Potatoes 101-V | Potato Extension
Transcript of Potatoes 101-V | Potato Extension
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Potatoes 101 Andy Robinson
Extension Potato Agronomist NDSU/UM
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Today’s Presentation • History & current
production • Growth and development • Pest Protection
– Diseases – Insects – Weeds
Recognition: Susie Thompson and Gary Secor for help with slides
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Why Potatoes? • 3rd in world food production, after wheat and rice.
– 4th most consumed.
• Potatoes can be grown in a wide range of environments.
• Consumption:
− Processed as french fries, potato chips, dehydrated products
− Fresh potatoes are baked, boiled, put in casseroles, salads, and many other dishes.
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History • Indigenous to Peru, Columbia, and
Chile • Utilization documented as early as
7000 yrs. ago – Incas domesticated and
cultivated • Introduced to Europe
– 1570 - Spain – 1580 - England
• To the New World – Early 1700s
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Family and Relatives
• Nightshade family, Solanaceae – 2,000 species – 160 tuber bearing – 20 cultivated species
• Annual dicot, grown for tubers • Relative of tomato, eggplant, pepper,
tobacco, petunia, and nightshade
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US Produciton
• Increase in yield and value, while production has decreased.
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US Potato Production 2011 Ranking State Production (cwt) 1 Idaho 127,070,000 2 Washington 98,400,000 3 Wisconsin 25,000,000 4 Oregon 23,342,000 5 Colorado 22,919,000 6 North Dakota 18,865,000 7 Minnesota 16,685,000
ND and MN produced 35,550,000 cwt.
http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov
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ND Potato Production
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High Nutritional Value
Average potato 5.3 ounces with skin Calories 110 (kcal) Fat 0 g Cholesterol 0 mg Sodium 0 mg Protein 3 g Potassium 620 mg (18% of daily value) Fiber 2 grams (8% of daily value) Vitamin B6 0.2 (10% of daily value) Vitamin C 27 mg (45% of daily value)
www.healthypotato.com
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Per Capita Consumption
Total use per capita lbs Fresh potatoes 35.1 Processed, total 83.2 French fries 43.3 Other frozen 4.0 Potato chips 16.5 Dehydrated 10.5 Preserved 0.5 Total 118.4
USDA/ERS
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US Potato Consumption
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70.0
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Total Per Capita ConsumptionFresh potatoesProcessed
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Selecting Potatoes to Grow
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Cultivars
• Shades of white, yellow, red, purple. • Vary in yield, shape, size, tuber set, days
to maturity.
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Cultivar Selection • Yield potential
– Canopy, growth habit
– Roots/stolons, tuber development
– Disease reaction
– Cultural requirements
• Market acceptance – Quality
• Economic advantage
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Red-skinned Cultivars • Lower starch, waxy texture
• Suitable for boiling, roasting, salads, soups, and stews
• Majority have white flesh, some have yellow
• Red LaSoda, Red Norland, Red Pontiac, Sangre, Viking, Modoc
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White-skinned Cultivars
• High or low in starch content, mealy texture
• Suited for chipping or frying • Predominantly white fleshed, but some
yellow fleshed cultivars • Yukon Gold, Irish Cobbler, Kennebec,
Ivory Crisp, Dakota Pearl
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Russet-skinned Cultivars
• Have brown netted skin • High dry-matter content (mealy) • Suited for french fries, baking, and frozen
processed products. • Russet Burbank, Umatilla Russet, Ranger
Russet, Goldrush
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Selecting and Planting Seed
• Use certified seed
• Physiological seed age
• Plant 1.5 to 2.5 oz seed pieces
• Cure cut seed in 90% relative humidity
• Space seed 9 to 12 in
• Plant 3-4 inches below surface
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Below the Ground
• Potatoes are shallow rooted • Like well drained soil
– Hilling
• Soil pH nutrient uptake • Careful with amendments to soil because
they can increase disease (esp. scab).
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Growth and Development
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Morphology
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Shoot
• Leaves – Alternate – Compound – Leaflets of
irregular size – alkaloids
Lana et al. 1976
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Shoot
• Stems – Herbaceous
– Spiral phyllotaxis
– Initially erect, later becomes partially procumbent
Picture courtesy of Susie Thompson
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Shoot
• Flowers – Corolla regular,
shallowly bell shaped or wheel shaped (rotate)
– 5 stamens
Lana et al. 1976
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Shoot
• Fruit – A berry
– Globe shaped
– Yellowish-green
– Production varies by cultivar Picture courtesy of Susie Thompson
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Root • Fibrous
• Branched
• Early stages of growth restricted to surface soil
• Roots turn downward after extending for some distance horizontally
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Stolons • Botanically a stem,
lateral shoots
• Usually from most basal nodes below to soil level
• Typically elongated internodes, hooked at the tip, bearing spirally arranged scale leaves
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Tubers • First tubers usually
develop from lowest stolons
• These become dominant over later formed tubers
• 75-85% of total dry matter produced by the plant accumulates in tubers
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Growth Stages
http://www.gov.mb.ca
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Growth Habit
• Determinate – plants stop producing new growth after tuber initiation – Red Norland
• Indeterminate – plants continue producing new growth indefinitely – Russet Burbank
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Pest Management
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Pest Management Concerns
• Diseases
• Insects
• Weeds
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Potato Diseases
• Defined as “a harmful alteration of normal physiological and biochemical development of a plant over time” OR “any disturbance of a plant that interferes with its normal structure, function or economic value
• As opposed to injury, which is sudden –example lightning
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Potato Diseases
• Disease is due to a continuous irritant and is dynamic
• Two categories of disease: – Non-infectious – weather, nutrient excess and
deficiency, chemicals etc; not transmissible – Infectious – transmissible and caused by a
living organism
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Disease Triangle
Causal agent Favorable Environment
Plant Disease
Susceptible Host
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Types of Diseases • Bacteria
– Single celled, have a cell wall, can be cultured, microscopic, need an injury to infect
• Fungi – Multicellular (threadlike growth – mycelium), cell wall, visible to the eye
(molds) • Viruses
– Nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat (RNA or DNA), no cellular structure, need a wound to infect, visible with electron microscope
• Nematodes – Small wormlike animals, live in soil, possess a stylet and feed on roots,
may transmit viruses • Phytoplasma
– Bacteria without cell walls, phloem restricted, transmitted by insects
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Emergence and Stand Problems caused by…
• Erwinia carotovora – soft rot • Fusarium dry rot • Rhizoctonia sprout girdling
Picture courtesy of Gary Secor
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Erwinia decay
• Seed borne in lenticels or wounds
• Decay under wet conditions
• Blackleg can follow • No chemical control,
avoid wet conditions • Common
Picture courtesy of Gary Secor
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Fusarium dry rot
• Seed and soil borne
• Slow decay
• Weak plants
• Clean seed, seed treatment
Pictures courtesy of Gary Secor
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Rhizoctonia canker
• Caused by Rhizoctonia solani
• Survives primarily as sclerotia (black scurf), no important spores formed
• Seed and soil-borne inoculum important
• Attacks stems pre- and post-emergence; stolons also attacked
Pictures courtesy of Gary Secor
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Rhizoctonia management
• Crop rotation, 3-4 years • Clean seed, avoid seed with high
percentage of tubers with sclerotia • Promote rapid emergence
– Seed and soil same temperature – 10 C optimum
• Seed treatments
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Potato Viruses
• Alphabet viruses (X, S, A, Y, M, T) • Most occur infrequently or have been
controlled by certification programs • The most important ones remain
– PVY – Leaf roll – Insecticides can control aphids
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The Virus • Y is transmitted by aphids in a
stylet borne, non-persistent manner – Mouth parts only – Persist < 10 hours – Transmits immediately before
insecticide can kill
• Y has different biological forms called strains – PVY ordinary common strain – Causes mild mosaic – Necrosis in tubers
Picture courtesy of Gary Secor
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Fungus - Scabs • Caused by Streptomyces spp. • A worldwide problem • Soil borne • More growers, industry ask how to control than
any other disease • Control
– Even soil moisture at tuberization – Resistant varieties
• A disease waiting for a control
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Common Scab
Pictures courtesy of Gary Secor
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Late Blight
• Caused by Phytophthora infestans (Irish potato famine)
• Community disease because spreads far and fast
• The most serious disease of potato worldwide
• Affects all parts of the plant above and below ground
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Pictures courtesy of Gary Secor
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Pictures courtesy of Gary Secor
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Cultural Practices • Crop rotation • Scout fields for late blight • Monitor the weather • Kill hot spots • Use disease forecasting to
predict appearance of the disease and fungicide applications
• Use fungicides when late blight is present
Picture courtesy of Gary Secor
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Early Blight • Occurs ever year • Soilborne • Foliar fungicides • Stress and senescence
makes disease worse • Only one that can cause
tuber disease in storage – Enters in wounds – Slow dry decay
Picture courtesy of Gary Secor
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Nematodes • Nematodes are microscopic, unsegmented
roundworms that have a stylet • Nematodes are associated with potato
diseases: plant parasitic • 4 nematodes in potatoes:
– Pale potato cyst or golden
– Stubby root
– Root lesion
– Columbia root knot
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Zebra Chip Disease - Phytoplasm
• A new disease that has worked it’s way up from Mexico into the US
• Affects all market classes of potatoes
• Causes foliar symptoms similar to purple top and striping pattern of tuber vascular rays in raw and chips
• Transmitted by potato/tomato psyllid
• Caused by a phloem limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum
• Manage by insecticides
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Zebra Chip Pictures courtesy of Gary Secor
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Potato Psyllid Pictures courtesy of Gary Secor
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Potato Insects
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
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Colorado Potato Beetle
• Larvae and adults feed on leaves
• High reproductive potential
• Resistance to most insecticides
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Green Peach Aphid
• Difficult to control because of high reproductive potential and diverse range
• Feeds and transmits viruses
• Pale or bright green • Control using
insecticides Jim Baker, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org
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Wireworm
• Larvae are shiny, yellow-to-brown worms that feed on potatoes underground
• Make holes in tubers • Control with
insecticides or fumigants, crop rotations
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Weed Control • Most weeds controlled using preemergent
herbicides • Postemergence broadleaf weed control
– metribuzin and rimsulfuron
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Glyphosate Carryover • Potatoes are sensitive to
glyphosate.
• Drift, inversions, and tank contamination can lead to low amounts of glyphosate getting on potatoes.
• Glyphosate will move to tubers and stay there until spring planting.
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http://www.state.me.us/agriculture/pesticides/drift/
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Symptoms of Glyphosate Carryover in Seed Potatoes
• Erratic and slow emergence pattern • Bending, twisting, and yellowing of leaves • Multiple shoots from an eye • Cauliflower or candelabra formation of
shoots • Enlarged shoots • Prolific roots or reduced rooting
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Questions?