Half-Bridge Asymmetric Boost PFC 51116.3.1 CCM/CVM Operation and Average Modeling of the Converter 51316.3.2 Small-Signal Averaged Model and Transfer Functions 51416.3.3 Control System Design 51516.3.4 Numerical Implementation and Simulation Results 518

16.4 Interleaved Dual-Boost PFC 51916.4.1 Converter Topology 52216.4.2 Operation Sequences 52316.4.3 Linear Control Design and Experimental Results 526

16.5 Conclusion 528References 529

17 Active Power Filter 53417.1 Introduction 53417.2 Harmonics 53517.3 Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonics 53517.4 International Standards for Harmonics 53617.5 Types of Harmonics 537

17.5.1 Harmonic Current Sources 53717.5.2 Harmonic Voltage Sources 537

17.6 Passive Filters 53917.7 Power Definitions 540

17.7.1 Loading Power and Power Factor 54117.7.2 Loading Power Definition 54117.7.3 Power Factor Definition in 3D Space Current Coordinate

System 54117.8 Active Power Filters 543

17.8.1 Current Source Inverter APF 54417.8.2 Voltage Source Inverter APF 544

xiv Contents

17.8.3 Shunt Active Power Filter 54417.8.4 Series Active Power Filter 54517.8.5 Hybrid Filters 54517.8.6 High-Power Applications 547

17.9 APF Switching Frequency Choice Methodology 54717.10 Harmonic Current Extraction Techniques (HCET) 548

17.10.1 P–Q Theory 54817.10.2 Cross-Vector Theory 55017.10.3 The Instantaneous Power Theory Using the Rotating P–Q–R

Reference Frame 55117.10.4 Synchronous Reference Frame 55317.10.5 Adaptive Interference Canceling Technique 55317.10.6 Capacitor Voltage Control 55417.10.7 Time-Domain Correlation Function Technique 55417.10.8 Identification by Fourier Series 55517.10.9 Other Methods 555

17.11 Shunt Active Power Filter 55517.11.1 Shunt APF Modeling 55717.11.2 Shunt APF for Three-Phase Four-Wire System 560

17.12 Series Active Power Filter 56417.13 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 565

Acknowledgment 569References 569

18A Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems with Power Electronics:A Powerful Simulation Tool 573

18A.1 Background 57318A.1.1 Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems in General 57318A.1.2 “Virtual Machine” Application 574

18A.2 Increasing the Performance of the Power Stage 57518A.2.1 Sequential Switching 57518A.2.2 Magnetic Freewheeling Control 57718A.2.3 Increase in Switching Frequency 580

18A.3 Machine Model of an Asynchronous Machine 58118A.3.1 Control Problem 58118A.3.2 “Inverted” Machine Model 582

18A.4 Results and Conclusions 58318A.4.1 Results 58318A.4.2 Conclusions 589References 589

18B Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) 59118B.1 Introduction 591

18B.1.1 Industrial Applications of MMCs 59118B.1.2 Constraint Introduced by Real-Time Simulation of Power Electronics

Converter in General 59218B.1.3 MMC Topology Presentation 59418B.1.4 Constraints of Simulating MMCs 595

18B.2 Choice of Modeling for MMC and Its Limitations 597

Contents xv

18B.3 Hardware Technology for Real-Time Simulation 59818B.3.1 Simulation Using Sequential Programming with DSP Devices 59818B.3.2 Simulation Using Parallel Programming with FPGA Devices 599

18B.4 Implementation for Real-Time Simulator Using Different Approach 60118B.4.1 Sequential Programming for Average Model Algorithm 60218B.4.2 Parallel Programming for Switching Function Algorithm 604

18B.5 Conclusion 606References 606

19 Model Predictive Speed Control of Electrical Machines 60819.1 Introduction 60819.2 Review of Classical Speed Control Schemes for Electrical Machines 609

19.2.1 Electrical Machine Model 60919.2.2 Field-Oriented Control 61019.2.3 Direct Torque Control 611

19.3 Predictive Current Control 61319.3.1 Predictive Model 61419.3.2 Cost Function 61519.3.3 Predictive Algorithm 61619.3.4 Control Scheme 616

19.4 Predictive Torque Control 61719.4.1 Predictive Model 61819.4.2 Cost Function 61819.4.3 Predictive Algorithm 61819.4.4 Control Scheme 618

19.5 Predictive Torque Control Using a Direct Matrix Converter 61919.5.1 Predictive Model 62019.5.2 Cost Function 62019.5.3 Predictive Algorithm 62019.5.4 Control Scheme 62019.5.5 Control of Reactive Input Power 621

19.6 Predictive Speed Control 62219.6.1 Predictive Model 62419.6.2 Cost Function 62419.6.3 Predictive Algorithm 62519.6.4 Control Scheme 625

19.7 Conclusions 626Acknowledgment 627References 627

20 The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter 63020.1 Introduction 63020.2 The Drive System Structure 63120.3 The PWM in CSCs 63320.4 The Generalized Control of a CSR 63620.5 The Mathematical Model of an Asynchronous and a Permanent Magnet

Synchronous Motor 63920.6 The Current and Voltage Control of an Induction Machine 641

20.6.1 Field-Oriented Control 64120.6.2 The Current Multi-Scalar Control 64320.6.3 The Voltage Multi-Scalar Control 647

xvi Contents

20.7 The Current and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet SynchronousMotor 65120.7.1 The Voltage Multi-scalar Control of a PMSM 65120.7.2 The Current Control of an Interior Permanent Magnet Motor 653

20.8 The Control System of a Doubly Fed Motor Supplied by a CSC 65720.9 Conclusion 661

References 662

21 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters:Causes, Effects and Prevention 664

21.1 Introduction 66421.1.1 Capacitive Bearing Current 66821.1.2 Electrical Discharge Machining Current 66821.1.3 Circulating Bearing Current 66921.1.4 Rotor Grounding Current 67121.1.5 Dominant Bearing Current 671

21.2 Determination of the Induction Motor Common-Mode Parameters 67121.3 Prevention of Common-Mode Current: Passive Methods 674

21.3.1 Decreasing the Inverter Switching Frequency 67421.3.2 Common-Mode Choke 67521.3.3 Common-Mode Passive Filter 67821.3.4 Common-Mode Transformer 67921.3.5 Semiactive CM Current Reduction with Filter Application 68021.3.6 Integrated Common-Mode and Differential-Mode Choke 68121.3.7 Machine Construction and Bearing Protection Rings 682

21.4 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current 68221.5 Common-Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications 683

21.5.1 Three Non-parity Active Vectors (3NPAVs) 68521.5.2 Three Active Vector Modulation (3AVM) 68721.5.3 Active Zero Voltage Control (AZVC) 68821.5.4 Space Vector Modulation with One-Zero Vector (SVM1Z) 689

21.6 Summary 692References 692

22 High-Power Drive Systems for Industrial Applications: Practical Examples 69522.1 Introduction 69522.2 LNG Plants 69622.3 Gas Turbines (GTs): the Conventional Compressor Drives 697

22.3.1 Unit Starting Requirements 69722.3.2 Temperature Effect on GT Output 69722.3.3 Reliability and Durability 698

22.4 Technical and Economic Impact of VFDs 69922.5 High-Power Electric Motors 700

22.5.1 State-of-the-Art High-Power Motors 70122.5.2 Brushless Excitation for SM 703

22.6 High-Power Electric Drives 70522.7 Switching Devices 705

22.7.1 High-Power Semiconductor Devices 70722.8 High-Power Converter Topologies 709

22.8.1 LCI 709

Contents xvii

22.8.2 VSI 71022.8.3 Summary 711

22.9 Multilevel VSI Topologies 71122.9.1 Two-Level Inverters 71122.9.2 Multilevel Inverters 712

22.10 Control of High-Power Electric Drives 71922.10.1 PWM Methods 721

22.11 Conclusion 723Acknowledgment 724References 724

23 Modulation and Control of Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters 72723.1 Introduction 72723.2 Modulation Techniques in Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 729

23.2.1 Parallel-Connected H-Bridge Converter (H-BC) 72923.2.2 H-Diode Clamped Converter (H-DCC) 73323.2.3 H-Flying Capacitor Converter (H-FCC) 73623.2.4 Comparison 743

23.3 Control of AC–DC Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 74823.3.1 Single-Phase Control Algorithm Classification 74923.3.2 DQ Synchronous Reference Frame Current Control – PI-CC 75123.3.3 ABC Natural Reference Frame Current Control – PR-CC 75423.3.4 Controller Design 75623.3.5 Active Power Feed-Forward Algorithm 759

23.4 Summary 763References 763

24 Impedance Source Inverters 76624.1 Multilevel Inverters 766

24.1.1 Transformer-Less Technology 76624.1.2 Traditional CMI or Hybrid CMI 76724.1.3 Single-Stage Inverter Topology 767

24.2 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter 76724.2.1 Principle of the qZSI 76724.2.2 Control Methods of the qZSI 77124.2.3 qZSI with Battery for PV Systems 773

24.3 qZSI-Based Cascade Multilevel PV System 77524.3.1 Working Principle 77524.3.2 Control Strategies and Grid Synchronization 779

24.4 Hardware Implementation 78024.4.1 Impedance Parameters 78024.4.2 Control System 781Acknowledgments 782References 782

Index 787

Foreword

It is my great honor and pleasure to write the foreword for this state-of-the-art book Power Electronics forRenewable Energy Systems, Transportation, and Industrial Applications. Power electronics and drivescontrol is an extremely complex field with multiple disciplines throughout the field of electrical engi-neering. It is virtually impossible to write a book covering the entire area by one individual specialist,particularly witnessing the recent developments in neighboring fields such as control theory, signalprocessing, and applications in renewable energy systems, as well as electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles,all of which strongly influence new solutions in power electronic systems. For this reason, the book hasbeen written by the key specialists in these areas.

This book comprising 24 chapters is divided into three parts: (1) Impact of Power Electronics forEmerging Technologies (Chapters 1–5), (2) Power Electronics for Distributed Power Generation Systems(Chapters 6–11), and (3) Power Electronics for Transportations and Industrial Applications (Chapters12–24). The first chapter is written by the world-renowned power electronics expert Professor BimalK. Bose, and is followed by a review of power electronics in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) andflexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), a chapter on smart grid concepts and technologies, and thena chapter on recent advances in power semiconductor technology. Chapter 5 is the last in Part 1 and thispresents a new class of AC-link universal power converters. The second part of the book begins withtwo chapters (Chapters 6 and 7) that provide an overview of renewable technology, both of which areco-authored by the world-known specialist Professor Frede Blaabjerg; these chapters deal with powerelectronics for wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) energy. The next four chapters (Chapters 8–11)cover controllability analysis, distributed power generation, variable speed doubly fed induction machine(DFIM), and AC–DC–AC converters in renewable energy systems. The third and largest part of the bookbegins with two chapters (Chapters 12 and 13) on transportation, including one on modern power elec-tronic solutions for aircrafts and the other on electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. These two chaptersare followed by a discussion and a presentation of multilevel converters (Chapter 14), multiphase matrixconverters (Chapter 15), high-power factor rectifiers (Chapter 16), active power filters (Chapter 17),hardware-in-the-loop power electronic systems (Chapter 18), predictive control of converter-fed electricmachines (Chapter 19), current source converters for drives (Chapter 20), reduction of common-mode(CM) voltage and bearing currents in pulse-width modulation (PWM)-fed drives, high-power indus-trial drives, modulation and control of single-phase grid-connected converters (Chapter 23), and, finally,impedance Z-source inverters (ZSI) and quasi-Z-source inverters (qZSI) (Chapter 24).

The work has typical attributes of a contemporary book and discusses several aspects of the authors’current research in an innovative and original way. Easy description and good illustrations make thebook attractive for researches, engineering professionals, graduate students of electrical engineering,and power systems faculties.

xx Foreword

Finally, I would like to applaud the initiative taken by editors in this timely book to cover a widearea of power electronic applications in renewable energy systems, smart grids, distributed generation,transportation, and other industrial areas. This work perfectly fills the current gap and contributes to abetter understanding and further applications of power electronic systems.

Marian P. Kazmierkowski, IEEE FellowInstitute of Control and Industrial Electronics

Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Preface

It is our pleasure to present this book on up-to-date power electronics technologies and advancements intheir use in renewable energy, transportation systems, and various industrial applications.

We have written this book in response to the current lack of relevant research available to researchers,professionals, and students. It is our hope that we successfully convey our passion for this field in amanner that is easy to follow textually and visually. We have chosen to write this as a joint initiativebecause of the expertise needed in an all-encompassing research on power electronic systems.

In this book we cover a wide range of power electronic components, renewable energy systems, smartgrids, distributed generations, transportation systems, and other industrial areas. This work fills a gapin engineering literature and contributes to a better understanding and further application of power elec-tronic systems. Power electronic components and applications are among the fastest growing engineeringareas today and are key in responding to our current environmental constraints and energy demands.This book integrates material in order to answer current problems and offer solutions for the growingcommercial and domestic power demands.

The book discusses several aspects of current research, and the participation of the world’s top scientistssolidifies the book’s credibility, including IEEE life fellows Prof. Bimal K. Bose and Prof. JoachimHoltz. Other scientists who participated in the writing of this book include Professors Frede Blaabjerg,Leopoldo G. Franquelo, Carlo Cecati, Hamid A. Toliyat, Bin Wu, Fang Zheng Peng, Ralf M. Kennel,and Jose Rodriguez.

The book is divided into three main parts: (1) The Impact of Power Electronics for Emerging Technolo-gies (Chapters 1–5), (2) Power Electronics for Distributed Power Generation Systems (Chapters 6–11),and (3) Power Electronics for Transportations and Industrial Applications (Chapters 12–24).

Chapter 1 offers a brief but comprehensive review of the world’s energy resources and climate changeproblems because of fossil fuel burning, along with possible solutions or mitigation methods. The authorconcludes with a discussion of the impact of power electronics that have on energy conservation, renew-able energy systems, bulk storage of energy, and electric/hybrid vehicles in the present century.

Chapter 2 focuses on the contribution of power electronics to achieve efficient energy transmission anddistribution, enable a high penetration of renewables in the power system, and develop more electricaltransportation systems. This chapter also addresses flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices;high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems; power electronics converters for wind, pho-tovoltaic (PV), and ocean sources; power conversion for electric vehicles; and energy storage systems.

Chapter 3 gives an overview of the main technologies, features, and problems of distributed generationand smart grids. This chapter gives a short but comprehensive overview of these emerging topics.

Chapter 4 presents recent advances in power semiconductors technology, focusing specifically on widebandgap transistors. The authors offer a short introduction to state-of-the-art silicon power devices andthe characteristics of the various SiC power switches. Design considerations of gate- and base-drive

xxii Preface

circuits for various SiC power switches, along with experimental results of their switching performance,are presented in details alongside a discussion of their applications.

In Chapter 5, the authors categorize AC-link universal power converters within a new class of powerconverters, and demonstrate how they can interface multiple loads and sources while remaining asingle-stage converter.

Chapter 6 expands on technological developments and market trends in wind power application. Theauthors review a variety of wind turbine concepts, as well as power converter solutions, and offer anexplanation of control methods, grid demands, and emerging reliability challenges.

Chapter 7 presents a comprehensive overview of grid-connected PV systems, including power curves,grid-connected configurations, different converter topologies (both single and three phases), controlschemes, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and anti-islanding detection methods. The chapterfocuses on the mainstream solutions available in the PV industry, in order to establish the current state ofthe art in PV converter technology. In addition, the authors offer a discussion of recently introduced con-cepts on multilevel converter-based PV systems for large-scale PV plants, along with trends, challenges,and possible future scenarios of PV converter technology.

In Chapter 8, the authors demonstrate that the components of renewable energy systems, includinginterfacing filters, are first selected to ensure steady optimum performance operation, after which con-trollers are designed and implemented to ensure stability, high dynamic performance, and robustness todisturbance and parameter variations. The controllability analysis of an interior permanent magnet (IPM)wind turbine generator connected to the grid through a filter interface is analyzed, and the stability ofthe nonlinear system and the study of the zero dynamics provide insights into potential constraints oncontroller structure and dynamics.

Chapter 9 points out that the role of the power converter’s control is fundamental and involves a numberof issues: power flow control, synchronization with the main grid, reactive power capability, voltageregulation at the point of common coupling and power quality constraints. In addressing these matters,the authors focus on PV and small wind turbine systems, as well as the management of the transitionamong grid connection, stand-alone operation, and synchronization.

Chapter 10 describes the main properties and control methods of the doubly fed induction machine,which are related to both grid-connected and stand-alone operation modes. The chapter presents the prop-erties of a wind turbine equipped with a doubly fed induction machine, and offers a short description ofwind turbine aerodynamics, wind turbine superior control, and steady-state performance of wind turbine.

Chapter 11 is devoted to various topologies of AC–DC–AC converters and their design. It offersan in-depth discussion of classical three-phase/three-phase transistor-based AC–DC–AC convert-ers (two-level and three-level diode-clamped converters (DCCs) and flying capacitors converters(FCC)) and simplified AC–DC–AC converters (two-level and three-level three-phase/one-phase andthree-phase/three-phase DCC).

Chapter 12 describes how More Electric Aircraft (MEA) technology is continually evolving and beingwidely recognized as the future technology for the aerospace industry. This chapter provides a briefdescription of the electrical power generation, conversion, and distribution in conventional aircrafts andin more electric aircrafts, such as Airbus 380 and Boeing 787. The author also discusses more electricarchitectures, power distribution strategies, more electric engine concepts, and the effect of high-voltageoperation at high altitudes.

Chapter 13 presents the structure and basic design aspects of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybridelectric vehicles (PHEVs), as well as future trends in EV manufacturing. The authors also discuss theintegration of EVs with green, renewable energy sources and introduce the design of such systems.

Chapter 14 is dedicated to explaining multilevel converters/inverters and describing their pros and consregarding their most suitable applications. The chapter presents how multilevel inverters are applied tostatic var generation (SVG), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), and FACTS devices. Theauthors further explore magnetic-less multilevel DC–DC converters and analyze the multilevel convert-ers’ fault tolerance and reliability.

Preface xxiii

Chapter 15 elaborates on the theoretical and analytical aspects of multi-phase matrix converters,encompassing existing and emerging topologies and control. The authors also discuss various controlalgorithms for efficient operation.

Chapter 16 presents a detailed analysis of three boost-type preregulators commonly used for powerfactor correction in single-phase rectifiers: the single-switch basic boost, the two-switch asymmetrichalf-bridge boost, and the interleaved dual-boost topology. The authors also illustrate the mathematicalmodeling approach, applying it to the first two topologies. In so doing, the authors are able to demonstratethe effectiveness of these converters associated with their respective control systems.

Chapter 17 looks at how power electronics applications have penetrated multiple areas of modernlife, thereby increasing nonlinear loads in comparison with linear loads. Simultaneously, powerelectronics-based loads are sensitive to harmonic distortion, which leads to a discussion of active powerfilters that can be employed to cancel or mitigate harmonics and their effects.

In Chapter 18A, the discussion provided proves that the so-called virtual machine (VM) is ahardware-in-the-loop (HiL) system allowing an inverter to be tested at real power levels without theneed for installing and operating real machines as the VM has the same characteristics as a real inductionmotor or even a synchronous motor. Different machines and their respective load conditions can beemulated by software, meaning that the drive inverter under test can operate in its normal mode.

Chapter 18B also relates to the HiL systems, with a thorough presentation of the modular multilevelconverter (MMC). The authors explain the limitations of standard simulation methods and propose moresuitable control techniques. Issues raised by the converter topology are discussed with regard to the choiceof hardware to achieve real-time simulation, and examples of implementation for real-time applicationusing OPAL-RT real-time simulator are given for the different techniques previously discussed.

Chapter 19 describes the use of model predictive control (MPC) for speed control in electricalmachines. The authors also show how the MPC is a conceptually different control technique that offers ahigh flexibility to control different power electronics topologies and manages several control objectives,without adding significant complexity to the system.

Chapter 20 presents two approaches used to control electric machines supplied by the current sourceinverter. The first approach is based on the current control and the second approach contains thevoltage control with multiscalar model approach. The topologies are analyzed for controlling a supplysquirrel-cage induction motor, doubly fed machine, and permanent magnet synchronous machine.

In Chapter 21, the author shows how the high dv/dt and the common-mode voltage generated by theinverter pulse-width modulation (PWM) control result in the appearances of bearing currents, shaft volt-ages, motor terminal overvoltages, the decrease in motor efficiency, and electromagnetic interference.A common-mode motor equivalent circuit is analyzed, with an emphasis on the bearing currents andvarious aspects of currents’ limitation. The author dedicates much of the chapter to analyzing the activemethods on the limitation of common-mode currents based on PWM modifications.

In Chapter 22, the impacts of megawatt variable frequency drives (VFDs) for liquefied natural gas(LNG) plants are discussed. This chapter presents few examples of actual high-power VFDs that canrealize up to 100 MW systems using four sets of 25 MW neutral-point-clamped (NPC)-based multilevelvoltage source inverters (VSIs). The chapter starts with an overview of LNG plants, outlines conven-tional gas turbine (GT), drives techno-economic and environmental implications, and introduces variouselectric drive technologies used for LNG plants, highlighting their limitations, technological problems,and their impact on future LNG plants.

Chapter 23 is devoted to the modulation and control of single-phase, active front-end converters. Thefirst part of the chapter presents a literature review and analysis of PWM techniques with unipolar switch-ing for three main multilevel converter topologies. The second part of the chapter is devoted to currentcontrol of single-phase voltage source converters.

The final chapter offers a comprehensive and systematic reference for the current and future devel-opment of the high-performance Z-source inverter (ZSI)/quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI), and providesa detailed explanation of the impedance parameter design. It looks at ZSI/qZSI, otherwise known asan impedance source inverter. This inverter has attracted increasing interest because of a single-stage

xxiv Preface

power conversion with a step-up/step-down function, handling the DC voltage variations in a wide rangewithout overrating the inverter and allowing switches on the same bridge leg to simultaneously turn on.The authors present the operation principle and control methods of conventional ZSI/qZSI, and offer adiscussion of the advantages of novel extended topologies, such as qZSI with battery and qZSI-basedcascade multilevel systems.

Haitham Abu-RubMariusz Malinowski

Kamal Al-Haddad

Acknowledgments

We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation to everyone who directlyor indirectly helped in making this book a reality. Our special thanks go to Mrs. Suzan Nasser andMr. Wesam Mansour for assisting us in this work. We are also very grateful to Mrs. Amy Hamar forher help in revising the language of specific chapters. Special thanks also go to Texas A&M University,Qatar, for funding the language revision, editing, and other related work.

We are indebted to our families for their continuous support, patience, and encouragement withoutwhich this project would not have been completed. We would also like to express our appreciation andsincere gratitude to the staff of Wiley, especially Miss Laura Bell and Mr. Richard Davies, for their helpand cooperation.

Haitham Abu-RubMariusz Malinowski

Kamal Al-Haddad

List of Contributors

Gonzalo Abad, Electronics and Computing Department, Mondragon University, Mondragon, Spain

Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik, Electrical Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Egypt

Haitham Abu-Rub, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University atQatar, Doha, Qatar

Shehab Ahmed, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Texas A&M at Qatar, Doha, Qatar

Kamal Al-Haddad, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal,Canada

Mahshid Amirabadi, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois atChicago, Illinois, USA

Jean Bélanger, Opal-RT Technologies Inc, Montréal, Canada

Lazhar Ben-Brahim, Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Frede Blaabjerg, Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

Handy. F. Blanchette, Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Canada

Till Boller, Institute for Electrical Machines and Drives, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

Bimal K. Bose, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University ofTennessee, Tennessee, USA

Concettina Buccella, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, andDigiPower Ltd., University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

Giampaolo Carli, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal,Canada

Carlo Cecati, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, and DigiPowerLtd., University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

Christian Dufour, OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES Inc, Montréal, Canada

xxviii List of Contributors

Leopoldo G. Franquelo, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Seville, Seville, Spain

Baoming Ge, School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China; Departmentof Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA

Luc A. Grégoire, Electrical engineering department, Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal,Canada

Jaroslaw Guzinski, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology,Gdansk, Poland

Joachim Holtz, Institute for Electrical Machines and Drives, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal,Germany

Atif Iqbal, Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Aligarh MuslimUniversity, Aligarh, India

Grzegorz Iwanski, Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology,Warsaw, Poland

Marek Jasinski, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Hadi Y. Kanaan, Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Saint-Joseph Univer-sity – ESIB, Mar Roukoz, Lebanon

Hossein Karimi-Davijani, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering/Center for Energy Sys-tems Research, Tennessee Technological University, Tennessee, USA

Ralph M. Kennel, Institute for Electrical Drive Systems and Power Electronics, Technische UniversitaetMuenchen, Munich, Germany

Samir Kouro, Department of Electronics, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile

Zbigniew Krzeminski, Department of Automatic Control of Electrical Drives, Gdansk University ofTechnology, Gdansk, Poland

Jose I. Leon, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Seville, Seville, Spain

Yongdong Li, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Marco Liserre, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr, Germany

Yushan Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar,Doha, Qatar; School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China

Ke Ma, Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

Mariusz Malinowski, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw,Poland

Ahmed M. Massoud, Electrical Engineering Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar