Prof. Ferial Zaher

National Research Centre Fats and Oils Dept.

World energy crisis and its reasons Reasons of Increased consumption rate of Energy Impact of increased connsumption of fossil

fuels Biofuels are the ideal substitute of fossil fuels Feedstock for production of biofuel Palm oil as one of the feedstocks for biofuel

production Worldwide palm oil production Results of a research work done in the fats and

oils department on palm oil as biodiesel.

Increase of Consmption

Rate of Energy

Decrease in Natural

Fuel Resources

Rate of energy consumption= world populationx consumption rate per

capita

& Increase of

world population

Increase of average

consumption rate per capita

Disappearance of large areas of land on the earth in

the expected future

Partial melting of the ice mountains at the north pole of the earth

Increase of the earth temperature

Increased emission of carbon dioxide

Forest fires Storms

Soil dryness

Other environmental changes due to increase in global temperature

Renewable and sustainable

Environmentally friendly

Decrease carbon dioxide

emissions

Main source is plants

Cellulosic substance for bioethanol

production

Oils for biodiesel and biojet production

Feedstock for Biodiesel Production

Jatropha

Castor beans

Oil Comparison of Major Oil Seeds

Worldwide Palm Oil Production

Results of a research work done in the fats and oils dept. on palm oil biodiesel

Zaher et al(2015) Experiment

Method

Regular diesel

Palm oil biodiesel

Density, @ 15.56 oC Specific Gravity API gravity @ 60 oF

ASTMD-1298

0.8543 0.8551 33.97

0.8700 0.8709 30.98

Kinematic visc, cSt, @ 40 oC ASTM D-445 2.64 3.73 Pour point, oC ASTM D-97 3 -3 Total Sulphur, wt % ASTM D-4294 0.68 Nil

Ash content, wt% ASTM D-482 0.006 Nil Carbon residue, wt% ASTM D-189 0.016 Nil

Cetane index ASTM D-976 47 34 Flash point, oC ASTM D-93 88 103 Gross Calorific value cal/g Net Calorific value cal/g ASTM D-224 11357

10741 8968 8364

Brake power (KW) 0 1.9 5.2 8.5 9.8 Indicated power (KW) 5.5 7.4 10.7 14.0 15.3 Mechanical efficiency (%) 0 26.3 48.7 60.7 64.1 BSFC (gm/Kw.hr) -- 762.8 396.6 332.8 268.9 ISFC (gm/Kw.hr) 203.9 200.8 193.5 202.2 172.4 BMEP (Kpa) 0 97.6 260.2 422.9 488.0 IMEP (Kpa) 273.2 370.8 533.4 696.1 761.2 Brake thermal efficiency (%) 0 11.2 21.6 25.7 31.8 Indicated thermal efficiency (%) 42.0 42.6 44.2 42.3 49.7 A/F ratio 55.5 41.5 29.9 21.9 23.5 Volumetric efficiency (%) 74.6 74.6 74.6 74.6 74.6 Exhaust gas loss (%) 12.1 12.2 14.5 15.2 18.8 Cooling water & unaccounted losses (%) 87.8 76.5 63.8 59.0 49.2

1st run 2nd run 3rd run 4th run 5th run Brake power (KW) 0 1.9 5.2 8.5 9.8 Indicated power (KW) 5.8 7.8 11.1 14.3 15.6 Mechanical efficiency (%) 0 25.1 47.1 59.2 62.6 BSFC (gm/Kw.hr) -- 642.8 352.7 291.8 285.6 ISFC (gm/Kw.hr) 184.5 161.2 166.4 172.7 178.8 BMEP (Kpa) 0 97.6 260.3 422.9 488.0 IMEP (Kpa) 291.4 389.0 551.7 714.3 779.4 Brake thermal efficiency (%)

0 13.3 24.3 29.3 30.0

Indicated thermal efficiency (%)

46.4 53.1 51.5 49.6 47.9

A/F ratio 54.9 47.0 32.1 23.9 21.1 Volumetric efficiency (%) 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 Exhaust gas loss (%) 15.2 20.0 22.33 17.5 19.7 Cooling water & unaccounted losses (%)

84.7 66.6 53.3 53.0 50.2

Palm oil biodiesel is advantageous over regular diesel in six points being:

1-Free of sulfur(less environmental pollution) 2-Has lower pour point(ease of handling in cold

weather) 3-Has higher flash point(safer) 4-No ashes are left after combustion(less wear of

engine parts) 5- No residual carbon(less coking deposits in

valves and piston) 6-The brake thermal efficiency of the engine

improves by blending biodiesel with regular diesel fuel(better engine performance)