1 IPM and Pesticide Use. 2 Outline HUD’s guidance on IPM IPM in practice Pesticides.
Potential of Selected Plants as Ipm Components Against ... · Potential of Selected Plants as Ipm...
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Potential of Selected Plants as Ipm Salle Kenneth Odhiambo 1 , Fredrick Wa 1 University of Kabianga, Department of Agr 2 University of Eldoret, Department of Biolog Introduction Leptocybe invasa is an invasive, gall-ind Eucalyptus plant tissue, where it develop adults have a life span of four days duri first reported in East Africa in western southern parts of Africa, including Sou 2009; Nyeko et al., 2009). Eucalypts are many farmers in rural areas. Leptocy Eucalypts growing in the region (Mutitu use in the integrated control of the pe components against Leptocybe invasa F Leonotis nepetifolia (Lamiaceae); Dwar Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae ). Specifi species as IPM components against L. in L. invasa, and (3) the effect of the three c Materials and Methods Field materials for these studies were o characteristics: Altitude: 1130 – 1835 m maximum temperature: 25 0 – 30 0 C; M green house experiments were conducte the following site characteristics: Altitud annual maximum temperature: 24 0 – 26 0 Within a green house, fifty muslin cloth each cage enclosing potted seedlings of h alternating rows or enclosed alone. A to successive period of 5 days (10 adults weeks before the cages were removed to were monitored for five months for gal control) in total: That is, E. saligna and seedlings with L. invasa; E. saligna and E. saligna alone (control). Height (Ht measured weekly for five months while t Components Against Leptocybe invasa Fishe anjala 2 , Battan Khaemba 2 roforestry and Rural Development, Kenya gical Science, Kenya ducing insect pest of Eucalyptus trees (Myrtaceae). ps for about 128 days before emerging out as an ad ing which time they lay eggs into new Eucalyptus n Kenya and eastern Uganda in 2002. By 2007 it uth Africa (Mendel et al., 2004; CABI, 2007; Gup e important multipurpose tree species that is extensiv ybe invasa pest attack, however, is one of the u et al.,2007). There is need to develop an array of est. This study reports the potential of selected p Fisher & La Salle. The plant species studied we rf marigold, Schkuria pinnata Kuntz ex Thell (As ic objectives were to determine: (1) the efficacy of nvasa, (2) the preferred position on E. saligna for o companion plant species on growth of E. saligna se obtained from Kisumu County (Kenya) with the m.a.s.l.; Mean annual rainfall: < 1000 - 1630 mm; Mean annual minimum temperature: 9 0 – 18 0 C. L ed at University of Eldoret in Uasin Gishu County de: 1200 – 2100 m.a.s.l.; Mean annual rainfall: 9 0 C; Mean annual minimum temperature: 6 0 – 10 0 C. h cages were set in a completely randomized desig healthy E. saligna either mixed with each one of th otal of 50 unsexed adults were introduced into eac daily). The insects were then confined with the p to minimize cage effects on plant growth. The herb ll development. There were five groups (four tre L. nepetifolia seedlings with L. invasa; E. saligna a T. erecta seedlings with L. invasa; E. saligna with t) and root collar diameter (RCD) growth of E. the number of galls occurring on leaf mid-ribs, peti er & La It lays eggs in dult. Emergent tissues. It was had spread to pta & Poorani, vely grown by constraints to techniques for plants as IPM ere Lion’s ear, steraceae); and the three plant oviposition by eedlings. following site ; Mean annual Laboratory and y (Kenya) with 960 mm; Mean . gn (CRD) with he test plants in ch cage over a plants for two baceous plants eatments and a and S. pinnata h L. invasa and saligna were ioles and twigs
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Potential of Selected Plants as Ipm Components Against Salle
Kenneth Odhiambo1, Fredrick Wanjala1University of Kabianga, Department of Agroforestry and Rural Development, Kenya2University of Eldoret, Department of Biological Science, Kenya Introduction
Leptocybe invasa is an invasive, gall-inducing insect pest of Eucalyptus plant tissue, where it develops for adults have a life span of four days during which time they lay eggs into new Eucalyptus tissues. first reported in East Africa in western Kenya and eastern Uganda in 2002. By 2007 it had spread to southern parts of Africa, including South Africa (Mendel 2009; Nyeko et al., 2009). Eucalypts are importmany farmers in rural areas. Leptocybe invasaEucalypts growing in the region (Mutitu use in the integrated control of the pest. components against Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle. Leonotis nepetifolia (Lamiaceae); Dwarf marigold, Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae ). Specific objectivesspecies as IPM components against L. invasaL. invasa, and (3) the effect of the three companion plant
Materials and Methods
Field materials for these studies were obtained characteristics: Altitude: 1130 – 1835 m.a.s.l.maximum temperature: 250 – 30 0C; Mean annual minimum temperature: green house experiments were conducted at University of Eldoret in the following site characteristics: Altitude:annual maximum temperature: 240 – 26 0
Within a green house, fifty muslin cloth cages were set in a completely randomized design (CRD) with each cage enclosing potted seedlings of healthy alternating rows or enclosed alone. A total of 50 unsexed adults were introduced into each cage over a successive period of 5 days (10 adults daily).weeks before the cages were removed to minimize cage effects on plant growth. were monitored for five months for gall development. control) in total: That is, E. saligna and seedlings with L. invasa; E. saligna and E. saligna alone (control). Height (Ht) measured weekly for five months while the
Potential of Selected Plants as Ipm Components Against Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La
, Fredrick Wanjala2, Battan Khaemba2 University of Kabianga, Department of Agroforestry and Rural Development, Kenya
Department of Biological Science, Kenya
inducing insect pest of Eucalyptus trees (Myrtaceae). where it develops for about 128 days before emerging out as an adult
during which time they lay eggs into new Eucalyptus tissues. first reported in East Africa in western Kenya and eastern Uganda in 2002. By 2007 it had spread to southern parts of Africa, including South Africa (Mendel et al., 2004; CABI, 2007; Gupta & Poorani,
Eucalypts are important multipurpose tree species that is extensively grown by Leptocybe invasa pest attack, however, is one of the constraints to
Eucalypts growing in the region (Mutitu et al.,2007). There is need to develop an array of techniques for use in the integrated control of the pest. This study reports the potential of selected plants as IPM
Fisher & La Salle. The plant species studied were Dwarf marigold, Schkuria pinnata Kuntz ex Thell (Asteraceae); and
Specific objectives were to determine: (1) the efficacy of the three plant L. invasa, (2) the preferred position on E. saligna for oviposition by
the effect of the three companion plant species on growth of E. saligna seedlings.
for these studies were obtained from Kisumu County (Kenya) with the following site 1835 m.a.s.l.; Mean annual rainfall: < 1000 - 1630 mm;
Mean annual minimum temperature: 90 – 18 0C. Laboratory andconducted at University of Eldoret in Uasin Gishu County
Altitude: 1200 – 2100 m.a.s.l.; Mean annual rainfall: 960 mm; 0C; Mean annual minimum temperature: 60 – 10 0C.
Within a green house, fifty muslin cloth cages were set in a completely randomized design (CRD) with each cage enclosing potted seedlings of healthy E. saligna either mixed with each one of the t
A total of 50 unsexed adults were introduced into each cage over a successive period of 5 days (10 adults daily). The insects were then confined with the plants for two weeks before the cages were removed to minimize cage effects on plant growth. The herbaceous plants were monitored for five months for gall development. There were five groups (four treatments and a
and L. nepetifolia seedlings with L. invasa; E. saligna andand T. erecta seedlings with L. invasa; E. saligna with
Height (Ht) and root collar diameter (RCD) growth of E. salignawhile the number of galls occurring on leaf mid-ribs, petioles and twigs
Fisher & La
). It lays eggs in adult. Emergent
during which time they lay eggs into new Eucalyptus tissues. It was first reported in East Africa in western Kenya and eastern Uganda in 2002. By 2007 it had spread to
., 2004; CABI, 2007; Gupta & Poorani, multipurpose tree species that is extensively grown by
one of the constraints to There is need to develop an array of techniques for
e potential of selected plants as IPM were Lion’s ear,
Kuntz ex Thell (Asteraceae); and efficacy of the three plant
for oviposition by seedlings.
the following site 1630 mm; Mean annual
Laboratory and Uasin Gishu County (Kenya) with
960 mm; Mean .
Within a green house, fifty muslin cloth cages were set in a completely randomized design (CRD) with either mixed with each one of the test plants in
A total of 50 unsexed adults were introduced into each cage over a then confined with the plants for two
The herbaceous plants There were five groups (four treatments and a
and S. pinnata with L. invasa and
E. saligna were ribs, petioles and twigs
of the seedlings were recorded for three months from the onset of gall induction. Data on height (cm), root collar diameter (mm) and number of galls that developed on E. saligna were subjected to ANOVA at 95 % confidence interval and means separated by LSD using STATGRAPHICS Plus software.
Results and Discussion
Mean gall count on E. saligna enclosed with Tagetes erecta as companion plant was the lowest at 4.2 ± 0.8 galls per seedling compared to 10.8 ± 1.7 galls per seedling where E. saligna seedlings were exposed to the insect pest without any companion plant (Figure 1). Magnitude of gall counts where E. saligna seedlings had companion plants than where the seedlings had no companion plants indicated the level of efficacy of the different companion plants studied. Low mean gall counts indicated high efficacy of the companion plants and vice versa. Percent efficacy of the companion plants were as follows: T. erecta (58%), S. pinnata (37%), L. nepetifolia (16%). Thus the most effective companion plant was T. erecta followed by Schkuria pinnata with which a mean of 6.0 ± 1.3 galls per E. saligna seedling was recorded.
Figure 1: Mean gall count on E. saligna grown together with different herbaceous plants
The preferred position on E. saligna for oviposition by L. invasa was leaf mid-rib, followed by leaf petiole and twigs respectively (Figure 2). Leaf mid-ribs and petioles contain vascular tissues from where the insect larvae can derive nutrients for their growth and development. It is at these parts of the plant tissue that the endoparasitic insects can be reached when systemic insecticides are used as means of pest control.
Figure 2: Mean gall count on mid-rib, petiole and twigs of E. saligna when grown together with different herbaceous plants
Effects of the companion plants on height growth (Ht) and root collar diameter (RCD) of E. saligna seedlings are presented in figures 3 and 4 respectively. Ht (cm) and RCD (mm) of control E. saligna seedlings were 139 cm and 5.1 mm respectively. Tagetes erecta had more negative effect on Ht and RCD of E. saligna seedlings as compared to Schkuria pinnata, that is 55.8 cm and 2.6 mm compared to 124.2 cm and 4.3 mm respectively (Figures 3 and 4).
Figure 3: Effect of the companion plants on Height growth (cm) of Eucalyptus saligna seedlings
139.6125.7 124.2
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Control E. saligna + Leonotis
nepetifolia + L. invasa
E. saligna + Schkuria
pinnata + L. invasa
E. saligna + Tagetes
recta + L. invasa
E. saligna + L. invasa
Treatment
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cm)
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Figure 4: Effect of the companion plants on root collar diameter (mm) of Eucalyptus saligna seedlings
Conclusions and Recommendation
The three plant species studied were effective in reducing damage to E. saligna seedlings by L. invasa insect pest when used as companion plants and the most effective one was T. erecta, which also negatively affected growth of E. saligna seedlings while S. pinnata had the least effect on growth of E. saligna . Leaf mid-rib was the most preferred position of attack by L. invasa. This study recommends the use dwarf marigold, Schkuria pinnata Kuntz ex Thell (Asteraceae) as companion plants to E. saligna sedlings as part of IPM strategy against L. invasa insect pest. The study also recommends field trials with S. pinnata as companion plant with E. saligna seedlings against L. invasa pest.
References
CABI (2007). Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle. Distribution maps of the pest, 698, pp2. GUPTA, A. AND POORANI, J (2009). Taxonomic studies on a collection of Chalcidoidea
(Hymenoptera) from India with new distribution records. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1(5): 300-304.
MENDEL, Z., PROTASOV, A., FISHER, N. AND LA SALLE, J. (2004). Taxonomy and biology of Leptocybe invasa General & sp. N. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) an invasive gall inducer on Eucalyptus. Australian Journal of Entomology 43: 51-63.
MUTITU, K.E., OTIENO, B., OEBA, V. NYEKO, P. AND DAY, R.K. (2007). Farmers’ knowledge and perceptions on management of L. invasa on Eucalyptus species in western Kenya. Discovery and Innovation, 18 (AFORNET Special Edition No. 4): 287 – 293.
NYEKO, P., MUTITU, E.K. AND DAY, R.K. (2009). Eucalyptus infestation by Leptocybe invasa in Uganda. Journal of African Ecology xx?:1-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01004.x
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Control E. saligna + Leonotis
nepetifolia + L. invasa
E. saligna + Schkuria
pinnata + L. invasa
E. saligna + Tagetes recta + L. invasa
E. saligna + L. invasa
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m)
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RCD after week 12
