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The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
1
POWER ELECTRONICS
INTRODUCTION
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
WHAT IS POWER ELECTRONICS?
CONVERSION AND CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL POWER
BY
POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
MODES OF CONVERSION
RECTIFICATION: AC to DC
INVERSION: DC to AC
CYCLOCONVERSION: AC to AC (Frequency Changer)
AC CONTROL: AC to AC (Same frequency)
DC CONTROL: DC to - DC
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WHY POWER ELECTRONICS IS IMPORTANT?
Electrical Power Conversion and Control at high efficiency
Apparatus at Low Cost, Small Size, High Reliability and Long Life
Very important element in Modern Electrical Power Processing and IndustrialProcess Control
Enabling Technology for Renewable Energy (Wind, Photovoltaic And Fuel Cells)and Transportation Electrification (Electric and hybrid vehicles)
Increasing Emphasis Of Energy Saving And Pollution Control By Power Electronics
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
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ROLE OF POWER ELECTRONICS
The power electronics interface facilitates the transfer of power from the
source to the load by converting voltages and currents from one form to
another, in which it is possible for the source and load to reverse roles. The
controller shown in the above figure allows management of the power
transfer process in which the conversion of voltages and currents should be
achieved with as high energy-efficiency and high power density as possible.
Ned Mohan, 2005
Power electronics interface between the source and the load
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Applications of Power Electronics TRANSPORTATION EV/HV, SUBWAY, LOCOMOTIVES, ELEVATORS
HOME APPLIANCES BLENDER, MIXER, DRILL, WASHING MACHINE
PAPER AND TEXTILE MILLS
WIND POWER GENERATION
AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS
ROLLING AND CEMENT MILLS
MACHINE TOOLS AND ROBOTICS
PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS
SHIP PROPULSION
COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS
SOLID STATE STARTER FOR MACHINES
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POWER ELECTRONICS IN ENERGY SAVING
CONTROL OF POWER BY ELECTRONIC SWITCHING IS MORE EFFICIENTTHAN OLD RHEOSTATIC CONTROL
ROUGHLY 60% - 65% OF GENERATED ENERGY IS CONSUMED INELECTRICAL MACHINES MAINLY PUMPS AND FANS
VARIABLE SPEED FULL THROTTLE FLOW CONTROL CAN IMPROVEEFFICIENCY BY 30% AT LIGHT LOAD
LIGHT LOAD REDUCED FLUX MACHINE OPERATION CAN FURTHERIMPROVE EFFICIENCY
VARIABLE SPEED AIR-CONDITIONER/HEAT PUMP CAN SAVE ENERGY BY30%
20% OF GENERATED ENERGY IS USED IN LIGHTING
HIGH FREQUENCY FLUORESCENT LAMPS ARE 2-3 TIMES MOREEFFICIENT THAN INCANDESCENT LAMPS
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ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE PERCENTAGE ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
Percentage use of electricity in various sectors in the U.S.
Ned Mohan, 2005
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
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ROLE OF ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES IN PUMP-DRIVENSYSTEMS
Ned Mohan, 2005
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TRANSPORTATION
Hybrid electric vehicles with much higher gas mileage
Hybrid electric vehicles with much higher gas mileage
Light rail, fly-by-wire planes
All-electric ships
Drive-by-wire automobilesNed Mohan, 2005
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
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WIND-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS
Wind-electric systems
Ned Mohan, 2005
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Ned Mohan, 2005
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UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system
Ned Mohan, 2005
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The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
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INDUCTION HEATING
Power electronics interface required for induction heating
Ned Mohan, 2005
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COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS
Power electronics interface required for CFL
Ned Mohan, 2005
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POWERING THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Regulated low-voltage dc power supplies
Ned Mohan, 2005
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17BOOST CONVERTER
Boost dc-dc converter needed in the cell operated equipment
Ned Mohan, 2005
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
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ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES
Block diagram of adjustable speed drives
Ned Mohan, 2005
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SUMMARIZING THE ROLE OF POWER ELECTRONICS
Block diagram of power electronic interface
Ned Mohan, 2005
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
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POWER CONVERTER SYSTEM
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The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
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SMART POWER SYSTEMS
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FIVE GENERATIONS OF SOLID STATE POWER ELECTRONICS
FIRST GENERATION (1958 ~ 1975) (Thyristor Era) Diode Thyristor Triac
SECOND GENERATION (1975 ~ 1985) Power BJT Power MOSFET
GTO Microprocessor ASIC PIC Advanced Control
THIRD GENERATION (1985 ~ 1995) IGBT Intelligent Power Modules (IPM) DSPs Advanced Control
FOURTH GENERATION (1995 ~ 2006 ) IGCT Cool MOS PEBB Sensorless Control AI Techniques Fuzzy Logic, Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm
FIFTH GENERATION (2006 ~ ) SIC and GAN based devices FPGA Control High density packaging
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
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RECENT AND POTENTIAL ADVANCEMENTS
Devices that can handle voltages in kVs and currents in kAs
ASICs
DSPs
Micro-controllers
FPGA
Integrated and intelligent power modules
Packaging
SiC-based solid-state devices
High energy density capacitors
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PowerConverters
A small Drive unit
Power Module
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TeslaElectricRoadster
1. Electric Motor
2. Transmission
3. Power Electronics Unit
4. Battery Pack
5. Body and Frame
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
ChevroletVOLT
Concept
(PHEV)
GlobalCompactVehicleBased
ElectricDriveMotor
120kWpeakpower
320Nmpeaktorque(236lbft)
LiionBatteryPack
136kWpeakpower16kWhenergycontentHomeplugincharging
Generator
53kW
InternalCombustionEngine
1.0L3cylinderturbo
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Several control strategies are studied to obtain high efficiency
Low inductance packaging, EMI mitigation, thermal design are
very critical
Stability of the system, dynamic response, and avoidingtorsional resonance are key part of the system design
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
N3XConceptDescription
Superconducting-motor-drivenfans in a continuous nacelle
Wing-tip mountedsuperconductingturbogenerators
TeDP-HWB: Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion Hybrid Wing Body Decoupled propulsive producing device from power producing device Two wingtip mounted turboshaft engines driving superconducting generators Two large engine cores and multiple motor-driven fans give very high effective BPR Superconducting electrical transmissions Fifteen superconducting motor driven propulsors embedded in fuselage Two cooling schemes, cryo-cooled and LH2-cooled
Large electrical power off-take for in-flight and ground use Easy to add other electric power source such as fuel cell, battery, etc
NASA
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ElectricTaxiingand DARPATransformerVehicle
Integrated electric motors in the
aircraft nose wheels offer full
mobility without the use of
turbines or tugs.
Allows safer, cost-effective,
more efficient operations
Enables the redesign of airportairside operation
Electric Taxiing
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
Bombardier
ZEFIRO
Very
High
Speed
Trains34
.
The ZEFIRO features sustainable technologies and an aerodynamic design thatgenerates 20% energy savings. It requires the lowest energy consumption perseat in its segment. It also offers the highest service speed among the ZEFIROclass of trains
Power:
Voltage/frequency nom.: 25 kV-50 Hz; min. 17.5 kV; Max 30 kV,
Asynchronous motors, forced cooling
Distributed drives
20 MW (16 cars, 380 kph)
The ZEFIRO is the latest class of
very high speed (VHS) trains from
Bombardier. It is one of the fastest
sleeper trains in the world and is
currently being operated in China.
Operating speed of 250kmph to
380kmph
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ANotionalSystemforAllElectricShip
Gen.
Gen.
DC Distribution
ActiveFilter
SMES
PropulsionAC/AC
Motor
AC/AC
EMALS
DC/ACAC/DC
MV AC
Distribution
SMESPCS
ActiveFilter
LV AC
Distribution
ASD ASD
AESS
Most (all) sources and loads interfaced through powerelectronics converters
Architecture and control for high density and efficiency System controllability and stability Reliability and availability
Other performance requirements (PQ, EMI,)
The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu
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Power
Electronics
is
the
enabling
Technology
for
TransportationElectrification
POWERELECTRONICS
(Si, SiC, FUTURE)
Semiconductor
switchesCapacitors
Circuitry
Other
Components
ENERGY STORAGE
Batteries
Ultracaps
Maintainance
FreeLithium ion
THERMAL
MANAGEMENT
Natural or liquid
Spray cooling
Heat sinks
POWER GENERATION /
UTILIZATION
Motor technologies
Fuel cells
POWER DISTRIBUTION /
SYSTEM INTEGRATION
AC or DC Dist.
Voltage levels,
frequencyStability
EMI
PM
SR
InductionStarter/
Generators
Modeling
Controllers
Hardware
Electric
actuation
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SUMMARY
POWER ELECTRONICS USES LOW POWER ELECTRONICS (ICs),CONTROL AND SWITCHING POWER DEVICES FOR POWER CONVERTER
AND/OR PROCESSING FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POWER DEVICES PLAY A MAJORROLE IN THE SPEED AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POWER
CONVERSION.
POWER ELECTRONICS ENABLES THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ALLPOWER CONVERSION SYSTEMS.
38
BOOKS IN POWER ELECTRONICS
Rashid, Muhammad H., Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices and Applications, 3rd ed,Pearson Education, 2003. (also Prentice Hall lists under same ISBN)
B.K. Bose, Power Electronics and Motor Drives, Elsevier, 2006
N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications,and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2003
Robert Erickson, Fundamentals of power electronics, Springer Science, 2001