Poultry Wastes, composting

8/20/2019 Poultry Wastes, composting

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Composting

Poultry

MortalitiesProf.Dr. S.T.Moubarak


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Dead Birds Disposal

• There are generally two categories of disposal

problems:• (1) Normal mortality, which is typically about

0.1 percent per day, but fluctuations up to

0.25 percent

per

day

are

not

uncommon.

• (2)

Whole

flock

disposal.

(Catastrophic mortalities)


3/23

Composting

Composting is a biological process that utilizes

thermophilic microorganisms

to

degrade

organic matter into humus‐like material

called: compost .

Composting is not recommended for whole flock

disposal cases. Such cases require special

permission and

supervision.


4/23

Composting

Facts

• Similar to

natural

decay

but

faster

due

to better control of conditions.

• Amount reduced

by

25

to

50%.

• Heat generated during the process

destroys pathogenic

organisms

and

weed seeds.


5/23

Factors

Affecting

Composting

Process1. Aeration

2. Moisture content

3. Carbon/Nitrogen ratio

4. Temperature

5. Time

6. Porosity, structure, texture & particle size

7. pH or

acidity

level


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Principles of Composting

Aeration

• Supplies oxygen • Removes excessive heat & moisture

• Reduces

packing• Poor aeration causes anaerobic activity (smell)

• Too much aeration cools compost (bad)


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Moisture

content

• Aerobic or anaerobic that’s the question

• Ideal ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 60%

• At

70

% ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Anaerobic• 50 % or below ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ slow down


8/23

Moisture

content

• Crude method: Squeeze compost ball in hand

‐ only 1‐2 drops: MC is just right

‐ no water: MC too low

‐ more water: MC too high


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Principles

of

Composting

The

carbon:nitrogen ratio

(C:N)

Microbes require different proportions of C & N

• Carbon:nitrogen ratios

of

15:1

to

35:1

are

acceptable.

• If the

C:N

ratio

is

less

than

25:1,

organisms

cannot utilize all of the nitrogen available, and

nitrogen is then lost as ammonia.

• When the

C:N

ratio

exceeds

30:1,

the

rate

of

composting decreases.


10/23

Some C/N Ratios

Source Average Range

Paper 150‐200

Broiler litter 14 12‐15

Corn stalks 60

Saw dust 442 200

‐750

Grain straw 80 48‐150

Grass clippings 17 9‐25

Non‐legume Hay 32

•Carbon Nitrogen

Ratio

of

poultry

carcass

5:1


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Temperature

• Temperature is a good indicator of biological

activity in

the

compost

pile.


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Temperature• MC, oxygen, and microbial activity all influence

temperature.

Two

or

three

days

after

wastes

are

mixed and placed in piles, thermophilic microbes

should begin to dominate. These organisms

prefer

a

temperature

of

(37.7

– 65.5

C).• As the temperature peaks, and then begins to

decrease, the pile should be turned to

incorporate oxygen

into

the

compost.


13/23

Temperature

Avian Influenza virus can be inactivated at

(60o

C) in

10

minutes

or

(56

o

C) in

15

to

20

minutes (Senne et al. 1994).


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Microbial Population

Dynamics

During Composting

TempBacteria

Time

Fungi Actinomycetes

Temp ºCLog #

cfu’s/g

Source: Midwest

Composting School

F= C º x 1.8 + 32


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Source: National Engineering Handbook

Temperature and Turning


16/23

Porosity, structure, texture &

particle size

• All influence

aeration

• Adjust by selection of raw materials,

grinding or

mixing

• lime or bulking agents can improve

properties


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pH

Composting good near 6.5‐8 pH


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Daily Mortalities

‐ Composting


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Composting


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Composting Bins


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Composting Bin


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Composting Bin


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Poultry Wastes, composting

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