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Power and Power and PoliticsPoliticsPower and Power and PoliticsPolitics
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The Meaning of Power The Meaning of Power The Meaning of Power The Meaning of Power
Power is the capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others.
The potential to influence others
People have power they don’t use and may not know they possess
Power requires one person’s perception of dependence on another person
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Power and DependencePower and DependencePower and DependencePower and Dependence
PersonPersonAA
PersonPersonB’s GoalsB’s Goals
PersonPersonBB
Person B’s Person B’s counterpower counterpower over Person Aover Person A Person A’s Person A’s
power over power over Person BPerson B
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Model of Power in OrganizationsModel of Power in OrganizationsModel of Power in OrganizationsModel of Power in Organizations
PowerPowerover Othersover Others
ContingenciesContingenciesOf PowerOf Power
Legitimate
Reward
Coercive
Expert
Referent
SourcesSourcesOf PowerOf Power
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Sources of PowerSources of PowerSources of PowerSources of Power
Legitimate PowerLegitimate Power
Reward PowerReward Power
Coercive PowerCoercive Power
Expert PowerExpert Power
Referent PowerReferent Power©Topham/The Image Works
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Legitimate powerLegitimate powerLegitimate powerLegitimate power
It is an Agreement among organizational members that people in certain roles can request certain behaviours of others
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Reward powerReward powerReward powerReward power
This is derived from the person’s ability to control the allocation of rewards valued by others and to remove negative reinforcements
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Coercive powerCoercive powerCoercive powerCoercive power
This is the ability to apply punishment.
This need not flow downwards only
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Expert powerExpert powerExpert powerExpert power
It is an individual’s or work unit’s capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that they value
Unlike legitimate, reward and coercive power (originates from the position) this power originates from within the person
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Referent powerReferent powerReferent powerReferent power
People have this power when others identify with them, like them, or otherwise respect them
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Information and PowerInformation and PowerInformation and PowerInformation and Power
Information is power
Greater the control over information flow greater the power
Information helps in coping with uncertainty
•Prevention
•Forecasting
•Absorption
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Contingencies of PowerContingencies of PowerContingencies of PowerContingencies of Power
ContingenciesContingenciesof Powerof Power
SubstitutabilitySubstitutability
CentralityCentrality
DiscretionDiscretion
VisibilityVisibility
PowerPowerover othersover others
SourcesSourcesof Powerof Power
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SubstitutabilitySubstitutabilitySubstitutabilitySubstitutability
Refers to the availability of alternatives
More the alternatives more the substitutability
More the substitutability lesser the influence
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IncreasingNonsubstitutability
ControllingControllingTasksTasks
ControllingControllingKnowledgeKnowledge
DifferentiationDifferentiation
ControllingControllingLaborLabor
Increasing NonsubstitutabilityIncreasing NonsubstitutabilityIncreasing NonsubstitutabilityIncreasing Nonsubstitutability
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CentralityCentralityCentralityCentrality
The degree and nature of interdependence between the power holder and others
Greater the centrality greater the influence
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DiscretionDiscretionDiscretionDiscretion
This is the extent of freedom given to exercise judgment or make decisions without referring to a specific rule or receiving permission from someone else
Greater the discretion greater the influence
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VisibilityVisibilityVisibilityVisibility
The extent of visibility of the power held
Greater the visibility greater the influence
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Networking and PowerNetworking and PowerNetworking and PowerNetworking and Power
Cultivating social relationships with others to accomplish one’s goals
Increases power Expert Referent Visibility and centrality contingencies
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Office Romance and PowerOffice Romance and PowerOffice Romance and PowerOffice Romance and Power
Co-workers believe that employees in relationships abuse their power to favor each other.
Higher risk of sexual harassment when relationship breaks off.
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Influencing OthersInfluencing OthersInfluencing OthersInfluencing Others
Influence is any behavior that attempts to alter someone’s attitudes or behavior
Applies one or more power bases
Process through which people achieve organizational objectives
Operates up, down, and across the organizational hierarchy
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InfluInfluenceenceTacticsTactics
Silent Silent authorityauthority ExchangeExchange
Information Information controlcontrol
PersuasionPersuasion
Types of Influence TacticsTypes of Influence TacticsTypes of Influence TacticsTypes of Influence Tactics
Forming Forming coalitionscoalitions
Upward Upward appealappeal
Impression Impression managementmanagement
AsseAssertivenessrtiveness
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Two Faces of PowerTwo Faces of PowerTwo Faces of PowerTwo Faces of Power
Personal Power used for personal gain
Social Power used to create motivation used to accomplish group goals
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Successful Power UsersSuccessful Power UsersSuccessful Power UsersSuccessful Power Users
Have high need for social power
Approach relationships with a communal orientation
Focus on needs and interests of others
belief in justice altruism
belief in the authority system
preference for work & discipline
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Power Analysis: A Broader ViewPower Analysis: A Broader ViewPower Analysis: A Broader ViewPower Analysis: A Broader View
Organizational Power
Coercive Power - influence through threat of punishment, fear, or intimidation
Utilitarian Power - influence through rewards and benefits
Normative Power - influence through knowledge of belonging, doing the right thing
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Power Analysis: A Broader ViewPower Analysis: A Broader ViewPower Analysis: A Broader ViewPower Analysis: A Broader View
Organizational Membership
Alienative Membership - members feel hostile, negative, do not want to be there
Calculative Membership - members weigh benefits and limitations of belonging
Moral Membership - members have positive organizational feelings; will deny own needs
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Etzioni’s Power AnalysisEtzioni’s Power AnalysisEtzioni’s Power AnalysisEtzioni’s Power Analysis
Type of Membership
Typ
e of
Pow
er
Alienative Calculative Moral
Normative
Utilitarian
Coercive
SOURCE: Adapted from Amitai Etzioni, Modern Organizations (Upper “Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964), 59-61
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Kanter’s Symbols of PowerKanter’s Symbols of PowerKanter’s Symbols of PowerKanter’s Symbols of Power
• Ability to intercede for someone in trouble
• Ability to get placements for favored employees
• Exceeding budget limitations
• Procuring above-average raises for employees
• Getting items on the agenda at meetings
• Access to early information
• Having top managers seek out their opinion
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Kanter’s Symbols of PowerlessnessKanter’s Symbols of PowerlessnessKanter’s Symbols of PowerlessnessKanter’s Symbols of Powerlessness
First-line Supervisors• overly close supervision• inflexible adherence to rules• do job rather than train
Staff Professionals• resistance to change• turf protection
Key to overcoming powerlessness: share power & delegate decision making
Top Executives• budget cuts• punishing behaviors• top-down communications
Managers• assign external attribution - blame others or environment
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Korda’s Power SymbolsKorda’s Power SymbolsKorda’s Power SymbolsKorda’s Power Symbols
Power - there are more people who inconvenience themselves on your behalf than there are people on whose behalf you would inconvenience yourself
Status - a person’s relative standing in a group based on prestige and deference
AccessTime
Furnishings
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Political Behavior in OrganizationsPolitical Behavior in OrganizationsPolitical Behavior in OrganizationsPolitical Behavior in Organizations
Organizational Politics - the use of power and influence in organizations
Political Behavior - actions not officially sanctioned by an organization that are taken to influence others in order to meet one’s personal goals
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Effective Political CharacteristicsEffective Political CharacteristicsEffective Political CharacteristicsEffective Political Characteristics
What characteristics do effective political actors
possess?
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Influence TacticsInfluence TacticsInfluence TacticsInfluence Tactics
Consultation
Inspirational appeals
Rational persuasion
Ingratiation
Coalition
Exchange tactics
Upward appeals
Pressure
Upward Influence: the boss
Downward Influence: an employee
Lateral Influence: a coworker
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Managing Political BehaviorManaging Political BehaviorManaging Political BehaviorManaging Political Behavior
•Maintain open communication
•Clarify performance expectations
•Use participative management
•Encourage cooperation among work groups
•Manage scarce resources well
•Provide a supportive organizational climate
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Sharing Power: EmpowermentSharing Power: EmpowermentSharing Power: EmpowermentSharing Power: Empowerment
Empowerment: sharing power in such a
way that individuals learn to believe in their ability
to do the job!
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Empowerment’s DimensionsEmpowerment’s DimensionsEmpowerment’s DimensionsEmpowerment’s Dimensions
Meaning - fit between the work role and the employee’s values and beliefs
Self-determination - having control over the way one does one’s work
Impact - belief that one’s job makes a difference within the organization
Competence - belief that one has the ability to do the job well
E2s
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Guidelines for EmpoweringGuidelines for EmpoweringGuidelines for EmpoweringGuidelines for Empowering
Express confidence in employees
Set high performance expectations
Create opportunities for participative decision making
Remove bureaucratic constraints that stifle autonomy
Set inspirational and meaningful goals
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Employee Empowerment GridEmployee Empowerment GridEmployee Empowerment GridEmployee Empowerment Grid
Point DMission Defining
Point BTask Setting
Point ESelf-management
Point CParticipatory
Empowerment
Point ANo Discretion
ImplementFollow-up
Alt. Choice
Alt. Eval
Alt. Dev
Problem Id.
Problem Id. Alt. EvalAlt. DevAlt.
ChoiceImplementFollow-up
Decision-Making Authority over Job Content
Dec
isio
n-M
akin
g A
uth
ori
ty o
ver
Job
Co
nte
xt
Amitai Etzioni, Modern Organizations, 1964, pp.... 59-61. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
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Using Power EffectivelyUsing Power EffectivelyUsing Power EffectivelyUsing Power Effectively
•Use power in ethical ways
•Understand and use all of the various types of power and influence
•Seek out jobs that allow you to develop your power skills
•Use power tempered by maturity and self-control
•Accept that influencing people is an important part of the management job