Poultry Inspection - Context Bookshop Inspection.pdf · Poultry Inspection 2nd Edition Anatomy, ......

Poultry Inspection2nd Edition

Anatomy, physiology and disease conditions

A Grist

v

INTRODUCTION

This book is designed to provide notes for students undertaking the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (RSPH) examination in Poultry Meat Inspection, and as a revision guide for students undertaking other courses in which knowledge of poultry anatomy, diseases and conditions is required such as Veterinary Courses, Environmental Health and Poultry Science.

It is hoped that this may also provide source material for the theoretical training of abattoir staff to undertake post-mortem inspection of poultry in licensed premises under the supervision of the Official Veterinarian as is currently allowed under European law.

Following the success of the first edition of Poultry Inspection, this second edition, updated and augmented was produced. Poultry Inspection was the first book I wrote in the meat inspection series and as such I was unsure what others would require of it, or indeed how much information I should give. Since its publication in 2004 I feel that I have a better idea of what I, and others, expect of the book. To that end I have replaced a large number of the diagrams with labelled photographs and expanded the Anatomy section to give what I hope will be a clearer and better understanding of the subject. The general layout of the book has been further altered to follow the other books in the series including Bovine Meat Inspection, Ovine Meat Inspection and Porcine Meat Inspection due to the positive feedback received.

The Diseases of Poultry section has been updated and now includes photographs of some of the conditions and begins with a basic explanation of the disease process and the body’s response. The diseases and conditions are listed in alphabetical order rather than in any order of incidence or priority as these factors can be subject to annual and seasonal variation. The parasites section has been improved by the addition of photographs, most of these kindly supplied by Daniel Parker BVMS Cert PMP MRCVS of the Slate Hall Veterinary Practice, Cambridge.

Having tutored on the subject of poultry inspection and been asked to explain to various students a method for performing post mortems on suspect birds, this has been included as a separate section with explanation and photographs. This section is only intended for guidance, as each person finds their own methods of examination which they are comfortable performing.

I hope that I have recorded all the professionals that provided advice and encouragement in the acknowledgments section, and sincerely hope that this edition fulfils expectations.

AUTHOR DISCLAIMER

I must add that the judgments are my own views. They are based on experience of Poultry Inspection, both broiler and organic/free range systems, and through consultation with others.

A Grist

Poultry Inspection.indb 5 2/28/2013 8:19:35 AM

ix

CONTENTS

Foreword to first edition by Malcolm Morris BVSc MRCVS xx

Introduction v

SECTION ONE 1Anatomy/Physiology

External 3Skeletal Structure 7Musculature 19Digestive System 27Respiratory System 36Cardiovascular System 41Urogenital System 46Immune System 51Nervous System 54Endocrine System 58

SECTION TWO 63Diseases of Poultry

Routes of infection 65Immunity 66Bacteria 68Viruses 72Fungi 74Amyloidosis 76Anatipestifer 76Aortic rupture 76Aspergillosis 77Avian Chlamydiosis 78Avian Influenza 78Avian Salmonellosis 79Avian Mycoplasmosis 79Avian Tuberculosis 80Botulism 80Breast Blisters 81Cage Layer Fatigue 81Candidiasis 82Chicken Anaemia Virus 82Curled Toe Paralysis 82Duck Virus Enteritis 83Duck Virus Hepatitis 84


x

Egg Peritonitis 84Erysipelas 85Exudative Diathesis 85Favus 86Femoral Head Necrosis 86Fowl Pox 86Fowl Typhoid 87Gangrenous Dermatitis 87Goose Viral Hepatitis 88Gout 88Haemorrhagic Enteritis of Turkeys 90Icterus 90Impaction of the Oviduct 90Inclusion Body Hepatitis 91Infectious Bronchitis 91Infectious Bursal Disease 92Infectious Laryngotracheitis 92Infectious Coryza 94Infectious Stunting 94Infectious Synovitis 96Marble Spleen Disease of Pheasants 96Melanosis 96Mycotoxicosis 97Necrotic Enteritis 98Newcastle Disease 98Oregon Disease 99Paracolon Infection 100Pasteurellosis 101Perosis 101Pseudotuberculosis 102Pullorum 102Rickets 103Spondylolisthesis 103Swollen Head Syndrome 103Tibial Dyschondroplasia 104Transmissible Enteritis of Turkeys 105Ulcerative Enteritis 106Viral Enteritis 107

SECTION THREE 109Parasites

Parasitism 111Parasite list 113Protozoa 114Coccidiosis 115


xi

Histomonas meleagridis 122Hexamita meleagridis 123Trichomonas gallinarum 124Heterakis gallinarum 125Syngamus trachea 126Ascarids 127Capillaria 128Fleas 129Lice 129Mites 130

SECTION FOUR 133Neoplasia

Avian Leukosis 138Lymphoproliferative Disease of Turkeys 138Marek’s Disease 139Squaemous Cell Carcinoma 141

SECTION FIvE 143Affections of Specific Parts

Airsacs 146Body Cavity 146Caeca 147Cloacal Bursa 147Crop 147Droppings 148Feet 148Gizzard 148Head 149Heart 149Intestines 149Kidneys 150Legs 150Liver 151Lungs 152Ovaries 153Proventriculus 153Skin 153Spleen 153Trachea 154

SECTION SIx 155Disease and Cause


xii

SECTION SEvEN 161Conditions Encountered At Post Mortem Inspection In Abattoirs

Airsacculitis 163Arthritis/Tenosynovitis 165Ascites/Oedema 168Bumblefoot 176Deep Pectoral Myopathy 177Emaciation/Cachexia 178Enteritis 182Fatty Liver 185Femoral Head Necrosis 185Focal Hepatic Necrosis 186Hepatitis 186Haematopoietic foci 187Jaundice 189Pendulous Crop 192Pericarditis 193Peritonitis/Perihepatitis 194Pododermatitis 199Ruptured Gastrocnemius Tendon 200Salpingitis 201Septicaemia/Toxaemia 202Skin Lesions 208Congenital Deformities 222

SECTION EIGHT 229Processing Conditions

Contamination 231Death Other Than Slaughter 232Dead On Arrival 233Machine Damage 235Overscald 236Thermal Distress 237Trauma 238

SECTION NINE 243An Autopsy Procedure

SECTION 10 259Anatomy Aide Memoire


Anatomy/physiology 3

ExTERNAL ANATOMY

The modern fowl is a result of selective breeding over hundreds of years. Broiler chickens are designed to grow as fast as possible, they eat to capacity, not to need, and reach slaughter age at about 37-40 days. The internal and external anatomy has obviously evolved for flight, they have a short, rigid body with a centralized centre of gravity, relatively light heads, flexible necks and their forelimbs have been modified to become wings.

In terms of colour, broilers have white feathers and layer hens have brown, the latter having been based on the Rhode Island Red.

THE HEAD

In the mature bird, the sexual characteristics are pronounced, these being a fleshy comb across the top of the head, wattles from the base of the beak and prominent earlobes. These characteristics are more marked in males than in females. Broiler chickens are immature, bu t wi l l possess the rudimentary features of the adult.

T h e e y e s a r e l a r g e i n comparison with mammals, in the live bird the size is obscured by the upper and lower eyelids. A third eyelid, the nictitating membrane, moves across the eye from front to back during blinking, sweeping horizontally across the eye. The loss of the nictitating blink reflex is commonly used as an indication of the successful application of an electroplectic stun.

External features of the head

The nictitating membrane


28 Section 1

Avian Digestive System


72 Section 2

vIRUSES

Viruses are obligate parasites, they do not contain the biochemical mechanisms for their own replication and are unable to replicate outside of a living cell.

The basic viral particle (nucleocapsid) consists of linear genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) composed of capsomeres. Some viruses are also enclosed in a membranous envelope of lipoprotein; in the case of the influenza virus this coat is formed from the host’s cellular tissue and inhibits the body’s auto immune response.

A virion is the complete viral particle, found extracellularly and capable of surviving in a metabolically inert form and possessing the ability to infect living cells. Virion range in size from 0.003 to 0.05 µm.

Enveloped Virus

Viruses replicate by using the biochemical mechanisms of a host cell to synthesize and assemble their separate components. When attached to a host cell, only the viral nucleic acid and in some cases a few enzymes, are injected into the cell. The nucleic acid is then replicated within the cell, followed by the synthesis of the capsid.

After infection by a virus, there are four possible effects on the host cell.

• Transformationofnormalcellstotumourcells.Followedbydivisionandthe production of a tumour.

• Lyticinfection. After viral multiplication the cell dies releasing the virus.

• PersistentInfection.Afterviralmultiplicationthereisaslowreleaseofthe virus without cell death.

CapsomeresNucleicacid

Capsid(composed of capsomeres)

Nucleocapsid

Envelope

Capsid

Nucleicacid


Diseases of poultry 77

This normally occurs in the aorta in the region of the testes. The carcase is anaemic. Judgement Carcase and offal are unfit for human consumption.

ASPERGILLOSISSynonyms Brooder pneumonia, mycotic pneumonia, pneumomycosisType Fungal Aetiology Fungal infection. Aspergillus flavus and A. fumigatusPathogenesis Inhalation of spores. Zoonotic. Farmer’s Lung Clinical signs Loss of appetite, gasping, increased respiratory rate, increased

thirst, emaciation. Gross lesions Greyish-white caseous nodules in lungs and thickened air sac

membranes. Greenish moulds in airsacs in chronic form as the

conidiophores develop. Judgement Total rejection if associated with emaciation or septicaemia. Carcase meat may be salvaged if localised, reject affected

parts. Differential diagnosis Pulmonary Granulomas associated with M.gallisepticum

infection, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, and coryza.

Aspergillosis lesions


Diseases of poultry 97

Broiler feet – the lower from a carcase affected with Melanosis

MYCOTOxICOSISSynonyms Aflatoxicosis, Turkey x disease. Type Fungal Aetiology Fungal toxin poisoning. Aflatoxicosis due to the Aspergillus

flavus mycotoxin. Pathogenesis Fungal mycotoxin produced on feedstuffs is ingested.

Food left on the ground in close proximity to water feeders can promote fungal growth and possible toxin formation. The level of toxin ingested, combined with the period of consumption of the toxin determines the detrimental effects encountered.

Clinical signs Lethargy, loss of appetite, death. Spasm of neck muscles, legs fully extended.

Gross lesions Turkey – congestion and oedema of carcase, liver most affected. Chronic lesions include cirrhosis, the liver becoming yellowish-brown or mottled, hydropericardium, swollen kidneys.

Ducks – Acute – liver and kidneys enlarged and pale. Chronic – cirrhosis, ascites and tumours in the liver.

Judgement Carcase and offal are unfit for human consumption.


114 Section 3

SkinMitesCnemidocoptes gallinaeDermanyssus gallinaeLaminosioptes cysticolaOrnithonyssus sylvariumLiceMecanthus stramineusFleasCeratophyllus gallinaeEchidnophaga gallinacea

CaecaHistomonas meleagridisHeterakis gallinarumCoccidiosis

Small intestineAscaridia galliAscaridia columbaeAscaridia dissimilisCapillaria caudinflataCapillaria obsingataHexamita meleagridisCoccidiosis

LegsCnemidocoptes mutans

LiverHistomonas meleagridis

CropCapillaria contortaTrichomonas gallinae

TracheaSyngamus trachea

Common parasites of poultry

PROTOZOA

Protozoa are single-celled organisms that, unlike bacteria, possess a nucleus and other organelles that enable them to lead an independent existence. Protozoa are mobile organisms, using methods of propulsion such as flagella, cilia and undulating membranes. They feed by enveloping particles and digesting them, followed by the extrusion of waste material from the cell. In poultry the forms encountered include Eimeria species, Trichomonas species, Histomonas meleagridis and Hexamita meleagridis.


146 Section 5

AFFECTIONS OF SPECIFIC PARTS

AIRSACS

LESIONS POSSIBLE DIAGNOSISInflammation of AirsacculitisCloudy Airsacculitis, infectious coryza, laryngotracheitis,

influenza, Newcastle disease.Foam, frothy Infectious bronchitisMouldy, nodules AspergillosisFoam, pus, thickened Airsacculitis, colibacillosis, fowl cholera,

Newcastle disease, chronic respiratory disease (CRD)

BODY CAvITY

LESIONS POSSIBLE DIAGNOSISStraw coloured fluid AscitesMilky fluid PeritonitisBlood clot Aortic rupture, Hepatic rupturePetechial haemorrhages in Avian influenza, toxaemia abdominal fat Chalky deposits on serosal surfaces Visceral gout‘Cooked’ egg yolk Egg peritonitisBlack, foul smelling pus Traumatic peritonitis

Petechial haemorrhages in abdominal cavity, on proventriculus and gizzard


Disease and cause 157

DISEASE CAUSE tYPE Anatipestifer Pasteurella anatipestifer Bacterial (New Duck Disease, Infectious serositis)

Ascaridiasis Ascaridia galli (poultry) Parasitic A.dissimilis (turkeys) A.columbae (pigeons)

Aspergillosis Aspergillus flavus Fungal(Brooder Pneumonia, Aspergillus fumigatusMycotic pneumonia, Pneumomycosis)

Avian Chlamydiosis Chlamydia psittaci Rickettsiae(Ornithosis, Psitticosis)

Avian Influenza Orthomyxovirus Viral(Fowl Plague)

Avian Leukosis Oncornovirus Viral (Big Liver Disease)

Avian Mycoplasmosis Mycoplasma gallisepticum Bacterial (Chronic Respiratory Disease) Mycoplasma meleagridis(Infectious Synovitis) Mycoplasma synoviae

Avian Salmonellosis Salmonella spp especially Bacterial (Paratyphoid) Salmonella typhimurium

Avian Tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium Bacterial

Blackhead Histomonas meleagridis Protozoal

Botulism Clostridium botulinum Bacterial toxins (Limberneck, Western Duck Sickness)

Caecal worm Heterakis gallinarum Parasitic

Candidiasis Candida albicans Fungal (Thrush, Moniliasis, Sour crop, Crop mycosis)

Capillaria Capillaria contorta Parasitic Capillaria caudinflata Capillaria obsingata

Chicken Anaemia Virus Circovirus Viral(Infectious Anaemia)

Coccidiosis Eimeria species Protozoal parasite


Conditions found at post mortem 183

A section of duodenum with enteritis on the right, compared with a normal specimen on the left. Both samples have been partially incised to show lining. Note the hypertrophic pancreas of the affected sample.

Other characteristic forms of enteritis include:

Intestines distended, contents watery and foamy (gas) – acute bluecomb of turkeys.

Blood in intestines – haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys, coccidiosis.

Button like ulcers -quail’s disease

Petechial haemorrhages-Fowl Cholera

Vegetative growths and foul smell associated with necrotic enteritis infections

Slimy enteritis due to Fowl typhoid

It must be remembered that these conditions above are worst case scenarios, and should be considered in conjunction with other lesions before a decision is taken.

If the enteritis is associated with emaciation the carcase and offal should be considered unfit for human consumption.


254 Section 9

After checking the mesentery gently pull apart the digestive system.

Using scissors cut the oesophagus down to the crop and examine the contents. Wash the crop and examine the lining.

Incise the proventriculus and gizzard. Remove contents and examine the lining of the proventriculus and the junction to the gizzard. Examine in detail the cutica gastrica of the gizzard for signs of erosion; check whether this lining can be peeled from the muscle. Examine the muscle.


Anatomy aide memoire 261

Axial Skeleton

Skull Cervical vertebrae Thoraic vertebrae Pelvis Synsacral vertebrae Coccygeal vertebrae


Index 271

INDEx

A

A-band 20Acetabulum 17Acquired immune response 67Actin 20Adenosine triphosphate 20Adenovirus 74Adrenal gland 60Adrenals 58Affector cells 67Aflatoxicosis. See MycotoxicosisAirsacculitis 163Airsacs 36Amyloidosis 76Anasarca 168Anatipestifer 76Antibodies 67Aortic rupture 76Appendicular skeleton 16Apteria 5Arthritis 165Ascaridia columbae 127Ascaridia dissimilis 127Ascaridia galli 127Ascites 168Aspergillosis 77ATP. See Adenosine triphosphateAtrium 41Autotrophs 69Avian chlamydiosis 78Avian diphtheria. See Fowl poxAvian influenza 78Avian keratoacanthoma 141Avian leukosis 138Avian malignant oedema. See

Gangrenous dermatitis

Avian mMycoplasmosis 79. See also Infectious synovitis

Avian pneumoencephalitis. See Newcastle disease

Avian rhinotracheitis. See Swollen head syndrome

Avian salmonellosis 79Avian tuberculosis 80Axial skeleton 8Axon 55

B

B-cells 67Benign tumours 135Big liver disease. See Avian leukosisBile staining 231Binary fission 69Biotin deficiency 180Birnavirus 74Blood vessels 42, 43Bluecomb. See Transmissible enteritis of

turkeysBody lice 129Botulism 80Brachial cysts 226Brain 55Breast blister 81Breast blisters 208Breast burn 212Bronchi 23Brooder pneumonia. See AspergillosisBruising 238Bumblefoot 176Burrowing flea. See Echidnophaga

gallinaceaBursa of Fabricius 51


272 Index

C

CAA. See Chicken anaemia virusCachexia 178Caeca 33, 54, 147Caecal coccidiosis 121Caecal tonsils 54Cage layer fatigue 81Cage layer paralysis. See Cage layer

fatigueCalamus 4Candidiasis 82Canker 124Capillaria caudinflata 128Capillaria contorta 128Capillaria obsingata 128Cardiac muscle 23Caudal vertebrae 10Cauliflower gut. See Necrotic enteritisCellulitis 209Central nervous system 54Ceratophyllus gallinae 129Cervical vertebrae 10Chemotaxis 67Chemotrophy 69Chicken anaemia virus 82Cholangiohepatitis 188Chordae tendineae 41Chronic bacterial dermatitis 218Chronic respiratory disease. See Avian

mycoplasmosisClavicle 14Cloaca 33, 52, 147Clotting 45Cnemidocoptes gallinae 130Cnemidocoptes mutans 130Coccidiosis 115Coccygeal vertebrae 10Colibacillosis 206Coligranuloma 207Comb 3, 78, 86, 149Compound fracture 239Congenital deformities 222Contagious epithelioma. See Fowl poxCoracoid 14Coronavirus 74

Crop 29, 82Crop mycosis. See CandidiasisCuprodeum 33Curled toe paralysis 82Cutica gastrica 30Cystic duct 35Cytotoxic T-cells 68

D

Dead on arrival 233Death other than slaughter 232Deep pectoral myopathy. See Oregon

diseaseDepluming itch mite. See

Cnemidocoptes gallinaeDermanyssus gallinae 131Dermatitis 212Derszys disease. See Goose viral

hepatitisDimorphic fungi 75Dislocation 241Dissecting aneurysm. See Aortic ruptureDorsobronchi 38Duck virus enteritis 83Duck virus hepatitis 84Ductless glands 58Duodenum 31DVH. See Duck viral hepatitis

E

Earlobes 3Echidnophaga gallinacea 129Efferent nerves 55Egg bound. See Impaction of the

oviductEgg impaction. See Impaction of the

oviductEgg Peritonitis 84, 194Emaciation 178Endocrine system 58Endomysium 19Endotoxins 71Enteritis 182Epicardium 41Epimysium 19


Index 273

Epiphyseal cartilage 7Erysipelas 85Erythrocytes 43Erythroid leukosis 138Exotoxins 71Extramedullary haematopoesis 187Exudative diathesis 85

F

Fatty liver syndrome 185Favus 86Feathers 4Femoral head necrosis 185Fibre types 21Fibrin 45Fibrinogen 45Floppy broiler syndrome. See Marek’s

diseaseFocal hepatic necrosis 186Focal osteodystrophy. See Tibial

dyschondroplasiaFolliculitis 219Found dead 233Fowl paralysis. See Marek’s diseaseFowl pest. See Newcastle diseaseFowl plague. See Avian influenzaFowl pox 86Fowl typhoid 87Fractures 240Frounce 124Fungi 74Furcula 14

G

Gametogony 115Gangrenous cellulitis. See Gangrenous

dermatitisGangrenous dermatitis 87, 215Gapes 126Gizzard 30Gonads 58Goose viral hepatitis 88Gout 88Grams staining 71Green leg disease 200

Green muscle disease. See Oregon disease

Gumboro disease. See Infectious bursal disease

GVH. See Goose viral hepatitis

H

H-zone 20Haematopoetic foci 187Haemorrhagic anaemia syndrome. See

Inclusion body hepatitisHaemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys 90Head 3Heart 41, 149Helper/inducer T-cells 68Hepatic duct 35Hepatitis 188Herpesvirus 74Heterakis gallinarum 125Heterakis isolonche 125Heterotrophs 69Hexamita columbae 123Hexamita meleagridis 123Hindlimb 17Histomonas meleagridis 122Hjärre’s disease 207Hockburn 220Humerus 16Hydropericardium 168Hyperthermia 237Hyphae 74Hypophysis 59Hypothermia 237

I

I-band 20Icterus 90, 189Ileum 32ILT. See Infectious laryngotracheitisImmunity 66Impaction of the oviduct 90Inclusion body hepatitis 91Infectious anaemia. See Chicken

anaemia virusInfectious bronchitis 91


274 Index

Infectious bursal disease 92Infectious bursitis. See Infectious bursal

diseaseInfectious coryza 94Infectious laryngotracheitis 92Infectious serositis. See AnatipestiferInfectious stunting 94Infectious synovitis 96Inflammation 68Infundibulum 48Intermediate nerves 55Intestinal contamination 231ISS. See Infectious stuntingIsthmus 48

j

Jaundice 189Jejunum 32Joints 18

K

Kidneys 46Kinky back. See Spondylolisthesis

L

Laminosioptes cysticola 131Large intestine 33Leatherhead. See ErysipelasLeucocytes 43Limberneck. See BotulismLiver 35, 151Lumbar vertebrae 10Lung oedema. See Marble spleen

diseaseLungs 36Lymphoid leukosis 138Lymphoid tissue 53Lymphoproliferative disease of turkeys

138Lytic infection 72

M

Machine damage 235Magnum 48

Malabsorption syndrome. See Infectious stunting

Malignant tumours 136Marble spleen disease 96Marek’s disease 139Melanosis 96Memory cells 68Menacanthus stramineus 129Mesentery 34Mesobronchi 38Mesophiles 70Metastasis 137Metatarsal pad 18Moniliasis. See CandidiasisMS. See Infectious synovitisMuscle 19, 24Mycotic pneumonia. See AspergillosisMycotoxicosis 97, 107Myeloid leukosis 138Myoblasts 19Myosin 20

N

Necrotic dermatitis. See Gangrenous dermatitis

Necrotic enteritis 98Neoplasia 135, 137Nephritis 204Nerves 55Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum. See

Marek’s diseaseNew duck disease. See AnatipestiferNewcastle disease 98Nictitating membrane 3Northern fowl mite 131Notarium 10

O

Oedema 168Oesophagus 29Oregon disease 99, 177Ornithonyssus sylvarium 131, 159Ornithosis. See Avian chlamydiosisOrthomyxovirus 74Osteoblast 7


Index 275

Osteoblasts 7Osteoclast 7Overscalding 236

P

Pancreas 58, 60Parabronchi 38Paracolon Infection 100Paramyxovirus 74Parasite list 113Parathyroid 7, 58, 61Parathyroid hormone 7Paratrophy 69Paratyphoid. See Avian salmonellosisParrot beak 180Parvovirus 74Pasteurellosis 101Patella 17Pectoral girdle 14Pendulous crop 192Pericarditis 193Pericardium 41Pericloacal cellulitis 209Perihepatitis 196Perimysium 19Periosteum 7Peripheral nervous system 54Peritonitis 194Perosis 101Persistent right oviduct 223Phagocytosis 66Phalanges 17Phototrophy 69Picornavirus 74Pituitary 58Pituitary 61Plantar necrosis 199Plasma 42Platelets 43Pneumomycosis. See AspergillosisPododermatitis 199Polydactylia 222Polyneuritis. See Marek’s diseasePortal circulation 44Portal circulation 43Pox virus 74

Preen gland 5Proctodeum 33Prokaryotic organisms 69Prothrombin 45Proventriculus 30Pseudotuberculosis 102Psitticosis. See Avian chlamydiosisPsychrophiles 70Psychrotrophs 70Pterylae 5PTH. See Parathyroid hormonePullorum disease 102Pulmonary hypertension 170Pulmonary system 44Pygostyle 10Pyrexia 206

Q

quail disease. See Ulcerative enteritis

R

Rachis 4Range paralysis. See Marek’s diseaseRed marrow 7Red mite 131Red muscle fibres 22Ribs 10Rickets 103Right ventricular dilation 173Rigor mortis 22Rot gut. See Necrotic enteritisRoutes of infection 65Runt 181

S

Sacral Vertebrae 10Salpingitis 201Scabby hip dermatitis 213Scaly leg mite. See Cnemidocoptes

mutansScapula 14Schwann cells 55Sensory nerves 55Septicaemia 202Serum 45


276 Index

Shizogony 115Skin 5, 87Skull 8, 10, 55Smooth muscle 23Sour crop. See CandidiasisSpinal cord 56Spine 10Spleen 52Spondylolisthesis 103Squaemous cell carcinoma 141Sternal abnormalities 224Sternal bursitis. See Breast blisterSternum 14Stratum corneum 5Stratum germinativum 5Suppressor T-cells 68Swell head. See Swollen head syndromeSwollen Head Syndrome 103Syngamus trachea 126Synsacrum 10Systemic Circulation 44Systole 43

T

T-cells 67Tachycardia 205Tenosynovitis 165Testes 50Thermal distress 237Thermophiles 70Thoracic vertebrae 10Thrombokinase 45Thrush. See CandidiasisThymus 58, 67Thyroid 58Tibia 17Tibial Dyschondroplasia 104Tibiotarsus 17Tissue mite 131Toxaemia 205Trabeculae 7Transmissible enteritis of turkeys 105Trauma 238

Traumatic peritonitis 197Trichomonas columbae 124Trichomonas gallinarum 124Triosseal canal 14Tuberculosis 65Tunica adventitia 43Tunica interna 43Tunica media 43Turkey x disease. See Mycotoxicosis

U

Ulcerative enteritis 106Uncinate process 10Urodeum 33Uropygial gland 5Uterus 48

v

Vagina 48Ventricle 41Ventriculus. See GizzardVentrobronchi 38Vertebral column 10Viral Arthritis 107Virion 72Viruses 72Vitelline diverticulum 32

W

Wattles 3Western duck sickness. See BotulismWhite comb. See FavusWhite muscle fibres 22Wing 16Wishbone 14

Y

Yolk peritonitis. See Egg peritonitis

Z

Z-disc 20


Poultry Inspection2nd Edition

Anatomy, physiology and disease conditionsA Grist

Aimed primarily at students undertaking examinations in poultry meat inspection, this fully illustrated book guides the reader through poultry anatomy and physiology; explaining the diseased state (including how disease can be recognised at the inspection stage and what action should be taken); parasites and neoplasia (tumours). Conditions encountered at post mortem inspection are graphically illustrated and explained; with a further three sections covering revision of anatomy, disease and a guide to possible diagnosis of specific lesions, listed by anatomical parts. A further addition since the first edition is a guide to performing a necropsy.

The full colour photographs make this an invaluable tool for all those for whom a knowledge of poultry anatomy, diseases and other conditions is required, including veterinary surgeons and meat inspectors within the abattoir, and also poultry producers who will be receiving condemnation data from these establishments.

Contents

Anatomy/physiology • Diseases of poultry • Parasites • Neoplasia • Affections of specific parts • Disease and cause • Conditions encountered at post mortem inspection in abattoirs • Processing conditions • An autotopsy procedure • Anatomy aide memoire • Index

9 781899 043460

ISBN 978-1-899043-46-0

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