Poverty Reduction Possibilities in Punjab A. Quddus, Mazhar-ul... · Web viewPoverty Reduction...

2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics ISBN : 9780974211428

Poverty Reduction Possibilities in Punjab (Public –Private Partnership in Social sector)

by

Dr. Muhammad A. Quddus* Dr. Mazhar-ul-Haq Baluch**

Khawar Ata***

* Director, Punjab Economic Research Institute, Lahore.** Associate Professor, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore.*** Research Economist, Punjab Economic Research Institute, Lahore. _________________________________________________________________________________

July 1-2, 2014Cambridge, UK 1


Poverty Reduction Possibilities in Punjab (Public –Private Partnership in Social sector)

Dr. Muhammad A. Quddus Dr. Mazhar-ul-Haq Baluch

Khawar Ata

Abstract

PPAF is the leading agency for poverty reduction in Pakistan, which embodies the spirit of private – public partnership to address the multi-dimensional issues of poverty. It’s multidimensional experience concludes that local, indigenous and community based institutions are a pre-requisite for spending on the poor to achieve the positive development outcomes. Consequently, Microfinance Innovation and Outreach Program (MIOP) comprised of three components or multidimensional development activity has been initiated. Status of 50 percent females improved after taking loan, while 36.4 percent replied that the loan had no impact on their social status. In accordance with results of benchmark survey, total income of households in project area increased by 126 percent over their income obtained during benchmark survey whereas during the same period an increase of 95 percent was found in income of respondents ( non-project areas’ households). The remarkable increase in the income of project areas’ households was mainly due to project intervention in that area. There was although an increase in the income and expenditure of the respondents, but increase in expenditure as found in evaluation survey was higher as compared with that of benchmark survey. In the evaluation survey, the savings by project households over the non-project households were positive. Poverty score was established on the basis of weight assigned to different households’ characteristics and the maximum poverty score assigned was 25. However, 50 percent poverty score was estimated for 22 percent of the respondents of the project area and 36 percent of the non-project area respondents in Kasur district. In district Sheikhupura, 50 percent poverty score was estimated for 17 percent household of project area and 29 percent of the non-project area. In overall, poverty score of respondent households was higher in the project area then that of non-project area. This indicated sign of poverty reduction in the project area.

1. Introduction

Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) being one of the largest sources of pro-poor spending

in the country is the leading agency for poverty reduction in Pakistan. It was established in 2000

with the following objectives:-

To strengthen the institutional capacity of civil society organizations, and support creation of organizations of the poor, that can work together to alleviate poverty and achieve MDGs.

To build public – private partnerships with the purpose of increasing market access and market share for poor communities.



To ensure that public services adhering to identified quality standards are available to poor community.

To empower the poor especially women and increase their income. To provide credit to partner organizations and assist them to expand their

Poverty Targeted Micro- credit Programs. To provide grants and loans on a cost sharing basis for development of small

scale community infrastructure. To increase accessibility of disadvantaged communities to infrastructure, health

and education. To strengthen the institutional capacity of partner organizations and support

them in their capacity building efforts with communities.

Pakistan poverty Alleviation Funds (PPAF) is a community led demand driven institution and

focuses on non- prescriptive and thrust model- neutral but value-driven partnership. The main

thrust of PPAF is to support and strengthen such institutions for the poor (Poor Organizations),

which are pro-poor, well governed, transparent, democratic and accountable. In the last ten years,

PPAF has successfully laid the foundation for a vibrant and responsive development sector by

expanding its presence across almost all the districts in the country. At the same time, PPAF

worked on developing human and institutional capacities of its partner organizations, thereby

enabling small emerging outfit to transform into medium and large organizations. PPAF is the

leading agency for poverty reduction in Pakistan, which embodies the spirit of private – public

partnership to address the multi-dimensional issues of poverty. It’s multidimensional experience

concludes that local, indigenous and community based institutions are a pre-requisite for

spending on the poor to achieve the positive development outcomes.

Consequently, Microfinance Innovation and Outreach Program (MIOP) comprised of three

components or multidimensional development activity. Thus, PPAF has cumulatively financed

over Rs. million 4.7 micro credit loans, completed 25000 health, education, water and

infrastructural projects, conducted over 11500 training events and developed a grass root



network for 297000 community organizations. PPAF’s coverage has simultaneously increased to

include 129 districts through 99 partner organizations across all provinces and regions.

PPAF was also at the forefront in responding to the devastating floods that ravaged the country

in 2010-11 and is undertaking a comprehensive recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction effort

in the affected areas.

2. Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of the study were to analyze changes in demographic characteristics,

housing conditions, ownership of assets, composition of household incomes and expenditure,

under weight and under height children and change in role of males and females in decision

making regarding different household activities.

3. Methodology

A representative sampling is essential to derive the reliable results from the primary data

collected from the concerned population. The first and the foremost component of the population

to be considered for representative sample size is the variability, measured considering relevant

indicator of the elementary units of the population, for which the list of the elementary units

becomes primary requirement. However in the absence of the list of the population, the guessed

variability, which has been theoretically accepted can be used to have representative sample size.

Consequently the representative sample size was determined by applying the formula

considering the guessed variability for maximum sample size i.e., 50 %. The formula is as

under:-

n=



Where

n= Sample size

N= Total beneficiaries

Z= Normal variate at 90 percent precision level

d =Acceptable error

V = Guessed variability among sampling units (50 %)

for the maximum sample size.

3.1: Sample Size for Community Support Concern (CSC) in Kasur

Using the above given formula, the sample size has drawn for the bench mark survey considering

the acceptable error=9.3%

n = = = 99.9 say =100

Thus, the sample size of the study was 100 respondents.

In bench mark survey the institute, however collected households level data from 112

beneficiaries and 123 non-beneficiaries. In case of evaluation study, the data was collected from

101 beneficiaries and 104 non-beneficiaries.

3.2 Sample Size for Centre for Women Cooperative Development (CWCD) in Sheikhupura

In case of this component the sample size for the benchmark survey was determined by applying

the already described formula which was as under:-

n=



Where

N = sample size of the beneficiaries

Total beneficiaries= 181

N = Normal variate at 95 percent precision level

d = acceptable error i-e 3.32 percent

V = Guessed variability among sampling units (50 percent) for the maximum sampling size.

N = = = 149.87

say 150.

The sample size for the study for this (CWCD) component was 150. The data was collected from

150 beneficiaries and 175 non-beneficiaries. For evaluation survey 150 beneficiaries and 152

non-beneficiaries were contacted to collect relevant information.

4. Results of the Study

The results of the study were discussed collectively for all the components i-e women

empowerment, housing profile and income, expenditure and poverty status to cover all the

described objectives of the introduced activities.

4.1 Women Empowerment

The PPAF loans were distributed not only to improve socio-economic situation of the

households under umbrella of introduced development activities but also resulted in giving more

weight and respect to their opinion to the voice of women in deciding matters relating to the

daily life.



4.2 Household Demographic Features

Household demographic features include ratio of male and female in the considered sample

population and estimated size of the households eating from the same kitchen. The data given in

Table 1 reflected that the demographic features of the household families in the project and non-

project area in both the benchmark and evaluation survey were almost identical. It was noted that

percentage of female population increased in the project and non-project area during evaluation

survey as compared with that of benchmark survey. But in the Sheikhupura district, it decreased

in the evaluation survey in the non-project area of Kasur district.

The above Table shows that in benchmark survey, the average family size in the project area was

6.4 and it was 5.1 in the non-project area, but it decreased to 5.9 persons in evaluation survey and

increased to 5.5 in the non-project area in evaluation survey. Contrast to that the household size

increased in the Sheikhupura district in the project area in evaluation survey and remained the

same in the non-project area.

The findings of the evaluation survey were evident that in the project area, percentage of male

decreased from 55 (benchmark survey) to 53.4 whereas, the percentage of female members

increased from 45.0 to 46.3. The family size however, reduced to 5.9 as compared with 6.4

persons in the benchmark survey. Decrease in the percentage of male members is not a healthy

sign as in the near future, it will result into reduction of earning numbers of the family and it

might cause decrease in per capita income.

In project area, male and female ratio tilted in favour of female population and average family

size also increased from 5.6 persons in benchmark survey to 6.5 persons in evaluation survey.



Contrary to this, in non-project area, average household size remained constant whereas, male

and female ratio was almost the same in both the benchmark and evaluation surveys. Increase in

the percentage of female population and family size are indicative of the fact that awareness

regarding family practices was not created under the programme.

4.3 Age-wise Distribution of Population

The age- wise distribution of the population of the sample area of the district Kasur and

Sheikhupura has been presented in the Table 2. The age- wise distribution of the population of

the sample area of the district Kasur & Sheikhupura has been presented in the Table 2. In the

district Sheikhupura, one third (33.0 percent) of male population fell in age bracket of less than

15 years. Whereas the male population of this area in the age bracket (15 ≥ 60 years) was

reported to be 64.7 percent of the population whereas the female group of this age was 53.7

percent in the project area. In the non-project area the reported difference was in the female

category of the same age. At the time of evaluation, male and female population decreased in the

age bracket of < 15 years both in the project and non-project area. However, in the age bracket

(15≥ 60 years) and (>60) years there reported increase not only in male but also in female

population in the project as well as in the non-project area.

The similar situations with respect to changes in the age brackets were occurred in the district

Sheikhupura project and non-project area.

4.4 Decision Making in Household

The role of male and female in decision making regarding children, social events and family size

has been of profound importance and was assessed. The results have been presented in Table 3.



The results of benchmark as well as evaluation results highlighted that most of the important

decisions relating to marriage of children, family size, social events and children education were

jointly taken by male and female. The males were dominant in taking decision regarding

employment, whereas discussion pertaining to daily food was the privilege of female.

The percentage of females taking decision about daily food was computed during benchmark

survey and it was found as 67.3 and 36.9 in project and non-project area respectively. As per

evaluation survey, the decision in this regard was being taken by 40.4 and 67.7 percent females

in project and non-project area respectively.

The results of evaluation survey indicated that the percentage of women deciding about social

events independently declined in both the project and non-project area as compared with the

findings of benchmark survey.

4.5 Women Having Control over Household Resources

The household resources refer to cash, income, assets and budget. Consequently, the accessibility

of women to these resources was assessed during the benchmark and evaluation surveys, the

results are detailed in Table 4.

It transpired from survey results that the women were dominating in taking decision regarding

access and control over cash, income, and budget in both the districts, Kasur and Sheikhupura,

while 78.3 percent women had access and control over cash, 52.2 percent had access to income,

while 26.1 and 41.2 percent reported to somewhat independency related to assets.

4.6 Female Having Access to Employment

In rural environmental circumstances under familiar aspirations, the women, even the literate, are

not supposed to work to earn money in this era of vast awareness considering the literacy status



of the areas. Since this aspect specifically relating to females has been included in all the

development project funded by donor agencies to provide awareness among females to be broad

minded and not confine to themselves within the boundary wall of the house. Here it was only to

probe access of female in employment opportunities to examining the mind of females as well as

the reaction of males in this context. Consequently, Female’s access to assets and employment

was assessed during survey and the results are presented in Table 5.

The affirmative response by 87.0 percent and 100 percent women regarding access to market

was reported in Kasur and Sheikhupura district respectively. Whereas 87.0 percent women from

Kasur District and 94.1 percent opined that they could decide themselves to visit and participate

in social events / places (Table 5).

4.7 Awareness of Women Regarding Local Rights

Local rights include Nikah Nama, Law of Inheritance and other Rights (concerning social and

economic obligations) were assessed during the surveys. The views of females regarding their

awareness about basic rights, Nikah Nama and inheritance laws obtained have been presented in

Table 6.

The Table reflected that that 73.9 percent women from Kasur district and 52.9 percent women

from Sheikhupura district were aware of their basic rights , 60.9 percent and 52.9 percent were

aware of different clauses of Nikah Nama in district Kasur and district Sheikhupura respectively.

However, 52.2 percent women from Kasur district and 47.1 percent women from Sheikhupura

district had awareness about the law of inheritance.

4.8 Impact of Loan in Change of Social Status of Women



Loan provision for women was a component of the project aiming at changes in social status of

women residing in the project jurisdiction. Consequently, the female respondents were

interviewed to obtain views regarding the impact of benefits accrued of loan provision and the

response has been presented in the Table 7.

During the survey, it was discovered that the status of 50 percent females had improved after

taking loan, while 13.6 percent women reported no improvement in status dealings, while 36.4

percent reported no impact on their social status in Kasur district. However, in Sheikhupura, 88.2

percent females informed that their status was improved due to obtaining loan from PPAF, while

equal 5.9 percent females informed that their status remained unchanged and had no impact on

their living respectively in this area.

4.9 Importance of Female Opinion Increased or Decreased After Taking Loan

Money specifically in rural areas played a role in determining significance of her existing in the

household. During the survey, females were asked about the importance of their opinion

regarding different issues after obtaining loan from PPAF (Table 8).

The loans were provided by PPAF to increase the status and the opinion of women to increase

significant or the status of them in decision making at households. Thus, the Table reflected that

the significance of women in decision regarding children’s education and their marriage had

increased by 26.7 percent and 21.7 percent respectively in Kasur district, whereas, regarding

children’s marriage, and children education, an equal proportion i.e., 62.5 percent women

informed that the importance of their opinion had increased in district Sheikhupura. The majority

of females i.e. 78.3, 73.3, 82.6, 85.7 and 92.3 percent replied that the loan had no impact on their

opinion regarding children’s marriage, children’s education, family’s discord, business decisions,



purchasing / selling of household items and purchasing / selling of property respectively in

district Kasur.

4.10 Impact of Loan in Change of Social Status of Women

The provision of micro finance services effectively can help build physical and human capital,

relieving opportunity constraints that hinder economic growth from being distributed equitably.

PPAF had cumulatively disbursed Rs. 25.2 billion to 45 partner organizations for microcredit on

lending to women to change social status of women in the sample areas of Punjab. The impact of

loan in changing social status of women was asked from the sample female respondents

(Table 9). As is evident from the above table that the status of 50 percent females had improved

after taking loan in Kasur district, while 88.2 percent females in Sheikhupura district, informed

that their status was improved due to obtaining loan from PPAF (Table 9).

4.11 Housing Condition

The better living conditions and atmosphere help improving the efficiency of human beings and

have effect on their health. Keeping in view of the importance of living conditions, the

respondents households residing in the project and non-project areas of districts Kasur and

Sheikhupura were asked during benchmark and evaluation surveys about the condition s of their

houses specially, The data / information obtained in this regard was presented in Tables 8. The

survey results revealed that a majority of the in the project area of Kasur, 72.3, 20.5 percent

households had two or three sleeping rooms respectively. Similarly, in benchmark survey in the

non-project area, it was found that 70.7, 22.0 percent households had two or three sleeping

rooms respectively.

The comparison of availability of sleeping rooms in the project area under both the surveys

indicated that percentage of households having three and four sleeping rooms had increased from



1.8 to 4.0 and 20.5 to 33.3, whereas, the percentage of household having two sleeping rooms

had decreased from 72.3 to 55.4 percent in project area (Table 10).

4.12 Drinking Water Supply

One of the PPAF supported infrastructure focusing scheme was drinking water supply. This

scheme has contributed directly to households. Consequently, source of drinking water supply

was assessed and the results are depicted in the Table 11.

The benchmark survey results in district Kasur established that in both the project and non-

project area, 90.2 and 96.7 percent households were obtaining their drinking water from tube-

well / borehole with pumps respectively. However, as per evaluation survey, 70.3 percent

households of project area were getting drinking water from tube-well / borehole with pumps and

25.7 percent respondents were using pipe into house facility for drinking water. Increase in the

percentage of respondents using better source for drinking water in the project area as per

evaluation survey could be attributed to interventions of the project. The same trend was,

however, observed in non-project area.

As per evaluation survey, percentage of households in project area obtaining drinking water from

pipe into house, tube well/borehole with pump and protected dug well decreased, whereas that

increased in case of public tap and motor pump.

4.13 Availability of Electricity

Keeping in view the importance of the availability of electricity, households in project area and

non-project area were asked about its availability. The results revealed that in both evaluation

and benchmark surveys, 100 percent project and non-project sample respondents had the facility

of electricity.



4.14 Owner ship of Electric Appliances

The electric appliances were the main indicator of social status in the rural areas. The details of

ownership of electric appliances in the project and non-project at the time of benchmark and

evaluation survey have been presented in Table 12. As is evident from the table that, 39.0

percent households had radio / tape, 94.6 percent owned television, 58.1 percent had refrigerator

and only 6.2 percent respondents had AC / air cooler in Kasur district. In case of non-project

area, it was observed during evaluation survey that, 79.2 and 50 percent of respondent

households had television and refrigerator respectively. The average price of television and

refrigerator prevailed in project area during evaluation survey was Rs. 12,631 and Rs. 27,398

respectively.

In benchmark survey, it was found that in non-project area, 2.9, 85.7, 42.9 and 2.9 percent

respondents had radio / tape, television, refrigerator and AC / air cooler respectively. The

corresponding figures for project area in benchmark survey were 1.3, 91.3, 44.7 and 2.7

respectively.

4.15 Assets, Income, Expenditure and Poverty

The asset refers to ownership of cultivated land and livestock here, the other assets electric

appliances and other capital goods have been presented at appropriate place in the study.

4.16 Cultivation of Land



The cultivation of land status for project and non-project was slightly improved in evaluation

survey as compared with evaluation survey. The results of evaluation survey indicated that the

status of land cultivation increased both in the project and non-project area (Table 13).

The results of benchmark survey revealed that in Kasur district a majority of households in

project and non-project area were not cultivating land and only 12.5 and 8.1 percent respondents

were cultivating land. However, in evaluation survey, the percentage of households who were

not cultivating land was 94.8 percent in project area and 95.2 percent in non-project area

increased from 87.5 to 94.8 and 91.9 to 95.2 in project and non-project areas respectively.

The cultivation of land status for project and non-project area was slightly improved in

evaluation survey as compared with that of benchmark survey. The results of evaluation survey

indicated that in Sheikhupura district, in project area, the status of land cultivation had

increased from 6.0 to 8.7 percent and the corresponding figures in non-project area were 5.1 and

16.4 percent respectively.

4.17 Livestock Owner ship

In district Kasur 15.2 percent in the project area and 7.3 percent of the respondents in the non-

project area of Kasur district were owning livestock in the benchmark survey, whereas at the

time of evaluation survey 6.9 percent of household in the project area and 4.8 non-project area

households reported owning livestock.

The household’s ownership of livestock in district Sheikhupura as per evaluation survey

increased in project area from 22.0 percent to 27.3 percent in the project area. However, the

increase from 18.9 percent to 27.7 percent of livestock ownership was reported in non-project

area during evaluation survey. The percentage of households without any animal reduced in both



the project and non-project areas during evaluation survey as compared with that of benchmark

survey.



4.18 Income of the Households by Income Group

The average income of households per annum in the project area was Rs. 263,280/- and in the

non-project area was Rs. 200,639/-, whereas in the evaluation survey corresponding figures were

Rs, 324,173/- in the project area and Rs. 251,339/- in the non- project area in the district Kasur.

In district Sheikhupura the average income of the households was Rs. 156,925 in the project area

and Rs, 164,229 in the non-project area in benchmark survey, while in evaluation survey it

increased in both the areas and it was Rs. 338,350/- in the project area and Rs. 312,638/- in the

non-project area estimated on per annum basis. The income of the households in the project area

increased by 126 percent in the evaluation survey over the income during benchmark survey,

while such increase in the non-project area was estimated to be 95 percent during evaluation over

the benchmark survey in this area. The remark increase in the income of project area households

was mainly due to project intervention in those areas (Table 14).

As far income distribution is concerned, in Kasur district 74.0 percent of the respondents

obtained income RS.> 100,000 to RS. 400,000 in the Project area , whereas in the non-project

area a relatively higher proportion (79.0 percent)reported falling in this income group at the time

of benchmark survey, while at the time of evaluation , the situation regarding income distribution

was better in the project area relative to non-project areas at both the considered locations.

4.19 Average Expenditure of the Households

The average expenditure of the households in the project area of district Kasur were

Rs. 136,929/-, while in the non-project area were Rs. 120,272/ per annum basis- during

benchmark survey. During evaluation survey corresponding expenditure figure in this area were



Rs. 195,530/- in the project area and Rs. 137,352/- in the non-project area. Thus increase in

expenditure was estimated 42.8 percent in the project area and 14.2 percent in the non-project

area. Though the average expenditure increased in both the concerned areas, but such increase

was relatively higher in the Project area, the situation could be attributed to increase in the

income due to positive effects of the introduced project activities in the areas. The suitable

environment also affected the non-project area positively and the obtained income was also

higher which resulted in increase in expenditure by 14.2 percent, but these were less relative to

project are as identifying expected contribution of the Project activities.

4.20 Comparison of Annual Income and Expenditure

The data presented in the table revealed that although there was an increase in the income and

expenditure of the households but increase in expenditure as found in evaluation survey was

higher as compared with benchmark survey.

Thus, increase in expenditure was estimated to 42.8 percent in the project area and 14.2 percent

in the non-project area. Though the average expenditure increased in both the concerned areas,

but such increase was relatively higher in the Project area, the situation could be attributed to

relatively more increase in the income due to positive effects of the introduced project activities

in the areas. The suitable environment also affected the non-project area positively and the

estimated expenditure were also higher by 14.2 percent in the non-project areas but it was less

than project areas reflecting expected contribution of the Project introduced activities.

In the evaluation survey, the savings by project households over the non-project households were

positive. In the benchmark survey, a negative trend in savings by the non-project and project area

respondents was observed



5. Poverty

Poverty was established on the basis of score determined considering important characteristics of

households. Poverty score was established on the basis of weight assigned to different household

characteristics and the maximum poverty score was estimated to 25. However, 50 percent

poverty score was estimated for 22 percent of the respondents of project area and 36 percent for

non-project area respondents in Kasur district. In district Sheikhupura, 50 percent poverty score

was estimated for 17 percent households of project area and 29 percent of the non-project area.

The poverty score of respondent households was higher in the project area than that of non-

project area.

6. Summary & Conclusions

PPAF is the leading agency for poverty reduction in Pakistan, which embodies the spirit of

private-public partnership to address the multi-dimensional issues of poverty. It’s

multidimensional experience concludes that local, indigenous and community based institutions

are a pre-requisite for spending on the poor to achieve the positive development outcomes.

The main objectives of the study were to analyze changes in demographic characteristics,

housing conditions, ownership of assets, composition of household incomes and expenditure,

under weight and under height children and change in role of males and females in decision

making regarding different household activities.

The results of evaluation survey indicated that the percentage of women deciding about social

events independently declined in both the project and non-project area as compared with the

findings of benchmark survey.



The survey results revealed that 43.5 percent and 70.6 percent women had the access to

employment in Kasur and Sheikhupura district respectively. While about equal 17.4 percent

women had the ownership right of assets / land in both the districts.

Increase in the percentage of female population and family size are indicative of the fact that

awareness regarding family practices was not created under the programme. Status of 50 percent

females improved after taking loan, while 13.6 percent women said that their status did not

improve and 36.4 percent replied that the loan had no impact on their social status.

There was although an increase in the income and expenditure of the respondents, but increase in

expenditure as found in evaluation survey was higher as compared with that of benchmark

survey.

The majority of females i.e. 78.3, 73.9, 82.6, 85.7 and 92.3 percent replied that the loan had no

impact on their opinion regarding children’s marriage, children’s education, family’s discord,

business decisions, purchasing / selling of household items and purchasing / selling of property

respectively.

In accordance with results of evaluation survey, total income of households in project area

increased by 126 percent over their income during benchmark survey whereas during the same

period an increase of 95 percent was found in respondent of non- project area households. The

remark increase in the income of project area households was mainly due to project intervention

in that area.

Though there was an increase in the income and expenditure of the households, yet increase in

expenditure as found in evaluation survey was higher as compared with benchmark survey.



Thus increase in expenditure was estimated to 42.8 percent in the project area and 14.2 percent in

the non-project area. Though the average expenditure increased in both the concerned areas, but

such increase was relatively higher in the Project area, the situation could be attributed to

relatively more increase in the income due to positive effects of the introduced project activities

in the areas. The suitable environment also affected the non-project area positively and the

estimated expenditure were also higher by 14.2 percent in the non-project areas but it was less

than project areas reflecting expected contribution of the Project introduced activities. In the

benchmark survey, a negative trend in savings by the non-project and project area respondents

was observed.

In the evaluation survey, the savings by project households over the non-project households were

positive. In the benchmark survey, a negative trend in savings by the non-project and project area

respondents was observed.



Table 1:Households Population in the project area of the Punjab

Areas

Benchmark Evaluation

Male %

Female %

Household Size(No.)

Male %

Female %

Household Size(No.)

KasurProject Area 55 45 6.4 53.4 46.3 5.9Non-Project Area 57 43 5.1 56.7 42.4 5.5SheikhupuraProject Area 56.2 43.8 5.6 54.1 45.9 6.5Non-Project Area 58.8 41.2 5.6 57.3 42.2 5.6

Table 2: Age-Wise Distribution of Population (Percent)Age Groups (Years)

Bench Mark EvaluationP.A N.P.A P.A N.P.A

Kasur

< 15 33.0(46.0)

32.5(42.1)

29.3(35.2)

25.9(28.5)

15 ≤ 60 64.7(53.7)

64.3(57.1)

67.6(61.6)

67.8(66.9)

Above 60 2.3(0.3)

3.1(0.8)

3.1(3.2)

6.3(4.5)

Sheikhupura

<15 37.2(43.2)

35.2(30.3)

34.0(38.4)

30.1(32.2)

15≤ 60 61.3(56.0)

61.1(57.5)

62.5(59.5)

64.4(62.0)

Above 60 1.5(0.85)

3.73(2.2)

3.6(2.3)

5.6(5.9)



Table 3:Decision Making in the Household by Gender

ItemsBenchmark EvaluationMale Female Joint Male Female JointPA NPA PA NPA PA NPA PA NPA PA NPA PA NPA

KasurChildren Education 6.7 5.8 15.2 20.2 78.1 74.0 21.2 19.0 4.0 1.9 74.7 79.0

Employment 68.2 78.5 0.9 1.7 30.9 19.8 17.2 62.9 9.1 2.9 73.7 34.3Daily Food 1.8 4.2 57.7 69.2 40.5 26.7 3.0 2.9 40.4 67.6 56.6 29.5Marriage of Children 2.7 7.5 8.2 3.8 89.1 88.7 1.0 15.2 7.1 4.8 91.9 80.0

Social Events 12.6 7.5 7.2 8.3 802 84.2 1.0 13.3 12.1 4.8 86.9 81.9Family Size 30.0 24.1 0.9 0.9 69.1 75.0 - 9.5 6.1 3.8 93.9 86.7Sheikhupura Children Education 21.3 24.6 6.7 9.1 72.0 66.3 1.6 19.0 3.5 2.7 81.9 60.5

Employment 66.0 72.0 4.0 2.9 30.0 25.1 49.0 50.0 2.1 10.8 49.0 27.7Daily Food 0.7 0.6 65.3 62.9 34.0 36.5 3.4 6.1 47.3 55.4 49.3 26.4Marriage of Children 5.0 10.1 2.9 3.6 92.1 86.3 6.3 11.6 1.4 4.8 92.3 58.9

Social Events 4.0 9.1 2.0 2.3 94.0 88.6 4.8 12.2 2.7 3.4 92.5 73.0Family Size 6.7 6.9 1.3 1.7 92.0 91.4 4.2 10.2 2.1 1.4 93.7 67.3PA= Project Area NPA= Non-Project Area

Table 4: Women Members Having Control over Household Resources

Items Response in PercentKasurAccess to control over cash 78.3Income 52.2Assets 26.1Budget 82.6SheikhupuraAccess to control over cash 82.4Income 76.5Assets 41.2Budget 82.4



Table 5:Female Households having Access to Household Assets and Employment

Items Response in PercentKasurAccess to Employment 43.5Ownership of Assets / Land 17.4Access to Market 87.0Visibility in and Access to Social Spaces 87.0SheikhupuraAccess to Employment 70.6Ownership of Assets/Land 17.2Access to Market 100.0Visibility in and Access to Social Spaces 94.1

Table 6: Status of Awareness of Women Households Regarding their Rights

Items Response in PercentKasurRights 73.9Nikah Nama 60.9Law of Inheritance 52.2SheikhupuraRights 52.9Nikah Nama 52.9Law of Inheritance 47.1

Table 7:Impact of Loan in Change of Female Social Status

Items Response in Percent

KasurStatus Improved / Increased 50.0Status not Improved / Decreased 13.6No Impact 36.4SheikhupuraStatus improved/ Increased 88.2Status not Improved / Decreased 5.9No impact 5.9



Table 8: Importance of Female opinion increased or decreased after taking loan

Items Response in PercentIncreased Decreased No Impact

KasurChildren’s Marriage 21.7 - 78.3Children’s Education 26.1 - 73.9Family’s Discord 8.7 8.7 82.6Business Decisions 13.0 4.3 82.6Purchasing / Selling of Household Items 9.5 4.8 85.7Purchasing / Selling of Property 7.7 - 92.3Sheikhupura Children’s Marriage 62.5 37.5 -Children’s Education 62.5 6.3 31.3Family’s Discord 41.2 11.8 47.1Business Decisions 70.6 5.9 23.5Purchasing / Selling of Household Items 76.5 5.9 17.6Purchasing / Selling of Property 47.1 5.9 47.1

Table 9:Impact of Loan in Change of Female Social Status

Items Response in Percent

KasurStatus Improved / Increased 50.0Status not Improved / Decreased 13.6No Impact 36.4SheikhupuraStatus Improved / Increased 88.2Status not Improved / Decreased 5.9No Impact 5.9



Table 10: Housing Condition of the Sample Areas

Benchmark Survey Evaluation Survey

CategoryPA* NPA** PA* NPA**

% age % age % age % ageKasur

One Room 1.8 2.4 4.0 15.4Two Rooms 72.3 70.7 55.4 60.6Three Rooms 20.5 22.0 33.7 15.4Four Rooms 5.4 4.9 6.9 8.7Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0SheikhupuraOne Room 17.3 22.3 6.7 14.4Two Rooms 51.3 43.4 44.0 52.7Three Rooms 23.3 22.9 28.0 21.2Four Rooms 8.1 11.4 21.3 11.7Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PA = Project Area, NPA = Non-Project Area

Table 11: Source of Drinking Water Supply

Source


Households in Project Area

%

Households in Non-Project

Area %

Households in Project

Area %

Households in Non-

Project Area %

KasurPipe into House 7.1 - 25.7 42.3Pipe into Yard or Plot 0.9 - 1.0 1.0Public Tap 1.8 0.8 3.0 4.8Tubewell / Borehole with Pumps

90.2 96.7 70.3 29.8

Protected Dug Well - 2.4 - 22.1Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

SheikhupuraPiped into House 32.7 24.6 28.0 16.1Public Tap - 1.7 6.7 0.7Tubewell / Borehole with Pump

65.3 72.6 38.7 42.9

Bottled Water - - - 0.7Protected Dug Well 2.0 1.1 - -



Motor Pump - - 26.6 39.6Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 12: Ownership of Electric Appliances

Type of Appliances


Households who Owned Appliances

Average ValueRs. / Unit

Households who Owned

Appliances

Average ValueRs. / Unit

PA % NPA % PA NPA PA % NPA % PA NPAKasurRadio / Tape 39.3 79.6 1,468 1,280 - 0.9 - -

Television 94.6 9392.7 6,697 6,146 91.9 79.2 12631 7014Refrigerator 58.1 3030.1 13,531 14,270 60.0 50.0 27398 18395

AC / Air Cooler 6.2 44.1 3,600 4,040 - - - -

SheikhupuraRadio / Tape 1.3 2.9 2500 1220 0.8 0.7 800 750

Television 91.3 85.7 7624 7235 90.7 80.3 7642 7047Refrigerator 44.7 42.9 15589 16281 46.6 48.6 21861 21316

AC / Air Cooler 2.7 2.9 5625 5840 - - - -

PA = Project Area, NPA = Non-Project Area

Table 13: Cultivation of Land Status

Benchmark EvaluationProject Area

% Non-Project

Area % Project Area

% Non-Project

Area % KasurCultivating Land 12.5 8.1 5.2 4.8 Not Cultivating Land 87.5 91.9 94.8 95.2Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0SheikhupuraCultivating Land 6.0 5.1 8.7 16.4 Not Cultivating Land 94.0 94.9 91.3 83.6Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0



Table 14: Annual Household Income by Income Groups

Income Groups(Rs.)


Household % Average Income (Rs.) Household % Average Income (Rs.)

PA* NPA** PA* NPA** PA* NPA** PA* NPA**Kasur Up to 50000 4.5 1.6 15558 22318 2.0 1.0 24600 3600050001-73000 0.9 1.6 61500 67000 1.0 1.0 64650 7200073001-100000 5.4 11.4 89531 88702 2.0 3.8 89000 90100100001-200000 32.1 48.0 164884 151919 16.8 37.1 169588 159951200001-300000 20.5 22.0 232366 245862 32.7 29.5 244564 258003300001-400000 21.4 9.8 340469 345478 17.8 18.1 347295 352211 Above 400000 15.2 5.7 550555 501561 27.7 9.5 544455 499400Total 100.0 100.0 263280 200639 100.0 100.0 324173 251339Sheikhupura Up to 50000 5.3 2.9 38144 38880 1.3 - 9000 -50001-73000 8.7 6.9 62621 60933 0.7 - 60000 -73001-100000 18.7 12.0 87407 88876 3.3 3.4 93322 86208100001-200000 48.0 54.9 144364 143829 20.0 30.4 167870 155079200001-300000 15.3 16.0 243653 246344 30.0 25.7 252142 255305300001-400000 2.0 5.7 342603 367175 23.3 18.9 357514 352049Above 400000 2.0 1.7 982046 523686 21.3 21.6 666014 603182Total 100.0 100.0 156925 164229 100.0 100.0 338350 312638



References

Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (2013), “Restoring Hope, Security the Future Ending Poverty , Sustainability Report, Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund, 1-Hill

View, Banigala, Islamabad, Pakistan. www.ppaf.org.pk.

Quddus, M. A., and K. Ata (2013), “Impact Evaluation of IFAD Microfinance Innovation and Outreach Programme (MIOP)”, Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI) Publication # 409, 48-Civic Centre, Johar Town, Lahore-Pakistan.

Quddus, M. A., K. Ata and Muhammad S. S. (2008), “Baseline Survey of IFAD - Microfinance Innovation and Outreach Programme (MIOP)”, Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI) Publication # 390, 48-Civic Centre, Johar Town, Lahore-Pakistan.

Quddus, M. A., K. Ata, Muhammad S. S. and Muhammad R. (2009), “Baseline Survey of IFAD - Microfinance Innovation and Outreach Programme (MIOP) Phase-II”, Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI) Publication # 396, 48-Civic Centre, Johar Town, Lahore-Pakistan.


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