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Transcript of Poverty and Health: Dr Reuben Esena, PhD 25 th FAMSA Summit – UG, Legon –Accra, Ghana Monday 17...
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Poverty and Health:
Dr Reuben Esena, PhD
25th FAMSA Summit – UG, Legon –Accra, Ghana
Monday 17th May 2010
University of Ghana, Business School
...an impossible combination and the solution thereof
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Introduction 1 100 million people are driven into poverty
each year due to catastrophic expenditure on health related needs (WHO 2009),
The problem is more pervasive in Africa where there are little risk-mitigating mechanisms against health-related negative shocks.
Resource gap is a problem – but health systems constraints are an important bottleneck impeding achievement of health sector goal.
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Introduction 2
Crises in Human Resource for Health: To reach MDGs, SSA needs 1 million
additional skilled workers
Leadership effectiveness in SSA are often weak e.g. As seen from various public expenditure tracking surveys [PETS]
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4.4 billion people live in developing countries
Of these..... Three-fifths lack basic sanitation Almost one-third have no access to
clean water A quarter do not have adequate
housing A fifth have no access to modern
health services4
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Health is a Right
“… health, which is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, is a fundamental human right and … a most important world-wide social goal.”
Alma Ata Declaration-1973
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Overview
Key factors contributing to current health crisis
Health Systems Health financing Issues - Accessibility Health outcomes – U5MR, MMR Way forward
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Key Factors Contributing to Current Health Crisis
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Examples of environmental hazards
Increasing harmful gases at home and at work – (Industrial/Vehicles)
Soil related helminthes, toxic and radioactive wastes.
Water related diseases-Childhood diarrhoea, Hepatitis,Typhoid,
Schistosomiasis, Guinea worm
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Examples of environmental hazards cont..
Food poisoning - salmonellosis, botulism anthrax
Insects vectors - malaria, yellow fever, sleeping sickness, typhus
Animals - Dog bites and snake bites.
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Rapid population growth
The national population growth rate -2.7%
Large overcrowded urban population Overcrowded hospitals with large
outpatient clinics MCH clinics are unable to keep up with
the numbers of young fertile women.
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Income deficiency problems
Negative effects of income deficiency leads to limited purchasing power to provide:-
-Adequate salaries
- Equipment
-Drugs
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Income deficiency problems cont…
- Meetings- Travel- Consultants- Management- Professional bodies- Conferences- Workshop
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Negative effects of income deficiency
Also leads to poor distribution of resources
DISTRICTLEVEL
$
CENTRAL LEVEL
REGIONALLEVEL
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Immune and dietary deficiency problems
The HIV/AIDS Crisis Challenge to inter-sectorial response. Dietary deficiency compound the
HIV/AIDS challenge. A challenge to social and economic
sectors.
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Symptoms and signs of sick health services.
Glaring inequities Rural/urban & urban/peri-urban
differentials Social class disparities. Inability of the poor to feed, purchase
medicines and to pay for health services.
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Symptoms and signs of sick health services. cont… Reduced morale of personnel Migration of personnel Lower standards of care Decreased geographical coverage Diminished choice of services Poor maintenance of equipment Inability to supervise Public Health
activities Brain drain 16
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The Brain Drain G8 has 30 X doctors/population than
SSA yet… E.g. Exodus of physicians mainly from
Ghana, Malawi and Namibia Despite commitments of developed
countries not to recruit, recruitment continues…Over 2,000 South African nurses registered in UK a year following policy not to poach, twice as many as before
Push factors: inadequate health systems
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The Brain Drain
The US with 130,000 foreign physicians Saved an estimated $US 26 billion in
training costs for nationals Option: compensation to developing
countries
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HEALTH SYSTEMS.
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What is Health?
By far, the most accepted definition is that of the World Health Organization:
“[Health is] the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1948) and the “extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept, emphasizing social and personal resources as well
as physical capabilities” (WHO, 1984).
Health Indicators, Part I
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Views on Health
.
What is health ?
Why is health important?
Narrow organic definition Broad holistic definition
As a right As a consumption good As an investment good
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Health systems
Combination of resources, organization, financing, and management that culminates in the delivery of health services to the population Roemer MI. National health systems of the world, volume 1. New York, Oxford
University Press, 1991
All activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore and maintain health
World Health Report 2000
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Goals of a health care system
Universal and equal access to reasonable health care
control of health care costs at an affordable level
effective use of resources
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The Iron Triangle or the Holy Grail?
All nations struggle tobalance access to healthcarewith quality and cost efficiency.
Is there one perfect solution for all nations?24
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Conceptual Framework
WHO
Financing: 2. Financing
Creating Resources: 3. Human resources
management 4. Pharmaceuticals
management
Delivering Services: 5. Service provision 6. Information systems
Criteria: Equity Access Quality
Efficiency Sustainability
Health System Functions Health System Performance
Impact
Stewardship: 1. Stewardship/ governance
Health Impact
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Health System Model used to assess HFA
INPUTS–Financing
–Human
resources
–Public/private mix
PROCESS–Organization and management–Resource allocation–Selection of technology
OUTPUTS–Coverage by health services–Utilization of health services
OUTCOMES
Morbidity
Mortality
Quality of life
Political, social and cultural values
Environment
Healthneeds
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Four survival patterns and transitions between them
The health transition in the Third World
The health transition in
The West
The firsthealth transition
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Health
Medical
Non-medical
Institutions
Knowledge
Commodities
Does one cog drive the others?
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ACCESSIBILITY TO HEALTH CARE
.
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Health financing paradigm in SSA
Current paradigmCurrent paradigm Diagnosis: Principal
problem facing the region is a shortage of funds
Solutions: (1) Mobilize internal and
external resources
(2) Focus on key diseases and conditions
(3) Set targets and monitor progress
30
Proposed paradigmProposed paradigm Acute shortage of funds to meet
targets, but also problem of how funds spent
Governments should lead effort to explore innovative financing mechanisms
Focus also on how money is spent, not just how much
Collaborate with donor partners to ensure external resources help build the health system
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Health financing: Targets Abuja: Government spending on health
should be at least 15% of total government spending
East Asia & Pacific: 10.1% Latin America and the Caribbean: 12.5%
Commission on Macroeconomics & Health (CMH): Estimated $34 per capita for a basic package of health service
East Asia & Pacific: $62 (current US$) Latin America and the Caribbean: $272 (current US$)
Are targets meaningful? Relevant?
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Africa region is off-track to meet the MDGs
What is needed to meet the MDGs? One estimate: more than 12% of GDP (at
regional level) would need to be spent on health to reach the targets by 2015 Current level: 4.7% of GDP goes to health
Additional $20-25 billion per year needed
32Sources: Disease Control Priorities Project, 2007; and African Development Bank, 2002.
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332.0
3.0
3.0
3.3
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.8
5.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.2
7.2
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
11.3
12.0
12.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
14.0
14.5
15.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Ethiopia
Burundi
Chad
Egypt
DRC
Eq. Guinea
Nigeria
Sudan
Angola
Niger
CAR
Kenya
Burkina Faso
Djibouti
Cote d'Ivoire
Mauritius
Rwanda
Swaziland
Cape Verde
Mali
Mauritania
Togo
Tunisia
Madagascar
Malawi
Zambia
Senegal
South Africa
Mozambique
Libya
Uganda
Namibia
Tanzania
Gambia
Ghana
Sao Tome
Zimbabwe
Botswana
Percentage of national budgets allocated to health sector
Source: African Union. Progress Report on the Implementation of the Plans of Action of the Abuja Declarations for Malaria, HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis; Revised Final Draft, 22 December 2005.
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Health financing levels are low – the $34 package of basic health services
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
BurundiDRC
EthiopiaSierra LeoneMadagascar
LiberiaNiger
Guinea-Eritrea
TanzaniaMozambique
CARMauritania
Rw andaTogo
GambiaUgandaMalaw i
ChadKenyaGuineaNigeria
MaliBenin
Burkina FasoAngolaGhana
Zimbabw eCongo
ZambiaCôte d'Ivoire
LesothoCameroon
The CMH targetPer capita health spending, 2004
Per capita govt. expenditure on health Out-of-pocket expenditure on health Private pooled expenditure on health
34
Source: WHO SISNote: Countries spending >$90 total per capita on health were excluded to improve graph’s readability. These countries include Swaziland, Mauritius, Namibia, Gabon, South Africa, and Botswana.
The CMH Target
Few countries spend $34+
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…What difference would the Abuja target make?
$-
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
Buru
ndi
DR
Congo
Eth
iopia
Eritr
ea
Lib
eria
Mala
wi
Sie
rra L
eone
Rw
anda
Madagascar
Nig
er
Uganda
Gam
bia
Mozam
biq
ue
Tanzania
CA
R
Togo
Mali
Guin
ea
Burk
ina F
aso
Ghana
Maurita
nia
Zam
bia
Kenya
Zim
babw
e
Nig
eria
Chad
Benin
Lesoth
o
Senegal
Cam
ero
on
Côte
d'Ivoire
Angola
Congo
<$250 $250-$499 $500-$999 $1,000+
country, sorted by GDP per capita
healt
h e
xp
en
dit
ure
(U
S$, 2004)
public spending private spending Abuja shortfall in public spending
CMH target $34
Source: World Bank, WDI 2007; author’s calculations.
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Heavy dependence on donor funding raises concerns: sustainability, priorities
HIV/AIDS Disbursements* Relative to Size of Health Sector and GDP in 2005
Country % of public health spending
% of total government
spending
% of GDP
Ethiopia 43.8 3.3 1.1
Kenya 51.9 3.8 1.1
Mozambique 23.2 2.8 1.0
Rwanda 80.6 Not available 2.5
Tanzania 26.7 4.4 0.7
Uganda 150.2 12.7 3.1
Zambia 40.3 4.0 1.2
Notes: Disbursements include PEPFAR, GFATM, and World Bank MAP funding.
Source: Heller, Peter. “Pity the Finance Minister”: Issues in Managing a Substantial Scaling up of Aid Flows. IMF Working Paper WP/05/180. September 2005.
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Heavy dependence on donor funding raises sustainability and predictability concerns: Rwanda
10%18% 25% 32%
19%
40% 30%
42% 25%
28%
50% 52%33%
42%53%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1998 2000 2002 2003 2006
Public Private DonorSource: Rwanda NHA 1998-2006
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Health Financing: sources of revenue
Direct out of pocket payments Premiums for NHIS Tax revenues Grants from development partners Financial credits
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Policy Objective
To mobilize resources and ensure equitable and sustainable financing of the health sector Resource mobilization (GOG, NHI,
grants, loans & out-of-pocket payment) Equitable & efficient allocation of health
resources Efficient utilization of health resources
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Policy Measures
Mobilization from all sources of funds, both domestic and international
Pursue equity in health financing Risk pooling Target resources to services for the poor,
vulnerable groups & public health interventions
Reduce catastrophic cost of care
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Policy Measures contd.
Ensure effectiveness of aid in the health sector
Ensure financial sustainability of the National Health Insurance fund
Etc
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Limited Public
Funding (for vulnerable)
Out-of-pocket payments predominate
Majority of population
covered through publicly funded schemes (e.g.
general taxation, social insurance)
Private insurance for
secondarycoverage
Private Insurance pools cover other segments of the
population
Increasing public share of health
financing through targeted coverage
for vulnerable populations
Potential Model Towards Universal Coverage(WHO)
Public Spending
Private Spending
Financing Fairness
Capacity Building/ Institutional StrengtheningLOW HIGH
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HEALTH INDICATORS
Access U5MR MMR GDP
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Health Indicators
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90% preventable
And undernutrition implicated in 50% of child deaths
9.5 million children under five die annually
Source: State of the World’s Children, UNICEF 2008
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Causes of Under 5 Child Mortality,2000-2003
Bryce et al. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 200546
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Causes of Under 5 Mortality by Region, 2000-2003
Bryce et al. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 2005
African RegionAfrican Region
4.396 million
21%
16%
18%
5%
6%
26%
5%
2%
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Trends in Child Mortality Relative to MDG-4
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
Latin America
East Asia
Under-FiveMortalityRate
244
188
171
62
206
129
92
42.6
122
5431
17.8
123
58
36
19.1
1970 1990 2004 2015
MDG-4Goals
Source: The State of the World’s Children, 2006
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WHERE? The 10 African countries where newborns have the highest risk of dying
Rank (out of 46 countries)
Country Neonatal mortality rate
(per 1,000 live births)
46 Liberia 66
45 Côte d'Ivoire 65
44 Mali 57
43 Sierra Leone 56
42 Angola 54
41 Somalia 49
40 Guinea-Bissau 48
39 Central African Republic 48
38 Nigeria 48
37 Congo DR 47
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Maternal Mortality in 2005
Source: WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA/The World Bank estimates, App. 15, pub 2007
Africa 276,000 = > 51%
Asia 242,000 = 45%
Latin America & the Caribbean
15,000 = 3%
Other 3,000 = < 1%
Total estimated deaths 536,000
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The Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death
1:59South Asia
1:22Sub-
Saharan Africa
1:8,000Industrialized
contries
1:280LAC
Source: WHO/ UNICEF/UNFPA, The WorldBank. Maternal Mortality Estimates 2005,App 8, pub 2007
The chance of a woman dying as a result of pregnancy is 200 x greater in sub-Saharan Africa than it is in the United States
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Causes of Maternal Mortalityin the Developing World
Indirect 14%
HIV3%
Other direct causes 5%
unclassified 6%
Sepsis 11% Anemia
8%
Hypertensive Disorder
10%
Hemorrhage 31%
Unsafe Abortion 5%
Obstructed Labor 7%
Other direct causes include embolism, ectopic pregnancy, anesthesia-related. Indirect causes include: malaria, heart disease.
Source:Adapted from " WHO Analysis of causes of maternal deaths: A systematic review.” The Lancet, vol 367, April 1, 2006.
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Pareto Chart
Pareto's Principle; the “80-20 Rule”; the "Vital Few” versus the “Trivial Many” rule
A special form of a vertical bar chart and a tool for setting priorities
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... The richest fifth of the world’s population have 74 times the income of the poorest fifth.
..The top three billionaires have assets greater than the combined
GNP of all least developed countries and their 600 million
people. 56
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Percentage of People living below the poverty line
Europe and Central Asia 3.5% Latin America and Caribbean 23.5% Sub-Saharan Africa 38.5% Middle East and North Africa 4.1% South Asia 43.1%
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Why do the poor have higher morbidity and mortality rates?
The poor have less access to, and availability of, health
services including mental health services. (See http://www.cdc.gov/omh/AMH/factsheets/mental.htm)
are less likely to receive needed health services, receive a poorer quality of health care, are underrepresented in health research and
among health care professionals, have lower levels of education, and are more likely to live in poverty
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Task of Improving Health
Obstacles to progress Poverty Uneven distribution of health services. Lack of appropriate technology. Inadequate supply and distribution of
pharmaceuticals. Bad management . Inappropriate government programmes.
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The Way Forward
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Some important choices
In attempting to produce healthy people, we are faced with 3 variables: Technology Resources Management
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An Effective Public Health System
Laboratory Programs & Services
Epidemiology
Management 62
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Why Management?
Two-thirds of child deaths could be prevented by interventions that are available today and feasible for implementation in low-income countries at high levels of population coverage.
The main challenge today is to transfer what we already know into action.”
Jones et al, “How many child deaths can we prevent this year?” The Lancet, July 5, 2003.
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Lessons from WHO's leadership and management needs assessments
(WHO Department of Health Systems Governance and Service Delivery)
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Regional Co-operation & Integration
Partners to assist institutions Utilize national expertise: students &
staff of higher Institutions Collaboration:
African Region Universities WAHO Research Institutes (e.g. Noguchi) MOH/Finance/Universities/ 65
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Strategy
Strategic Partners UG - Ghana School Public Health AFENET Corporate Africa
Capacity Development Advocates Trainers of Trainers (TOT)
Technical Assistance CDC
Sustainability66
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Review Government Policies
Review Health Policies: equitable access, safety, and cost. define Govt role in Health community oriented provide direction to health reform guide the many actors in public health.
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Target appropriate Public Health services
Priority public health services (AIDS,TB, malaria, hepatitis B)
Neglected Tropical Diseases Full operating cost to implement the
package including salary of public health staff
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Develop national medicine policy
with a reform on how essential drugs should be produced, registered and made available to service providers
Policy and regulation on rational use of drugs must be effectively implemented
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Promote sustainable development
by ensuring that “external assistance” projects and programmes are absorbed early into national system
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Research & development
Promoting evidence–based research system Appropriate indicators
Training: graduates on Quality Research
Monitoring & Evaluation systems Projects Programmes Processes 71
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Health financing paradigm in SSA
Current paradigmCurrent paradigm Diagnosis: Principal
problem facing the region is a shortage of funds
Solutions: (1) Mobilize internal and
external resources
(2) Focus on key diseases and conditions
(3) Set targets and monitor progress
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Proposed paradigmProposed paradigm Acute shortage of funds to meet
targets, but also problem of how funds spent
Governments should lead effort to explore innovative financing mechanisms
Focus also on how money is spent, not just how much
Collaborate with donor partners to ensure external resources help build the health system
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Process Improvement
A systematic, data-based method for improving the quality of work processes
TQM (continuous improvement) It uses team decision-making to
improve processes that affect the quality of products and services for a customer.
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Involve all Stakeholders
A stakeholder is one person, or group of persons, having an interest or concern in a particular process resulting from some direct or indirect involvement.
MOHMOHNGOsNGOsRegulatorsRegulators
Funding AgentsFunding Agents
WiderWiderCommunityCommunity
EmployeesEmployees
SuppliersSuppliers
CustomersCustomers
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Widening Access to Health Services
Increasing physical access to care Scaling up the establishment of
Community-based Health Planning & Services (CHPS)
Community mobilization combined with community-based deployment of the nurse is the most effective intervention
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21st Century Health CareImproving quality by promoting a culture of safety Improving quality by promoting a culture of safety
through Value-Driven Health Carethrough Value-Driven Health Care
21st Century Health Care
Information-rich, patient-Information-rich, patient-focused enterprisesfocused enterprises
Information and Information and evidence transform evidence transform
interactions from interactions from reactive to reactive to
proactive (benefits proactive (benefits and harms)and harms)
Evidence is Evidence is continually refined continually refined as a by-product of as a by-product of
care deliverycare delivery
Actionable information available – to Actionable information available – to clinicians AND patients – “just in time”clinicians AND patients – “just in time” 76
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Summary
4.4 billion people living in developing countries, 20% have no access to modern health facilities
High U5MR & MMR in SSA Requires effective Health Systems to
resolve these problems Need for a new paradigm for health
financing in SSA Govt. Policies to target community health
needs 77
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“Never doubt that a small group of committed citizens can change the world; indeed it is the only thing that ever has!”
-Margaret Mead
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References
World Bank (2008). Dollar a Day Revisited WHO (2005). Expenditures on Health
Related Needs WHO (2008). Leadership and
Management needs Assessment CDC (2008). SMDP - MIPH Lancet (2005). Neonatal Survival
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Merci !Thank you