POVERTYPOVERTY

POVERTYPOVERTY

““The inability to fulfill The inability to fulfill our basic needs such our basic needs such as food, shelter and as food, shelter and clothing.”clothing.”

Man’s needs include Man’s needs include various facilities and various facilities and requirements such as requirements such as education, transport, education, transport, public facilities, infra public facilities, infra structures, health care structures, health care etc.etc.

POVERTYPOVERTY

Poverty leads to the widespread of Poverty leads to the widespread of diseases, over crowded settlement, diseases, over crowded settlement, crimes and conflicts.crimes and conflicts.

Ideas on poverty include Ideas on poverty include psychological and political needs. psychological and political needs. Poverty can also means the loss of Poverty can also means the loss of power and freedom.power and freedom.

CHAMSURI SIWAR (1988)CHAMSURI SIWAR (1988)

““Poverty is a “situational syndrome” Poverty is a “situational syndrome” which include food deficiencies, low which include food deficiencies, low level in terms of health, low income, level in terms of health, low income, unemployment, unsafe housing unemployment, unsafe housing environment, low level of education, environment, low level of education, inadequate modern facilities, inadequate modern facilities, insecure jobs, negative attitudes insecure jobs, negative attitudes towards life andtowards life and

old fashioned way of thinking.old fashioned way of thinking.

WORLD DEVELOPMENT WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2000/2001REPORT 2000/2001

About 1.2 billion out of 6 billion About 1.2 billion out of 6 billion people live with $1 a day, and 2.8 people live with $1 a day, and 2.8 billion, or half of world’s population billion, or half of world’s population live with less than $2 a day. In 1998, live with less than $2 a day. In 1998, at least 40% of the population in at least 40% of the population in Southern Asia and more than 46% in Southern Asia and more than 46% in sub-Sahara live with less than $1 a sub-Sahara live with less than $1 a day”. day”.

Half of the wprld-nearly three billion people– lives on Half of the wprld-nearly three billion people– lives on less than two dollars a daya/less than two dollars a daya/

The wealthiest nation on Earth has the widest gap The wealthiest nation on Earth has the widest gap between rich and poor of any industrialized nation. between rich and poor of any industrialized nation.

20% of the population in the developed nations, 20% of the population in the developed nations, cosume 86% of the worlds’ goods.cosume 86% of the worlds’ goods.

1 billion children live in poverty (1 in 2 children in the 1 billion children live in poverty (1 in 2 children in the world), 640 million live without adequate shelter, 400 world), 640 million live without adequate shelter, 400 million have no access to safe water, 270 million have million have no access to safe water, 270 million have no access to health services, 10.6 million died in 2003 no access to health services, 10.6 million died in 2003 before they reached the age of 5. before they reached the age of 5.

Nearly a billion people entered the 21Nearly a billion people entered the 21stst century unable century unable to read a book or sign their names.to read a book or sign their names.

“ “Poverty denies or hinders people Poverty denies or hinders people from opportunities and choices from opportunities and choices that would enable them to have that would enable them to have longer life span, stay healthy and longer life span, stay healthy and creative in order to enjoy a good creative in order to enjoy a good standard of living, freedom, with standard of living, freedom, with dignity and respect.dignity and respect.

POVERTY INDEX BY UNDP :-POVERTY INDEX BY UNDP :- Die at a young age. It is measured by Die at a young age. It is measured by

percentage of population that is expected to die percentage of population that is expected to die before reaching 40 years old.before reaching 40 years old.

High illiteracy rate among adults.High illiteracy rate among adults.

Standard of living. It is based on the percentage Standard of living. It is based on the percentage of the people that are able to acquire health of the people that are able to acquire health services and safe water and percentage of services and safe water and percentage of children lacking nutritious food at the age of children lacking nutritious food at the age of less than 5 years old.less than 5 years old.

POVERTY IN THE THIRD WORLD POVERTY IN THE THIRD WORLD COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES

90% of the poor in Third World countries 90% of the poor in Third World countries live in South Asia, Africa, Indo China, live in South Asia, Africa, Indo China, Central America, Brazil and remote areas Central America, Brazil and remote areas in China.in China.

More than 1.5 billion world population are More than 1.5 billion world population are not equipped with safe water supply and not equipped with safe water supply and sanitation while 120 million are jobless.sanitation while 120 million are jobless.

Woman represents 70% of the total world Woman represents 70% of the total world poor population.poor population.

The Third World countries are always related The Third World countries are always related to :-to :-

i.i. PovertyPovertyii.ii. High birth rateHigh birth rateiii.iii. Dependency towards developed countries.Dependency towards developed countries.iv.iv. Rural image.Rural image.v.v. Economy based on agricultural activities.Economy based on agricultural activities.vi.vi. Still influenced by colonialism in terms of Still influenced by colonialism in terms of

economy, administration and culture.economy, administration and culture.

THE CAUSES OF POVERTY IN THIRD WORLD THE CAUSES OF POVERTY IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES

Lack of natural resources. Lack of natural resources. Over populatedOver populated War.War. Political instability.Political instability. Insufficient of trade, communication, transport Insufficient of trade, communication, transport

and energy sources.and energy sources. ColonialismColonialism Multi national companies.Multi national companies. Inefficient agricultural practices.Inefficient agricultural practices. FamineFamine DroughtDrought

CAUSES OF HUNGERCAUSES OF HUNGER

Approximately 1.2 billion Approximately 1.2 billion people suffer from people suffer from hunger (deficiency of hunger (deficiency of calories and proten);calories and proten);

Some 2 to 3.5 billion Some 2 to 3.5 billion people have people have micronutrient deficiency micronutrient deficiency (deficiency of vitamins (deficiency of vitamins and minerals);and minerals);

Yet, some 1.2 billion Yet, some 1.2 billion suffer from obesity suffer from obesity (excess of fats and salts, (excess of fats and salts, often accompanied by often accompanied by deficiency of vitamins deficiency of vitamins and minerals.and minerals.

KELAPARAN GLOBAL BERPUNCA DARIPADA:-KELAPARAN GLOBAL BERPUNCA DARIPADA:-

Penjajahan, yang kemudiannya menjadi monopoli Penjajahan, yang kemudiannya menjadi monopoli kapitalisme, yang merampas harta berjuta-juta penduduk kapitalisme, yang merampas harta berjuta-juta penduduk dari tanah milik mereka; yang akhirnya menjadi milik dari tanah milik mereka; yang akhirnya menjadi milik pengurus-pengurus ladang baru dari negara penjajah.pengurus-pengurus ladang baru dari negara penjajah.

Negara-negara mundur terpaksa menjual barangan kepada Negara-negara mundur terpaksa menjual barangan kepada negara-negara maju kerana tiada pasaran tempatan. negara-negara maju kerana tiada pasaran tempatan. Rakyat tempatan tidak mampu membeli barangan Rakyat tempatan tidak mampu membeli barangan berkenaan kerana miskin.berkenaan kerana miskin.

Manusia kelaparan bukan kerana tiada bekalan makanan Manusia kelaparan bukan kerana tiada bekalan makanan atau kepadatan penduduk, tetapi kerana mereka terlalu atau kepadatan penduduk, tetapi kerana mereka terlalu miskin dan tidak berupaya membeli makanan. miskin dan tidak berupaya membeli makanan.

Contoh negara-negara miskin dan Contoh negara-negara miskin dan permasalahannya.permasalahannya.

ETHIOPIAETHIOPIA

Menderita kebuluran akibat kemarau yang Menderita kebuluran akibat kemarau yang berpanjangan sepanjang tahun. Menurut berpanjangan sepanjang tahun. Menurut World Food Programme, kini sekurang-World Food Programme, kini sekurang-kurangnya 14 juta sedang menghadapi kurangnya 14 juta sedang menghadapi risiko, kerana kemarau mengurangkan risiko, kerana kemarau mengurangkan pengeluaran makanan di negara pengeluaran makanan di negara berkenaan.Disamping itu juga, tahap berkenaan.Disamping itu juga, tahap bekalan air dan kualiti air adalah antara bekalan air dan kualiti air adalah antara paling rendah di dunia.paling rendah di dunia.

RWANDARWANDA Pada tahun 1990an, Rwanda mengalami Pada tahun 1990an, Rwanda mengalami

perang saudara yang mengakibatkan perang saudara yang mengakibatkan pembunuhan beramai-ramai pada tahun pembunuhan beramai-ramai pada tahun 1994. Lebih 60% daripada 8 juta rakyatnya 1994. Lebih 60% daripada 8 juta rakyatnya kini hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan. kini hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan. HIV/AIDS, malaria,batuk kering dan HIV/AIDS, malaria,batuk kering dan kurangnya perkhidmatan kesihatan kurangnya perkhidmatan kesihatan merupakan antara punca kematian yang merupakan antara punca kematian yang utama.utama.

BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

Tiap-tiap tahun, kira-kira satu pertiga Tiap-tiap tahun, kira-kira satu pertiga daripada negara ini dilanda banjir daripada negara ini dilanda banjir sema musim monsun dan sema musim monsun dan menjejaskan pembangunan menjejaskan pembangunan ekonomi.Negara ini juga mengalami ekonomi.Negara ini juga mengalami kemarau dan angin puting beliung kemarau dan angin puting beliung yang mengakibatkan rakyatnya yang mengakibatkan rakyatnya kehilangan tanah. kehilangan tanah.

PERSOALANPERSOALAN

GLOBALISASI = KEMISKINAN ??GLOBALISASI = KEMISKINAN ??

INEQUALITIES IN CONSUMPTIONINEQUALITIES IN CONSUMPTION

Globally, the 20% of the world’s Globally, the 20% of the world’s people in the highest-income people in the highest-income countries account for 86% of total countries account for 86% of total private consumption expenditures- private consumption expenditures- the poorest 20% a minuscule 1.3%. the poorest 20% a minuscule 1.3%.

More specifically, the richest More specifically, the richest fifth:fifth:

Consume 45% of all meat and fish, the poorest Consume 45% of all meat and fish, the poorest fifth 5%.fifth 5%.

Consume 58% of total energy, the poorest fifth Consume 58% of total energy, the poorest fifth less than 4%.less than 4%.

Have 74% of all telephone lines, th poorest fifth Have 74% of all telephone lines, th poorest fifth 1.5%.1.5%.

Consume 84% of all paper, the poorest fifth 1.1%.Consume 84% of all paper, the poorest fifth 1.1%. Own 87% of the world’s vehicle fleet, the poorest Own 87% of the world’s vehicle fleet, the poorest

fifth less than 1%.fifth less than 1%.

- Human Development Report 1998 Overview, - Human Development Report 1998 Overview, UNDP UNDP

GLOBAL PRORITIES IN SPENDING (1998)GLOBAL PRORITIES IN SPENDING (1998)

$ US Billions$ US BillionsBasic education for everyone in the world 6 Basic education for everyone in the world 6 Cosmetics in the US 8Cosmetics in the US 8Water and sanitation 9Water and sanitation 9Ice cream in Europe 11 Ice cream in Europe 11 Reproductive health for women 12Reproductive health for women 12Perfumes in Europe and the US 12Perfumes in Europe and the US 12Basic health/nutrition 13Basic health/nutrition 13Pet foods in Europe and the US 17Pet foods in Europe and the US 17Business entertainment in Japan 35Business entertainment in Japan 35Cigarettes in Europe 50Cigarettes in Europe 50Alcoholic drinks in Europe 105Alcoholic drinks in Europe 105Narcotics drugs in the world 400Narcotics drugs in the world 400Military spending in the world 780 Military spending in the world 780