Potential of Hydrogen (pH) to monitor the multi temporal · 2019. 1. 19. · German Amali...

change in ground water quality using geospatial techniques:

S.Vijayakumar*, M.Sakthivel**, S.Murugesan*, K.Narmada*

*Research Scholars Department of Geography, University of Madras Chennai.

**Associate Professor Department of Geography, University of Madras Chennai.

ABSTRACT

Water Resource management is very important for sustained use of natural resources and

is vital for existence of mankind. Groundwater plays a significant role due to its easy availability

and low cost inputs for use. The present study deals with the monitoring of Spatiotemporal

changes in groundwater condition especially Potential of Hydrogen (PH) for drinking quality in

Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu State, India. PH is one of the most significant parameters

in acid-base neutralization and water quality for drinking purpose. In this study samples were

collected from seventeen (17) and analysed for all over the region for direct interpretation. The

groundwater quality data from 1997 to 2017 of pre-monsoon and post monsoon for each year

have been used in the present research paper. In addition, spatial and temporal Change detection

of water quality maps were generated using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation

technique using Arc GIS software. Groundwater quality especially Potential of Hydrogen (PH)

data at 10 year interval has been considered for monitoring the changes for the period of study.

The Long-term variations have also been monitored by using data of 1997-2017 to understand

the changing groundwater system, vulnerable condition as well as management of water quality

for sustainable usage for human activity in the research area. The study revealed the trend in

average groundwater in Potential Hydrogen (PH) range in 1997 post monsoon (January) from

7.90 to 8.89 in 2007 to 8.30 to 8.79, in 2017 to 7.70 to 8.79 respectively. In addition Potential

Hydrogen (PH) range in 1997 pre monsoon (July) from 7.90 to 8.79, in 2007 from 8.10 to 8.69

in year 2017 from 7.70 to 8.59 has been recorded over the research area respectively. The

probable reason for this trend is poor groundwater quality in southern and north-eastern parts of

the district which is a dangerous condition for the farmers to be used. The range of values have

been classified into five categories of groundwater potential zones in research area such as Very

Good, Good, Poor and Very Poor and un suitable for drinking in groundwater potential zones.

The result generally depicts the groundwater potential zones in the study area and found to be

helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources in coastal district of

Nagapattinam.

Keywords: Water Quality, Potential of Hydrogen, Spatial Distribution GIS, IDW, BIS,

Nagapattinam

JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations

Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019

ISSN NO: 1076-5131

Page No:1137

A Case Study of Nagapattinam District

Potential of Hydrogen (pH) to monitor the multi temporal

A Case Study of Nagapattinam District

1. Background of the study

Groundwater is considered as one of the most important water resources in the world

(Gholami et al., 2010; Sherif et al., 2012; Neshat et al., 2015; Javadi et al., 2017).

Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human being health,

economic expansion and ecological multiplicity. The availability and quality of water always

have played an important part in determining not only people can live, but also their quality of

life. Even though there always has been plenty of fresh water on earth, water has not always

been available when and where it is needed, nor is it always of suitable quality for all uses.

Accessibility to water is one of the major global challenges whose impacts are largely felt in the

developing countries. One of the Millennium development goals is to increase the accessibility

of the population to improved sources of drinking water. Kiplangat Cherono Nelly,(2016). Water

must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries to its availability and

suitability for use. Groundwater has an important role in the environments it replenishes

streams, rivers, and wetlands and helps to support wildlife habitat it is used as primary

source of drinking water and also in agricultural and industrial activities. Rani Reeta and

Chaudhary B.S. (2016). Ground water quality in nagapattinam district pH is reatic aquifers,

colourless, odourless and predominantly alkaline in nature. In addition more than 50% of the

samples, pH value is > 8.00 of the district. Saline ground waters are observed at southern part

and eastern part of the research area. It is observed that the ground water is suitable for drinking

and domestic uses in respect of all the constituents except total hardness and nitrate in about

83% of samples. CGWB (2008). Water quality is an important aspect of water resource. The

quality of water is related to the source whether it is improved or unimproved. Contamination of

ground water can occur due to natural or anthropogenic causes.

Water quality in surface waters is a critical issue since they are used in domestic,

agricultural and industrial purposes. Therefore, proper water management strategies should be

taken care of to protect water bodies. (Ece Kilic, et. al (2018).Water is the only liquid naturally

available on earth that can be used for quenching the thirst to various day to day essential needs.

The major source of water is surface water and groundwater that serves multipurpose drinking,

cleaning, washing, irrigation, industrial uses. Groundwater has proven to be a crucial source of

water supply in semi-arid countries under water stress. With the increase in groundwater use,

both qualitative and quantitative changes are inevitable. Today water managers in every water

basin face severe and growing challenges in their efforts to meet the rapidly escalating demand

for water while maintaining the integrity of water resources Augustina Clara Alexander et. al

(2017) Water is a limited natural resource. Therefore, preserving water is very important for

protection of our environment. Various water quality monitoring systems have been developed

to measure concentration of the constituents in quantity for characterisation of water for different

uses. Around the world, groundwater resources are under increasing pressure caused by the

intensification of human activities and other factors such as climate changes. Groundwater is a

significant part of the hydrologic cycle, containing 21 percent of Earth's freshwater.

Groundwater comprises 97 percent of fresh water which is locked up as ice and snow in

polar ice sheets, glaciers, and snowfields. This greatly exceeds the amount of water in streams,

rivers, and lakes. Excessive pumping of water from an aquifer may result in an area wide



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lowering of the water table (Babu et al., 2011). This will eventually occur any place where

more water is pumped than is recharged by infiltrating precipitation. Over drafting from

an aquifer may result in changes in groundwater quality, a reduction in groundwater

availability and hence the loss of water supply to current and future wells, and perhaps even a

permanent loss of the aquifer's capacity to store water. Groundwater nitrate contents in the

western desert fringes of Luxo Governorate revealed high levels of pollution ([NO3¯] ≥50 mg

L−1) in a large part of its territory. It was also observed high levels of Pb and Cd above the

limits established by WHO (2011). Groundwater is an important source of irrigation which

caters to more than 45% of the total irrigation in the country. People’s lives and livelihoods

depend on water. Demand for clean water increases continuously with world population growth.

Many areas of the world lack the fresh, drinkable water essential to survival of mankind

(Anderson, 1992). It has now become evident in many countries of the world that groundwater

is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic

development and ecological diversity. Water is essential for sustenance of life. Emerging

urbanization, industrialization and population explosion in Chennai city are some of the factors

for ground water deteriorations. German Amali Jacintha.T et al., (2015)

2. Potential of Hydrogen (pH) and Water Quality

pH or the "potential of hydrogen" is a measure of the meditation of hydrogen ions of the

water. For this measurement indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the ground water quality. On

the potential of Hydrogen range of 0-14, a reading of 7 is considered to be "Neutral". Reading

below 7 point towards acidic situation, while readings above 7 indicate the water is alkaline or

basic. Naturally occurring fresh waters have a pH range between 6 and 8. The pH of the water is

important because it affects the solubility and availability of nutrients, and how they can be

utilized by aquatic organisms. It is one of the significant factors that give out as a pointer of

contamination of water body. The pH of a solution is the negative common logarithm of the

hydrogen ion activity:

pH = −log (H+)

In water down solutions, the hydrogen ion activity is roughly equivalent to the hydrogen ion.



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Basically Potential Hydrogen is one of the most significant parameters in acid-base

neutralization and water softening. The pH values for groundwater samples ranges from 6.5 to

8.5 respectively followed by BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) and WHO (World Health

Organization). The permissible range of pH for drinking or for domestic use is from 6.5-8.5. If

the pH is found outside the permissible limit, it is somewhat problem for the ground water

quality. While the ideal pH level of drinking water should be between 6.5 - 8.5 the human body

maintains pH equilibrium on a constant basis and will not be affected by water consumption. For

example, our stomachs have a naturally low pH level of 2 which is a beneficial acidity that helps

us with food digestion. PH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Solutions with a high concentration of hydrogen ions have a low pH and solutions with low

concentrations of H+ ions have a high pH concentration.

The pH scale is alternatively sometimes called the pH-acid-base scale and from time to

time just the acid-base scale. In neutral solutions, for example those that are neither acidic nor

basic, pH = 7.0. Acidic solutions are those with pH less than 7, while basic solutions have

potential of Hydrogen is more than 7.0. Extremely higher and lower of potential of Hydrogen

can be damaging for the use of water quality for drinking and domestic use. High pH causes a

bitter taste; water pipe and water using appliance turn out to be covered with deposits, and thus it

depress the efficiency of the disinfection of chlorine, in that way of causing the need for

additional chlorine at what time pH is value high. Low-pH water determination decay or

dissolve metals and other substance. Mainly Pollution is able to change water quality condition

potential Hydrogen (pH), which is turned could harm flora and fauna source of revenue in the

water.

The pH of an aqueous sample is usually measured electrometrically with a glass

electrode. Temperature has a significant effect on pH measurement (ASTM, 1976; HMSO,

1978; APHA, 1989). pH is measured on a scale of 0 to 14.pH is the measurement of the activity

of free hydrogen (H+, acid) and hydroxyl (OH-, base) ions in a solution. pH is commonly used

to describe the activity of the hydrogen ion. An ion is a charged atom or molecule. Because an

atom of hydrogen can share its electron with other elements easily, hydrogen can bond with

atoms of other elements, forming what is known as an ionic bond. A measure of acidity or

alkalinity of water soluble substances (pH stands for 'potential of Hydrogen').

3. Research Problem for Groundwater quality:

The hydro ecological atmosphere in the Nagapattinam district has been subjected to

pollution significantly. Water is one of the major critical issue especially in Nagapattinam

district. There is relatively high level of ground water deterioration in the major part of the

district and the quality problems are due to geo-genic and anthropogenic factors. Furthermore

water is necessary to implement caution while planning further development of available

groundwater resources in the district. Basically the people in the coastal area are under threat due

to increased flood starting the ocean, seawater intrusion, change in the geological condition, rock

type, as well as, flooding from the rivers and backwater Canals of Delta regions, particularly

Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. In addition drinking water quality condition is over

exploited in the following taluks such as Kollidam, Kuttalam, Sembinarkoil, Sirkali of



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Nagapattinam Coastal district of Tamil Nadu. The problem is aggravated due to the discharge of

the unprocessed waste waters into cultivation farms and chemicals used in the aquaculture farm.

Climate change is one of the major problems for decline the groundwater condition and quality

of water mostly saline particularly east part of the area such as Nagapattinam, Tarangambadi,

Poombukar, Velankanni, Vilunthamavadi, Cauverypoompattinam, Nagore, Thirumarugal,

Thevur, Vedaranyam, Voimedu etc. Moreover, lack of Cauvery water, sudden natural disaster,

poor drainage problem, lack of water management, fastest growing of Shrimp farms

(Aquaculture Ponds), has changed the fertility of the area. Due to the infiltration of irrigation

water saturated with chemicals, insecticides, pesticides and fertilisers, the water of Cauvery is

highly polluted with industrial effluents (CGWB).

4. Objectives of the Present Study

The study has been undertaken with the aim to understand the spatial - temporal

distribution pattern of potential hydrogen geo chemical water quality parameters formative the

quality of groundwater for household procedure. The follow a line of exploration mainly

contacted on the following objectives is shortened below:

To understand the spatial distribution pattern of potential hydrogen in groundwater quality

from 1997 to 2017 during post monsoon period in nagapattinam district.

To study the spatial distribution pattern of potential hydrogen in groundwater quality from

1997 to 2017 in pre monsoon for the study area.

Preparation of Spatial distribution maps of potential hydrogen suitable for drinking purpose

of groundwater quality for the permissible and desirable condition of the research area such

as post monsoon and pre monsoon period of 1997 to 2017.

5. Materials and Methods

For the present research work seventeen (17) groundwater samples have been collected

during pre - monsoon and post - monsoon from January 1997 to 2017 July, for three decades in

nagapattinam district. The water quality geochemical parameters of Potential of Hydrogen (PH)

were collected from State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre in Taramani

Chennai. Basically water quality data have been samples have been collected from the tube wells

and dug wells. PH has been measured using digital meters immediately after sampling. Water

samples have been analysed for chemical constituents such as major ions in the laboratory. The

groundwater quality is assessed with respect to standard using the standard methods as suggested

by the Bureau of Indian Standard and World Health Organization. Further more water quality

parameter of Potential of Hydrogen (PH) data has been classified and Change detection water

quality present condition maps were prepared during post monsoon and pre monsoon period of

1997 to 2017, using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation geospatial technique in

ARC GIS software package.



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6. The Study Area

This study mainly focused on Coastal Regions of Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu

state in southern India; it was carved out by bifurcating the erstwhile composite Thanjavur

district on October 19, 1991. The town of Nagapattinam is the district headquarters. As of 2011,

the district had a population of 1,616,450. The district of Nagapattinam lines on the shores of the

Bay of Bengal between latitude 10.7906°N and Longitude 79.8428°E. Nagapattinam district is

having administrative division of 5 taluks, 11 blocks, 434 village panchayats, 8 town panchayats,

4 municipality and 523 revenue villages. Nagapattinam lies on the eastern coast, 350 kilometres

It has an average elevation of 9 meters above the mean sea level. The district has a coastline of

187 kilometres. This is a peninsular delta district surrounded by Bay of Bengal. It is

predominantly, a coastal district having a large coast line and the entire district is having an area

of 2605 square kilometres

Fig.1: Location of the study area with sampling wells

The maximum temperature of this district is 32 degree centigrade and the minimum

temperature is 24.60 degree. Paddy is the major crop in the region followed by groundnut,

pulses, sugarcane, cotton and sesame. The town is one of the cyclone-prone zones and was

devastated during the 2004 tsunami. A very fine layer of high saline soil was deposited in the



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paddy fields. For the study are main occupation of Nagapattinam is fishing in the waters of Bay

of Bengal. The fish is sold in the daily and weekly fish markets in the town. There are a large

number of ice factories for preserving the fish. The industry suffered a setback after the tsunami

that struck the coast on 2004 in attendance is limited agricultural activity, but a lot of agricultural

commerce conducted in the town.

The map Fig.No:1 indicates position of the Research area along with sampling wells

around Coastal district of Nagapattinam. For this study have taken 17 wells from the research

area especially each taluks two point’s maximum collected, Sirkali Taluk only three well

collected. Furthermore sample points latitude and longitude value has been overlay with

Geographical information system (GIS) location map generated were the research area. In the

view of nagapattinam district coastal area mostly seven samples were taken such as followed by

Vedarnyam, Vilunthamavadi, Nagapattinam, Thirumarugal, Taramgambadi, Cauvery

Poompattinam, and Pudupattinam. These are the seventeen wells spatially distributed on overall

district nagapattinam coastal region of delta.

Table No: 1

Spatio - Temporal changes of Potential Hydrogen (PH) from 1997 to 2017

SL.No

Sample

ID

Well No

Water Sample

Collection Village

1997 _Post

Monsoon

1997 _Pre

Monsoon

2007_Post

Monsoon

2007_Pre

Monsoon

2017_Post

Monsoon

2017_Pre

Monsoon

1 WS-1 43015A Cauvery Poompattinam 8.1 7.9 8.8 8.5 8.7 8.2

2 WS-2 43052 Pudupattinam 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.2

3 WS-3 43031 Sirkazhi 8.5 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.4

4 WS-4 43017 Tharangambadi 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.2 7.9 8.4

5 WS-5 09004 Sembanarkoil 8.5 8.2 8.7 8.3 8.4 8.4

6 WS-6 43054A Manalmedu 8.0 8.8 8.4 8.6 7.7 8.2

7 WS-7 09017 Mayiladuthurai 7.9 8.5 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.4

8 WS-8 43048 Kuttalam 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.3

9 WS-9 09001 Mangainallur 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.2 8.3

10 WS-10 43049A Thirumarugal 7.9 7.9 8.5 8.2 8.2 8.6

11 WS-11 43037 Nagapattinam 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.1 8.6 8.4

12 WS-12 43068A Thevur 8.3 8.6 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.4

13 WS-13 43173 Viluthamavadi 8.5 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.8 8.6

14 WS-14 43162 Panangadi 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.3

15 WS-15 43050 Manakkudi 8.9 8.8 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.2

16 WS-16 43051 Vedaranyam 8.2 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.3 8.1

17 WS-17 43024 Voimedu 8.4 8.2 8.5 8.7 8.4 7.7

Source: State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal

Fig No: 2

From the above maps (Fig No:2) it clearly shows that spatial variation of Potential

Hydrogen in nagapattinam district between 1997 to 2017 among the seventeen well location of

the study area. The pH is one of the most significant parameters in acid-base geochemical water

quality parameter. The pH values for groundwater samples ranges in 1997 from 7.90 to 8.89, in

2007 8.30 to -8.79 and 2017 ranges from 7.70 to 8.79 during post monsoon in January

respectively. The potential of hydrogen permissible range is 6.5 to 8.5. is mostly drinking as well

as domestic purpose. As a rule of the water samples are slightly basic in post monsoon seasons

due to presence pH is found beyond the permissible limit, it affects the mucous membrane of

water quality.

This map spatially and temporally distributed of potential hydrogen around the

nagapattinam district. Especially in 1997 post monsoon have been classified five categories wise

such as Very low, Low, Moderate, High and Very High. The value ranges from 7.90 to 8.10

followed by Manalmedu, Mailaduthurai and Thirumarugal, then 8.10 to 8.29 pH value is belongs

to Panangudi, Vedarnyam , Cauvery poompattinam are the villages comes under the Very low

and Low categories. pH value range from 8.29 to 8.49 followed permissible limit for the study

area voimedu Sirkali, kuttalam, Cauvery poompattinam mostly southern part and northern part is

covered. In addition 8.49 to 8.69 have recorded vilunthamavadi nagapattinam and tarangambadi.

From the sample the pH value of more than 8.69 have been recorded in manakudu village. So

the 8.49 to 8.89 ranges recorded in the village is very highly dangerous zone for drinking water.



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In 2007 8.30 to 8.40 and 8.40 to 8.49 pH value is recorded the following wells such as

voimedu, Vedaryam, Manalmedu, Nagapattinam, Thrirumarugal, Thevur, mailaduthurai,

mangainallur, kuttalam, Panangudi. The pH value has crossed 8.49 to 8.59 in vilunthamavadi,

Tarangambadi, Sirkali, Pudupattinam which comes under over exploited condition for the

ground water quality. Furthermore two classes have been recorded the pH value range from

8.59 to 8.79 it’s totally unsuitable for drinking followed by Cauvery poompattinam and

Sembinarkovil.

In 2017 post monsoon period 7.70 to 7.92 and 7.92 to 8.14 pH value is recorded

the following two wells only names are Taramngambadi and Manalmedu. The pH value is

crossed 8.14 to 8.35 followed by Sirkali, Thrirumarugal, mailaduthurai, mangainallur,

kuttalam, Panangudi and Vedarnyam all the villages comes under good condition for

groundwater quality during 2017 Post monsoon period. After that pH value is 8.37 to 8.57

in voimedu, Thevur, Sembinarkovil, Pudupattinam as well as more than 8.57 pH value is

covered such as Nagapattinam, vilunthamavadi, Cauvery poompattinam comes under un

suitable for the drinking ground water. Furthermore the two classes have been taken for

pH value range from 8.39 to 8.79 due to its critical situation and are over exploited and

unsuitable for drinking in ground water.

Fig No: 3



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The above map Fig No: 3 are giving the information about spatiotemporal distribution

of potential hydrogen in the region of the nagapattinam district. The map has been classified into

five categories such as Very low, Low, Moderate, High and Very High. particularly in 1997 pre

monsoon (July) period The pH value ranges from 7.90 to 8.08 followed by Cauvery

poompattinam Thirumarugal, and Vedarnyam then 8.08 to 8.26 pH value is belong to near

Thirumarugal , Panangudi, Voimedu and Sembinarkovil. In addition value between 8.26 to 8.43

covered village names are vilunthamavadi, Near Pannagudi, Sirkali, kuttalam, mostly

Mangainallur, are the villages comes under the Very low and moderate categories ground water

quality within the permissible limit. The pH value range from 8.43 to 8.61 for the study area

Pudupattinam, Mailaduthurai, Tarngambadi and Thevur and its surrounding area is over

exploited and the ground water has become saline. Furthermore 8.61 to 8.79 have recorded

Manalmedu, nagapattinam and Manakudi. In the pH value is more than 8.79 is consider that

unsuitable drinking situation extremely hazardous region for consumption water.

In 2007 during the pre-monsoon period in Nagapattinam coastal district the pH values

from 8.10 to 8.22 and 8.22 to 8.34 were recorded in the wells of Nagapattinam, Thrirumarugal

Tarangambadi, and kuttalam, Sembinarkovil, Manakudi, and the surroundings of Nagapattinam

and Thirumarugal villages the ground water quality was within permissible limited only.

Subsequently Thevur, mailaduthurai, Panangudi villages the pH value was between 8.34 to 8.45

and falls under the semi critical category as they are over exploited and in-turn affects the water

quality. The pH value was above 8.45 to 8.57 in Vedarnyam, Sirkali, Pudupattinam,

Vilunthamavadi, Mangainallur, and Cauvery poompattinam, and hence comes under over

exploited and unsuitable. Mostly the Northern part and southern part showed high level of pH

range in the study area. But the pH was greater than 8.57 in Voimedu and Manalmedu and it’s

totally unfit for intake.

In 2017 pre monsoon period pH value is recorded from 7.70 to 7.88 and 7.88 to 8.05 in

Voimedu and the nearby places recorded very low and low categories of the delineated classes

on map. The pH value is more than 8.05 to 8.23 in Vedarnyam, Manakkudi, Manalmedu,

Cauvery poompattinam, Pudupattinam primarily during pre-monsoon period in nagapattinam

district. Subsequent to that pH value is 8.23 to 8.41 in most of the villages like Thevur,

Sembinarkovil, Nagapattinam, Panangudi, Sirkali, mailaduthurai, mangainallur, kuttalam,

Tarangambadi and hence come under critical category and over exploited thereby affecting the

ground water quality. Moreover 8.41 to 8.59 pH values are recorded in Nagapattinam and

Thirumarugal and unsuitable for drinking and domestic purpose during the year 2017 Pre

monsoon period. It has been observed that pH value range below 8.5 is seen in northern and

almost southern part shows values within the permissible limit and suitable for drinking in the

coastal region of nagapattinam.

7. Result and Discussion

The present study revealed that Spatial and temporal variation for Potential of hydrogen

in the study area of Nagapattinam district during the post monsoon (January) and pre monsoon

(July) period from 1997 to 2007 where the pH value is more and unsuitable for drinking.



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Fig No: 4

The above Fig No: 4 shows the spread of potential of hydrogen and hence is used to

determine whether the water is acidic or alkaline in the research area of Nagapattinam district.

The pH values of groundwater samples should be in the range of 6.5 – 8.5. In our study area

1997 post monsoon pH level in most of the wells is within the permissible range below 8.5 as

well as pH value more than > 8.5 is unsuitable and seen in Tarangambadi (8.7), Nagapattinam

(8.7) and Manakudi (8.9), Whereas in 2007 post monsoon pH values are within the permissible

limit range in Pudupatinam, Sirkali, Mangainallur, Mayiladuthurai Nagapattinam, Thevur etc.

pH value > 8.5 has been recorded in Cauvery Poompattinam (8.80), Sembinarkoil (8.70),

Vilunthamavadi (8.60). The water qualities in these villages are unsuitable among seventeen

wells. In 2017 potential of Hydrogen observed during the post monsoon is unsuitable in

Nagapattinam (8.60), Vilunthamavadi (8.80), Cauvery Poompattinam (8.70) as they exceed the

permissible limits, rest of the villages are suitable for drinking. Areas like Sirkali, Mailaduthurai,

Kuttalam, Pudupattinam, Voimedu etc. from 1997 (post monsoon) to 2017 it was observed that

in most of water sampling wells the potential of Hydrogen (PH) Value is recorded as 8.5 and

within permissible range. So ground water quality is much affected in the research area and may

be due to the anthropogenic activities related pollution.



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Fig No: 5

Above the Fig No: 5 are shows that Spatial variation of potential of hydrogen in the

research area of Nagapattinam district for 1997 to 2007 Pre monsoon (July). The pH values

range of for the study area in 1997 pre monsoon period more than >8.5 has recorded the

following wells Tarangambadi(8.60), Manalmedu (8.80), Nagapattinam (8.70), Thevur (8.60),

Manakudi (8.80) remaining wells pH level within the permissible range below 8.5. In 2007 pre

monsoon stage majority of well comes under the suitable condition for ground water quality for

the study area. Above pH level > 8.5 is unsuitable for drinking and is recorded in Pudupattinam

(8.60), Manalmedu (8.60) and Voimedu (8.70). Among the three wells Voimedu is in a very

critical condition as the groundwater water quality cannot be used for drinking and domestic

purpose as it is situated in the tail end village very near coastal area of Bay of Bengal. Whereas

in 2017 pre monsoon pH values are within the permissible limit in Cauvery Poompattianm,

Pudupatinam, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai Nagapattinam, Thevur, Mangainallur, Kuttalam, Voimedu

etc. In addition, pH value more than 8.5 have been recorded in Thirumarugal (8.60),

Vilunthamavadi (8.60) and these villages are unfit when compared to other seventeen wells.



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Table No: 2

Suitable area for Potential Hydrogen (PH) from 1997 to 2017

SL.

No

Samp

le No

Water Sample

Collection Village

1997 _Post

Monsoon

1997 _Pre

Monsoon

2007_Post

Monsoon

2007_Pre

Monsoon

2017_Post

Monsoon

2017_Pre

Monsoon

1 WS-1 Cauvery Poompattinam Suitable

Suitable

Un Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable

2 WS-2 Pudupattinam Suitable

Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable

3 WS-3 Sirkazhi Suitable Suitable

Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

4 WS-4 Tharangambadi Un Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

5 WS-5 Sembanarkoil Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

6 WS-6 Manalmedu Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable

7 WS-7 Mayiladuthurai Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

8 WS-8 Kuttalam Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

9 WS-9 Mangainallur Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable

10 WS-10 Thirumarugal Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable

11 WS-11 Nagapattinam Un Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable

12 WS-12 Thevur Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

13 WS-13 Viluthamavadi Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Un Suitable

14 WS-14 Panangadi Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

15 WS-15 Manakkudi Un Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

16 WS-16 Vedaranyam Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

17 WS-17 Voimedu Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable

In the above Table No: 2 it clearly shows the actual information about the suitable and

unsuitable areas with respect to Potential Hydrogen (PH) from 1997 to 2017 during the Post

monsoon and pre monsoon periodically decadal wise in Nagapattinam coastal district. For this

study conducted using 17 samples and analyzed in the research area using Geographical

Information system. The research mainly observed that potential of Hydrogen in post monsoon

and pre monsoon period is very high in Nagapattinam, Vilunthamavadi, Cauvery Poompattinam,

Tarangambadi, Vedarnyam, Voimedu, Thirumarugal, Thevur and Manakkudi They fall in

hazardous area of Nagapattinam district as all the mentioned wells fall in the coastal region

within 5 to 7 km distance from the sea. Apart from this the elevation also is very low and hence

the natural occurrence is suddenly happening these are the coastal villages mainly affected.

Apart from that the delay in release of Cauvery water, converting agriculture land to aquaculture

farm, Geophysical condition, change of monsoon period and anthropogenic activities, and

environmental pollution etc. are the other reasons for the ground water pH value to exceed the

permissible limits. Further it is research observed that in majority of the villages pH value is



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close to 8.5 has been record due to over exploitation among the seventeen wells in that order. pH

value below 8.5 has been recorded in Sembinarkoil, kuttalam, Manakudi, mayiladuthurai and

Manalmedu and is good when comparing to the rest of wells for research area among

seventeen wells respectively. The pH value is 7.10 to 8.50 in the wells from Sembinarkovil,

Kuttalam and Sirkali village surroundings of Nagapattinam district and fit for drinking

purpose as the values are within the acceptable range. Finally it shows that most of the

well are suitable from 1997 to 2017 during the Post monsoon and pre monsoon period but

all are in dangerous potential zone as the values are closer than pH level 8.5. Hence the

government take necessary measures to protect the ground water quality for sustainable

development and water resources management so that the people living in the coastal area

have a better livelihood.

8. Conclusion

Generally Coastal area is very much vulnerable due to the natural disasters such as

flooding from the sea, sewage wastage, seawater intrusion, cyclone, drought, changing the

monsoon condition, Environmental Changes, Variation of Geological system and

geomorphological phenomena etc. Apart from natural events and anthropogenic influences

mainly affects the ground water quality. This research mainly focused and analysed the Potential

of Hydrogen (pH) spatially and temporally classified from 1997 to 2017 in both Post monsoon

(January) and Pre monsoon (July) periods. The present study uses the geographical Information

System to arrive at the result. Due to the various natural calamities the groundwater quality has

become unsuitable for drinking and domestic purpose, industrial useless, etc. This study shows

the condition of groundwater quality and the extent of pollution of the water in Nagapattinam

district.

The results of the water quality status in the present study reflects the real condition of

water quality. In addition, detailed evaluation of the ground water quality assessment system

showed the real drinking of water quality status in the study area. The present study

demonstrates the role of geospatial technology in assessing and understanding the spatial

distribution of groundwater quality parameters for Potential of Hydrogen (pH) for domestic

usage in efficient and prudent manner. Subsequently the groundwater recharge of aquifers is

shown to be affected by seawater Intrusion. Hence refresh wells are recommended in the

favourable tanks and ponds. Though Potential Hydrogen regularly takes no direct influence on

water users, it is mainly one of the furthermost imperative effective water quality factors.

Therefore pH device is necessary to every stages of water action and satisfactory, the pH Value

should be less than 8.0. The poor groundwater quality is also due to pollution of drinking water

which is very well understood by the taste of the water and appearance.

Basically this research brought ground water quality and status of salinity level for this

study which will help in the improved operation of the accessible water assets and socio-

economic enlargement of the coastal region of Nagapatinam district. Consecutively, essential

phases are requisite for well-organized use and conservation of water resources, their

foundations and local hydrological circle. Water quality parameters issues especially Potential of

Hydrogen issues too need to be lectured for abatement and control of water trash in study area.



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