poultry diseases

POULTRY POULTRY DISEASESDISEASES

RESPIRATORY RESPIRATORY AND AND

GASTROINTESTINGASTROINTESTINALAL

Amy FayetteAmy Fayette

Ross UniversityRoss University

October 2004October 2004

Quail BronchitisQuail Bronchitis

CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected TransmissionTransmission Clinical Signs + Clinical Signs +

LesionsLesions

Morbidity + Morbidity + MortalityMortality

DiagnosisDiagnosis VaccineVaccine

Adenovirus (Type 1)Adenovirus (Type 1) Young Quail (< 4 wks)Young Quail (< 4 wks) Fecal-OralFecal-Oral Tracheitis and Tracheitis and

bronchitisbronchitis

Coughing, sneezing, Coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales, tracheal rales, airsacculitisairsacculitis

Can reach 100%Can reach 100% Virus isolationVirus isolation None None

Egg Drop Syndrome ‘76Egg Drop Syndrome ‘76 CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected TransmissionTransmission Clinical Signs + Clinical Signs +

LesionsLesions


Adenovirus Infection Type Adenovirus Infection Type 33

Chicken layers + ducksChicken layers + ducks Pharynx and fecesPharynx and feces Loss of color in pigmented Loss of color in pigmented

eggs, drop in egg eggs, drop in egg production, thin to shell production, thin to shell less eggs, rough shell, less eggs, rough shell, inactive and atrophied inactive and atrophied oviducts, edema in uterusoviducts, edema in uterus

Viral IsolationViral Isolation Inactivated vax: 14-16wk Inactivated vax: 14-16wk

pulletspullets

AspergillosisAspergillosis

CauseCause

Age group affectedAge group affected TransmissionTransmission

Clinical Signs + Clinical Signs + LesionsLesions


Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus fumigatus (mycosis)(mycosis)

All avians, all ages All avians, all ages Can penetrate egg shell Can penetrate egg shell

and infect embryo, or and infect embryo, or spores in feed or litter and spores in feed or litter and inhaledinhaled

Dyspnea, polydipsia, Dyspnea, polydipsia, emaciation, ataxia; mycelial emaciation, ataxia; mycelial growths in air sacs or growths in air sacs or lungs, corneal ulcerationlungs, corneal ulceration

5-50%5-50%

Aspergillosis continuedAspergillosis continued

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Control + PreventionControl + Prevention

TreatmentTreatment

CS and lesions, microscopic CS and lesions, microscopic demonstration of fungusdemonstration of fungus

Good management, use Good management, use only clean, uncracked eggs, only clean, uncracked eggs, mold-free litter and feed, mold-free litter and feed, keep water and feed keep water and feed systems cleansystems clean

Nystatin, ketaconizole (any Nystatin, ketaconizole (any antifungal but cost antifungal but cost prohibitive), top up litter or prohibitive), top up litter or spray with 1:2000 CuSO4spray with 1:2000 CuSO4

Avian PoxAvian Pox CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected TransmissionTransmission

Clinical Signs + Clinical Signs + LesionsLesions

Morbidity + MortalityMorbidity + Mortality

AvipoxvirusAvipoxvirus WW all agesWW all ages Break in skin allows virus in, Break in skin allows virus in,

infected scabs can infected scabs can contaminate the environmentcontaminate the environment

Cutaneous formCutaneous form Papule Vesicle Pustule ScabPapule Vesicle Pustule Scab

Diptheritic formDiptheritic form Space occupying plaque in upper Space occupying plaque in upper

GI and Resp GI and Resp May cause suffocationMay cause suffocation

Cutaneous form- 1-2% mortCutaneous form- 1-2% mort Diptheritic form- up to 40% Diptheritic form- up to 40%

mortmort

Avian Pox ContinuedAvian Pox Continued DiagnosisDiagnosis

Control + Control + PreventionPrevention

TreatmentTreatment VaccineVaccine

Intracytoplasmic Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies, viral isolation, bodies, viral isolation, ELISA, viral material ELISA, viral material will produce lesions in will produce lesions in fertile chicken eggsfertile chicken eggs

Recovery gives long Recovery gives long immunity, live vax, immunity, live vax, eliminate cannibalism eliminate cannibalism with beak trimmingwith beak trimming

No treatmentNo treatment Live vaxLive vax

Quail BronchitisQuail Bronchitis

CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected TransmissionTransmission Clinical Signs + Clinical Signs +

LesionsLesions



Adenovirus (Type 1)Adenovirus (Type 1) Young Quail (< 4 wks)Young Quail (< 4 wks) Fecal-OralFecal-Oral Tracheitis and Tracheitis and

bronchitisbronchitis

Coughing, sneezing, Coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales, tracheal rales, airsacculitisairsacculitis

Can reach 100%Can reach 100% Virus isolationVirus isolation None None

Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza CauseCause

Age group affectedAge group affected

TransmissionTransmission

Clinical signsClinical signs

LesionsLesions

Type A influenza Type A influenza (orthomyxoviridae)(orthomyxoviridae)

All species (in US mostly All species (in US mostly turkeys and ducks)turkeys and ducks)

Airborne, viral particles from Airborne, viral particles from resp tract, fomitesresp tract, fomites

May be seasonal from May be seasonal from migrating waterfowl, migrating waterfowl, sneezing, rales, lacrimation, sneezing, rales, lacrimation, sinusitis, drop in egg sinusitis, drop in egg production, diarrhea, edema production, diarrhea, edema of head, nervous disorderof head, nervous disorder

For HPAI: fibrinous exudate in For HPAI: fibrinous exudate in airsacs, oviduct, sinusitis, airsacs, oviduct, sinusitis, focal necrosis in skin, edema, focal necrosis in skin, edema, hemorrhageshemorrhages

Avian Influenza Avian Influenza continuedcontinued


DiagnosisDiagnosis


TreatmentTreatment VaccineVaccine Notifiable or Notifiable or

ReportableReportable

AI: variable; HPAI: AI: variable; HPAI: 100% mortality100% mortality

Viral isolation, virus Viral isolation, virus hemagglutinateshemagglutinates

Prevent exposure of Prevent exposure of exotic birds to exotic birds to commercial birds, commercial birds, quarantine, routine quarantine, routine serological testingserological testing

NoneNone Not helpfulNot helpful HPAI isHPAI is

ChlamydiosisChlamydiosis

CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected


Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Chlamydia PsittaciChlamydia Psittaci Most avian spp and most Most avian spp and most

agesages Carrier birds, primarily Carrier birds, primarily

via inhalation of infected via inhalation of infected dust from dried feces also dust from dried feces also ingestioningestion

Mild resp signs, drop in Mild resp signs, drop in egg prod, blood tinged egg prod, blood tinged diarrhea, ataxia, diarrhea, ataxia, paraparesis; pigeons only paraparesis; pigeons only show conjunctivitis; show conjunctivitis; turkeys show depression, turkeys show depression, weakness, inappetence, weakness, inappetence, nasal discharge, diarrhea nasal discharge, diarrhea and lung congestionand lung congestion

Chlamydiosis continuedChlamydiosis continued LesionsLesions

Morbidity + MortalityMorbidity + Mortality DiagnosisDiagnosis Control + PreventionControl + Prevention

TreatmentTreatment

Notifiable or Notifiable or ReportableReportable

Turkeys have splenomegaly Turkeys have splenomegaly with necrohemorrhagic fociwith necrohemorrhagic foci

5-30%5-30% Culture and IDCulture and ID Avoid exposure to pigeons Avoid exposure to pigeons

etc, all in all out system, etc, all in all out system, quarantinequarantine

Tx under supervision of Tx under supervision of state vet, tetracycline used state vet, tetracycline used but expensive and long but expensive and long coursecourse

YesYes

Avian Infectious Avian Infectious BronchitisBronchitis

CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected TransmissionTransmission


CoronavirusCoronavirus Chickens only, all agesChickens only, all ages Inhalation of virus Inhalation of virus

containing droplets, containing droplets, carriers, survive up to carriers, survive up to 4 wks in environment4 wks in environment

Marked decrease in Marked decrease in egg prod, soft shelled egg prod, soft shelled eggs with watery eggs with watery albimen, gasping resp, albimen, gasping resp, sneezing, coughingsneezing, coughing

Most common URI in the US

AIB continuedAIB continued LesionsLesions


DiagnosisDiagnosis Control + PreventionControl + Prevention TreatmentTreatment

VaccineVaccine

Cheesy exudate at Cheesy exudate at tracheal bifurcation, tracheal bifurcation, ocular and nasal ocular and nasal discharge in young discharge in young chickschicks

Morbidity: 100%; Morbidity: 100%; Mortality: 50%Mortality: 50%

Viral isolation, ELISAViral isolation, ELISA VaxVax No effective tx, broad No effective tx, broad

spectrum AB’s may spectrum AB’s may prevent complicationsprevent complications

Modified live or killed Modified live or killed VaxVax

Infectious CoryzaInfectious Coryza CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected




Haemophilus Haemophilus paragallinarumparagallinarum

All ages (greater than All ages (greater than 4wks), chickens, 4wks), chickens, pheasants and guinea fowlpheasants and guinea fowl

Carrier birds, inhalation of Carrier birds, inhalation of resp secretions, ingestion resp secretions, ingestion of contaminated feed or of contaminated feed or waterwater

Conjunctivitis with cheesy Conjunctivitis with cheesy exudates, oculonasal exudates, oculonasal discharge, sinusitis, facial discharge, sinusitis, facial edema, sneezing, drop in edema, sneezing, drop in egg production, anorexiaegg production, anorexia

High morbidityHigh morbidity

Infectious Coryza Infectious Coryza continuedcontinued

DiagnosisDiagnosis


TreatmentTreatment

VaccineVaccine

Culture of sinus or Culture of sinus or tracheal swab in candle tracheal swab in candle car, requires V factor from car, requires V factor from Staph, gram stain, fast Staph, gram stain, fast moving URI with swollen moving URI with swollen sinuses is suggestivesinuses is suggestive

Eradicate and prevent, all Eradicate and prevent, all in all out system, proper in all out system, proper sanitation, vaxsanitation, vax

Sulfonamides and AB’s, Sulfonamides and AB’s, tend to relapsetend to relapse

Bacterin and modified live Bacterin and modified live vaxvax

Infectious Infectious LaryngotracheitisLaryngotracheitis





HerpesvirusHerpesvirus All ages, esp mature All ages, esp mature

chickenschickens Carriers, resp Carriers, resp

transmission, mechanical transmission, mechanical via fomitesvia fomites

Dyspnea, coughing, Dyspnea, coughing, bloody mucus, cheesy bloody mucus, cheesy exudates around face, exudates around face, neck and under wings, neck and under wings, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, drop in egg productiondrop in egg production

Morbidity: high; Morbidity: high; Mortality: 10-70%Mortality: 10-70%

ILT continuedILT continued DiagnosisDiagnosis


TreatmentTreatment VaccineVaccine Notifiable or Notifiable or

ReportableReportable

Viral isolation, Viral isolation, chorioallantoic chorioallantoic membrane of membrane of embroynated eggsembroynated eggs

All in all out system, All in all out system, don’t add vaccinated don’t add vaccinated or recovered birds to or recovered birds to susceptible flocksusceptible flock

Supportive careSupportive care Attenuated vaxAttenuated vax Reportable in some Reportable in some

statesstates

Mycoplasma Mycoplasma gallisepticumgallisepticum




Mycoplasma sppMycoplasma spp More in older birds More in older birds

(chickens and turkeys)(chickens and turkeys) Transovarial, horizontally Transovarial, horizontally

via inhalation of resp via inhalation of resp secretions, contamination secretions, contamination of feed and water, fomitesof feed and water, fomites

Develops slowly, poor Develops slowly, poor condition, loss of weight, condition, loss of weight, coughing, sneezing, rales, coughing, sneezing, rales, ocular and nasal ocular and nasal discharge, drop in feed discharge, drop in feed consumption, drop in egg consumption, drop in egg production, airsacculitisproduction, airsacculitis

MG continuedMG continued LesionsLesions


DiagnosisDiagnosis

TreatmentTreatment

VaccineVaccine

Adhesive pericarditis, Adhesive pericarditis, fibrinous perihepatitis, fibrinous perihepatitis, salpingitis, swollen salpingitis, swollen infraorbital sinusesinfraorbital sinuses

Mortality variable (higher in Mortality variable (higher in broilers)broilers)

History of CRD with lower History of CRD with lower weight gain and drop in egg weight gain and drop in egg prod, isolate Mg, serology prod, isolate Mg, serology

Dip eggs in AB solution or Dip eggs in AB solution or inject eggs, increase inject eggs, increase incubation temp 115 deg for incubation temp 115 deg for 12 hours for hens eggs, 12 hours for hens eggs, broad spectrum ABbroad spectrum AB

Vax or bacterinVax or bacterin

Mycoplasma SynoviaeMycoplasma Synoviae CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected TransmissionTransmission


Morbidity + MortalityMorbidity + Mortality DiagnosisDiagnosis

Mycoplasma sppMycoplasma spp Chickens and turkeysChickens and turkeys Transovarial, horizontally Transovarial, horizontally

via resp secretionsvia resp secretions Swollen joints and tendon Swollen joints and tendon

sheaths, lameness, drop in sheaths, lameness, drop in weight, exudate in joints, weight, exudate in joints, airsacculitis, breast blistersairsacculitis, breast blisters

Mortality: 10%Mortality: 10% History of lameness and History of lameness and

swollen joints, isolate Ms, swollen joints, isolate Ms, serologyserology

Ms continuedMs continued


TreatmentTreatment

All in all out system, All in all out system, prevent carrier birds, prevent carrier birds, depopulate, obtain Ms depopulate, obtain Ms disease free chicksdisease free chicks

Broad spectrum AB, Broad spectrum AB, esp tylosin and esp tylosin and tetracyclin, improve tetracyclin, improve management and management and husbandry, decrease husbandry, decrease stressstress

Mycoplasma meleagridisMycoplasma meleagridis



Mycoplasma sppMycoplasma spp All ages of turkeysAll ages of turkeys Transovarial, semen Transovarial, semen

may be contaminated, may be contaminated, during vent sexing from during vent sexing from contaminated handscontaminated hands

Mild or unapparent Mild or unapparent resp problems, poor resp problems, poor weight gain, weight gain, airsacculitis, some airsacculitis, some poults show neck or leg poults show neck or leg deformitiesdeformities

Mm continuedMm continued

DiagnosisDiagnosis


TreatmentTreatment

History of air sac History of air sac lesions in embryos lesions in embryos and poults, isolate and poults, isolate Mm, serologyMm, serology

All in all out system, All in all out system, depopulate, obtain depopulate, obtain Mm disease free Mm disease free poults, dip eggs in Ab poults, dip eggs in Ab solnsoln

Broad spectrum AB, Broad spectrum AB, tx semen with ABtx semen with AB

New Castle DiseaseNew Castle Disease

CauseCause TransmissionTransmission


Paramyxovirus type 1Paramyxovirus type 1 Infected droppings and resp Infected droppings and resp

discharge, transovarialdischarge, transovarial Lentogenic: mild signs, subclinical; Lentogenic: mild signs, subclinical;

Mesogenic: resp signs (hoarse, Mesogenic: resp signs (hoarse, chirping, nasal discharge, coughing), chirping, nasal discharge, coughing), CNS involvement (0-25%), drop in CNS involvement (0-25%), drop in egg production, higher mortality (up egg production, higher mortality (up to 50%), mild airsacculitis, tracheitis, to 50%), mild airsacculitis, tracheitis, conjunctivitis; conjunctivitis; Velogenic: sudden death, marked Velogenic: sudden death, marked resp signs, diarrhea, CNS resp signs, diarrhea, CNS involvement, facial edema, involvement, facial edema, hemorrhagic foci in GIT, hemorrhagic foci in GIT, inflammation and froth in trachea inflammation and froth in trachea and air sacsand air sacs

NCD continuedNCD continued


DiagnosisDiagnosis Control + PreventionControl + Prevention

TreatmentTreatment VaccineVaccine


Lentogenic: low mort; Lentogenic: low mort; Mesogenic: up to 50%; Mesogenic: up to 50%; Velogenic: 50-100%Velogenic: 50-100%

Viral isolation, Viral isolation, hemagglutinationhemagglutination

Control importation of Control importation of birds, vaxbirds, vax

Supportive tx onlySupportive tx only Vax only for Vax only for

lentogenic and lentogenic and mesogenic strainsmesogenic strains

Report all suspectedReport all suspected

CandidiasisCandidiasis CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected



Candida albicansCandida albicans All ages, mostly young All ages, mostly young

chickens and turkeyschickens and turkeys Drinking water also Drinking water also

improperly stored improperly stored litter and foodlitter and food

CS may be masked by CS may be masked by a primary problem, a primary problem, involves upper GI, involves upper GI, listlessness, ruffled listlessness, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, feathers, diarrhea, regurgitationregurgitation

Candidiasis continuedCandidiasis continued LesionsLesions

Morbidity + MortalityMorbidity + Mortality DiagnosisDiagnosis Control and Control and

PreventionPrevention

TreatmentTreatment

Lesions primarily in mouth, Lesions primarily in mouth, esophagus and crop, white esophagus and crop, white pseudomembranous or pseudomembranous or dipheritic patches, raised dipheritic patches, raised focal lesions, soft cheesy focal lesions, soft cheesy exudatesexudates

Present in normal floraPresent in normal flora Culture and IDCulture and ID Good management and Good management and

sanitation, obtain quality sanitation, obtain quality birds, decrease stress, avoid birds, decrease stress, avoid changes that alter the gut changes that alter the gut floraflora

Bleach water supply, Bleach water supply, gentian violet to feedgentian violet to feed

Ulcerative enteritis (quail Ulcerative enteritis (quail disease)disease)



LesionsLesions

Clostridium colinumClostridium colinum Young quail and pulletsYoung quail and pullets Usually assoc with stress Usually assoc with stress

or other disease statesor other disease states Depressed, ruffled Depressed, ruffled

anorexic, watery white anorexic, watery white droppingsdroppings

Hemorrhagic enteritis in Hemorrhagic enteritis in duodenum, GI ulcers, duodenum, GI ulcers, liver has yellow grey liver has yellow grey necrotic areas, spleen necrotic areas, spleen hemorrhagic and hemorrhagic and enlargedenlarged

Ulcerative enteritis Ulcerative enteritis continuedcontinued


DiagnosisDiagnosis Control + Control +


TreatmentTreatment

Mortality: 50%, Mortality: 50%, greater in younggreater in young

Culture and IDCulture and ID Main reason for Main reason for

wire bottom cageswire bottom cages Many effective Many effective

drugsdrugs

Necrotic enteritisNecrotic enteritis



LesionsLesions

DiagnosisDiagnosis TreatmentTreatment

Clostridium Clostridium perfringens Cperfringens C

Turkeys and broilers Turkeys and broilers less than 4 wks oldless than 4 wks old

May resemble May resemble coccidiosis, diarrhea, coccidiosis, diarrhea, huddling together, huddling together, high pitched voicehigh pitched voice

GIT thickened and GIT thickened and necrotic, hemorrhage necrotic, hemorrhage into lumeninto lumen

Culture and IDCulture and ID Many drugs effectiveMany drugs effective

Gangrenous dermatitis Gangrenous dermatitis (malignant edema or (malignant edema or

necrotic edema)necrotic edema) CauseCause



LesionsLesions


Clostridium septicum, Clostridium septicum, perfringens and staph aureusperfringens and staph aureus

Immunosuppressed birds (esp Immunosuppressed birds (esp with previous IBD infection) with previous IBD infection) mainly birds greater than 4 wksmainly birds greater than 4 wks

Legs and feet red and swollen; Legs and feet red and swollen; tips of wings, inner thigh, and tips of wings, inner thigh, and under wing redunder wing red

Red sloughing of tissue, internal Red sloughing of tissue, internal organs enlarged and congested, organs enlarged and congested, SQ gas production, lung jelly SQ gas production, lung jelly likelike

Culture and IDCulture and ID Vaccines for IBD help to Vaccines for IBD help to

decreasedecrease

BotulismBotulism CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected TransmissionTransmission Clinical SignsClinical Signs


DiagnosisDiagnosis

Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum Most avians, esp ducksMost avians, esp ducks Ingestion of toxinIngestion of toxin Death 12-24 hours, Death 12-24 hours,

weakness, weakness, incoordination, flacid incoordination, flacid paralysis, loose paralysis, loose feathers (not in feathers (not in turkeys)turkeys)

100% mortality after 100% mortality after symptoms appearsymptoms appear

CS, may find toxin in CS, may find toxin in cropcrop

Botulism continuedBotulism continued


TreatmentTreatment

Keep animals away Keep animals away from where toxins from where toxins may bemay be Decaying carcasses, Decaying carcasses,

shallow alkaline shallow alkaline ponds, maggotsponds, maggots

No treatment after No treatment after CS, before CS: CS, before CS: antitoxins, flush GIT, antitoxins, flush GIT, substrate to substrate to stimulate eating and stimulate eating and drinkingdrinking

What are the top killers of What are the top killers of wild duckswild ducks

Botulism Botulism Lead poisoningLead poisoning Cholera Cholera

What are the top killers of What are the top killers of domestic ducksdomestic ducks

Botulism Botulism Cholera Cholera Duck viral hepatitisDuck viral hepatitis

Duck viral enteritisDuck viral enteritis



Herpesvirus Herpesvirus Ducks, geese, and swans, all Ducks, geese, and swans, all

agesages Carrier birds via infected feces Carrier birds via infected feces

and other discharges, suspect and other discharges, suspect arthropods that feed on arthropods that feed on infected birdsinfected birds

CS 3-7 days post exposure, CS 3-7 days post exposure, bloody diarrhea, blood stained bloody diarrhea, blood stained vent, dehydration, cyanotic bill, vent, dehydration, cyanotic bill, high mortality, drop in egg high mortality, drop in egg production, tremors, production, tremors, inappetence, weakness, ataxia, inappetence, weakness, ataxia, unable to stand, photophobia, unable to stand, photophobia, adhered eyelids (bloody adhered eyelids (bloody conjunctivitis), polydipsia, conjunctivitis), polydipsia, severe hemorrhagic enteritissevere hemorrhagic enteritis

DVE continuedDVE continued

LesionsLesions


DiagnosisDiagnosis Control + PreventionControl + Prevention

TreatmentTreatment

Die in characteristic Die in characteristic position with the neck position with the neck twisted downwards, twisted downwards, sideways or backwardssideways or backwards

High mortality up to High mortality up to 100%100%

Viral isolation and ID, Viral isolation and ID, CSCS

Avoid contact with wild Avoid contact with wild waterfowl, good waterfowl, good management, clean management, clean water, quarantinewater, quarantine

Supportive treatmentSupportive treatment

DVE continuedDVE continued VaccineVaccine


Available but not for Available but not for general use, only general use, only available by approved available by approved animal health animal health authoritiesauthorities

Reportable in USReportable in US

Duck Viral HepatitisDuck Viral Hepatitis CauseCause




LesionsLesions

Enterovirus in the Enterovirus in the picornaviridae familypicornaviridae family

Commercial pekin Commercial pekin ducklings less than 4wks ducklings less than 4wks oldold

Shed in feces by Shed in feces by recovered ducklings for recovered ducklings for up to 8 wks after onset up to 8 wks after onset of infectionof infection

Squat with eyes closed, Squat with eyes closed, ataxia, kick ataxia, kick spasmodicallyspasmodically

Liver swollen and Liver swollen and hemorrhagic, die in hemorrhagic, die in opisthotonos positionopisthotonos position

DVH continuedDVH continued


DiagnosisDiagnosis


TreatmentTreatment

Up to 1 wk= 95%; 1-3 wks = Up to 1 wk= 95%; 1-3 wks = 50%; over 4 wks = 50%; over 4 wks = negligiblenegligible

Viral isolation and ID, Viral isolation and ID, suggestive if rapid onset suggestive if rapid onset hemorrhagic hepatitis in hemorrhagic hepatitis in young ducklingsyoung ducklings

In an outbreak inoculate IM In an outbreak inoculate IM with duck viral antiserum, with duck viral antiserum, vaccinate unexposed vaccinate unexposed ducklings, vaccinate breeder ducklings, vaccinate breeder ducks every 3-4 monthsducks every 3-4 months

Supportive txSupportive tx

ErysipelasErysipelas CauseCause TransmissionTransmission


Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeErysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Organism favors alkaline Organism favors alkaline

soil and is resistant in the soil and is resistant in the environment for years, shed environment for years, shed in feces of recovered birds in feces of recovered birds for 41 days, fecal oral route, for 41 days, fecal oral route, can also enter through a can also enter through a break in the skinbreak in the skin

Sudden death, squat, and Sudden death, squat, and appear sleepy, depressed, appear sleepy, depressed, unsteady gate, ataxia, unsteady gate, ataxia, yellow green diarrhea, resp yellow green diarrhea, resp signs, swollen snood, signs, swollen snood, catarrhal enteritiscatarrhal enteritis

Erysipelas continuedErysipelas continued

LesionsLesions


DiagnosisDiagnosis

Dark red skin, Dark red skin, splenomegaly and splenomegaly and congestion of internal congestion of internal organs, purulent organs, purulent arthritis and arthritis and endocarditis in chronic endocarditis in chronic casescases

Mortality up to 50%Mortality up to 50% Culture and ID, use Culture and ID, use

candle jar for incubation candle jar for incubation to obtain 5-10% CO2, to obtain 5-10% CO2, gram stain liver or gram stain liver or spleen impression smearspleen impression smear



Limit contact between Limit contact between personnel and animals, personnel and animals, prevent breaks in the prevent breaks in the skin, avoid stress in the skin, avoid stress in the birds, raise poults away birds, raise poults away from older turkeys that from older turkeys that may be carriers, vax in may be carriers, vax in enzootic areas with enzootic areas with bacterin at 8-12 wks and bacterin at 8-12 wks and repeat at least once, repeat at least once, obtain semen from clean obtain semen from clean flock, debeaking helps to flock, debeaking helps to decrease diseasedecrease disease


TreatmentTreatment

VaccineVaccine

Pen and erysipelas Pen and erysipelas bacterin, vax birds bacterin, vax birds may show false rxn may show false rxn when tested for when tested for mycoplasma sppmycoplasma spp

Vax available Vax available (bacterin)(bacterin)

E coliE coli



Escherichia coliEscherichia coli All types of avians All types of avians

and all agesand all ages Fecal oral route, Fecal oral route,

transovarial, transovarial, contamination of the contamination of the egg shell via fecal egg shell via fecal material from henmaterial from henMost common

secondary poultry infection in US

E coli continuedE coli continued Clinical SignsClinical Signs AirsacculitisAirsacculitis

Thickened air sacs with caseous Thickened air sacs with caseous exudateexudate

Fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitisFibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis 3-7 wk old broilers3-7 wk old broilers Assoc with dusty litterAssoc with dusty litter Many times will follow another resp dzMany times will follow another resp dz Signs and lesions varySigns and lesions vary

Acute septicemia (colisepticemia)Acute septicemia (colisepticemia) Resembles fowl typhoid and choleraResembles fowl typhoid and cholera Acute condition common in 4-12 wk Acute condition common in 4-12 wk

chickschicks Swollen internal organsSwollen internal organs Petechial hemorrhagesPetechial hemorrhages Liver greenish with small necrotic fociLiver greenish with small necrotic foci Variable mortalityVariable mortality

E coli continuedE coli continued Clinical SignsClinical Signs EnteritisEnteritis

Diarrhea, mucoid enteritisDiarrhea, mucoid enteritis Exudate soiled vent areaExudate soiled vent area Depressed and cachexicDepressed and cachexic

OmphalitisOmphalitis Most are mixed bacterial Most are mixed bacterial

infectionsinfections Navel area swollen and inflamedNavel area swollen and inflamed Wet abdomenWet abdomen Abnormal yolk materialAbnormal yolk material PeritonitisPeritonitis High mortalityHigh mortality Dirty hatcheriesDirty hatcheries

E coli continuedE coli continued

Clinical SignsClinical Signs SalpingitisSalpingitis Entry of coliform bacteria from Entry of coliform bacteria from

vaginavagina Affected birds usually die by 6mos Affected birds usually die by 6mos

and never layand never lay Oviduct distended with purulent Oviduct distended with purulent

odiferous exudateodiferous exudate Upright or penguin postureUpright or penguin posture

Coligranuloma (Hjarre’s dz)Coligranuloma (Hjarre’s dz) Looks like TBLooks like TB UncommonUncommon Nodules in GIT, mesentery and Nodules in GIT, mesentery and

liverliver

E coli continuedE coli continued Clinical SignsClinical Signs Synovitis and arthritisSynovitis and arthritis

Lame or recumbentLame or recumbent Swelling of tendon sheaths and joints with Swelling of tendon sheaths and joints with

caseous exudatecaseous exudate Chronic arthritic condition may be seenChronic arthritic condition may be seen Frequently a sequel to systemic infectionFrequently a sequel to systemic infection

Panopthalmitis Panopthalmitis Hypopyon usually in 1 eye which is blindHypopyon usually in 1 eye which is blind Frequently a sequel to systemic infectionFrequently a sequel to systemic infection

Pericarditis Pericarditis Most systemic e coli infections have assoc Most systemic e coli infections have assoc

peritonitisperitonitis Myocarditis and opaque pericardial sacMyocarditis and opaque pericardial sac

E coli continuedE coli continued DiagnosisDiagnosis


TreatmentTreatment

Culture and ID, always Culture and ID, always assume isolated e coli is assume isolated e coli is secondary to another secondary to another primary dzprimary dz

Minimize egg shell Minimize egg shell contamination, sanitation contamination, sanitation and fumigation a must, use and fumigation a must, use feed that is free of feces, feed that is free of feces, prevent other diseases prevent other diseases parasites and stress, obtain parasites and stress, obtain good quality dz free chicksgood quality dz free chicks

Many Abs work, culture Many Abs work, culture and sensitivity should be and sensitivity should be donedone

Hemorrhagic EnteritisHemorrhagic Enteritis CauseCause Age group affectedAge group affected TransmissionTransmission


LesionsLesions

Adenovirus Type 2Adenovirus Type 2 Young turkeys, 6-12 wksYoung turkeys, 6-12 wks Carrier birds, ingestion of Carrier birds, ingestion of

contaminated feces, equipment, contaminated feces, equipment, may follow sudden changes in feed, may follow sudden changes in feed, no egg transmissionno egg transmission

Sudden death, drop in food and Sudden death, drop in food and water consumption, fresh blood in water consumption, fresh blood in feces, blood stained vent, feces, blood stained vent, outbreaks of colisepticemia, SI outbreaks of colisepticemia, SI distended and blood filleddistended and blood filled

Spleen enlarged and mottled, as dz Spleen enlarged and mottled, as dz progresses atrophies and becomes progresses atrophies and becomes silver- grey, hemorrhage seen in silver- grey, hemorrhage seen in muscle, heart, liver and kidneymuscle, heart, liver and kidney

HE continuedHE continued


DiagnosisDiagnosis Control + Control +


TreatmentTreatment

VaccineVaccine

Mortality variable (10-Mortality variable (10-60%)60%)

Viral culture and IdViral culture and Id Vaccine given at 3-Vaccine given at 3-

4wks, good 4wks, good management, avoid management, avoid sudden changes in sudden changes in dietdiet

Supportive tx, Supportive tx, antiserum from antiserum from recovered birdsrecovered birds

Vaccine availableVaccine available

poultry diseases

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