University of Debrecen, Hungary

Faculty of Economic Sciences and Rural Development,

Department of Sporteconomics and Management

Perényi Szilvia (PhD.) Assistant Professor

Postmodern Characteristics in the

Trends of Sporting Practices in Hungary

Economic and political changes in 1989/1990

Capitalistic changes without actual capitalists (Szelényi, 1987)

Causing societal changes

Economic crisis

Changes in the societal sub-system of sport

SOCIETAL CONTEXT

Hungary’s entry to the EU, 2005

Hungarian presidency of the EU, 2011

YOUTH LIFE PERIOD

Youth life changes (Gábor, 2002, Laki, 2002)

Extended years in education

Delay of independent life

Delay in job market entry

Delay in establishing a family

Postmodern value dominance (Inglehart, 1991; Bauer, 2000;

Perényi, 2010)

Post-figurative life elements (Mead, 1978)

More free-time and less responsibilities?

Does it support

enhanced level of sport participation?

YOUTH in HUNGARY

Youth life changes with 15 years of delay (Gábor, 2002, Laki, 2002)

Economic, political and societal changes

20 years of transition with societal crises (Hankiss, 2008; Bauer, 2000)

Discrepancies' in the autonomy of youth,

in integrative social functions,

fight for educational capital,

collection of degrees and certificates.

Limited opportunities and

increase of unemployment.

CHANGES IN SPORT

The myth of a „Sporting Nation of Hungary”

The heritage from state-socialism --

focus on Elite sport.

Italy, Portugal, Greece and Hungary –

the least physically active nations (Euro-barometer, 2009).

Delayed democratisation, newly

established paternalism and centralism. (Földesi and Egressy, 2005; Perényi, 2010)

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

To follow the trends in sport participation of

Hungarian youth during the first decade of the

new Millennium.

Define the relation of sport participation to socio-

demographic variables and outline trends of

changes.

Follow the possible postmodern trends in

sporting practices of youth.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

Bourdieu (1984) Social determinations, cultural and economic capitals

praxis and habitus.

Beck (1983) Individualization and diversification.

Schulze (1992) ‘Thrill Society’.

QUESTIONS

What are the main indicators of sport

participation during the examined period?

What are the strongest varibles influencing

sport participation?

Is their a change in preferred sports over

the examined period?

How is club membership destributed?

YOUTH 2000 2004 2008

Comprehensive research series of youth’s social position.

education and career path

political views, relation to democracy, religion

physical well-being, self-satisfaction

lifestyle, leisure time, sport participation

deviance, endangers of well-being,

youth culture, partner relations

prospective future, values and norms,

Funded by: Ministry of Youth and Sports and Prime Minister’s Office Conducted by: ‘Mobilitás’ youth Research Institute, Central Statistical Agency,

Institute of Sociology and Political Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Educational Research Institute

METHODOLOGY

METHODS

Sample:

15-29 years olds

Stratified random sampling

National representative sample (gender, age, size of residence, municipality of residence)

Youth2000 - N=8000

Youth2004 - N=2x4000

Youth2008 - N=1x4000, 2x2000

Data collection:

Questioner based structured interview

PROCESS OF DATA

SPSS 15.0 version

Statistical Analysis:

Sport participation - years of 2000, 2004, 2008.

- frequencies, chi-square

- llogistic regression analysis

Type of sports - years of 2000 and 2004.

- frequencies

Previous studies in the EU: Scheerder and Breedveld (2004); Scheerder, Vanreusel, and Taks (2005); Moens and Scheerder (2004); Vanreusel et al, (1993)

VARIABLES Dependent variable:

Sport participant / non sport participant

Subjective answer to the question of

„Do you do sports or physical activities regularly

outside of physical education classes?”

Independent

Gender (men, women)

Age group (15-19, 20-24, 25-29 years)

Education (low, middle, high)

Labor market activity (study, work, un-employed, in-active)

Social-economic position (low, low-middle, middle, middle-

hihg, high)

Settlement types (capital, county-town, town, village)

2000. 2004. 2008.

Sport participants 33 41 38

Nonsport participants 67 59 61

Sport part. female 27 34 31

Sport part. male 39 48 44

Chi-square 112,2* 167.49* 152.53*

% * p<.001

SPORT PARTICIPATION (%)

Gender, Age, Education Logistic Regression

categories 2000. 2004. 2008.

gender men ref. category

women 0.543* 0.516* 0.508*

age 15-19 ref. category

20-24 0.762* 1.091* 0.703*

25-29 0.560* 1.608* 0.601*

education

low

middle

hihg

ref.

1.666*

2.648*

category

1.574*

2.685*

1.406*

2.269*

Exp(Beta), * p<.001

Education, market activity (Logistic Regression)

chategories 2000. 2004. 2008.

education

low

middle

high

ref.

1.666*

2.648*

category

1.574*

2.685*

1.406*

2.269*

market

activity

student

employed

unemployed

inactive

ref.

0.591*

-

0.374

catogory

0.586*

0.544*

0.359*

0.577*

0.466*

0.391*

Exp(Beta), * p<.001

Economic position & Residence (Logistic Regression)

categories 2000. 2004. 2008.

economic

position

low

low-mid

mid

mid-high

high

ref.

1.132

1.286

1.604*

2.209*

category

1.517

1.813

2.214*

3.077*

0.854

1.386

1.942

3.098*

size of

residency

village

town

county town

capital

ref.

1.109

1.273*

1.437*

category

1.023

1,033

1.429*

1.064*

1.434*

0.726*

Exp(Beta), * p<.001

SPORTS

2000. (N=2497) 2004. (N=3165)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Football

Aerobics

Cycling

Bodybuilding

Jogging

Home exercise

Swimming

Basketball

Handball

Track&Field

Dance

Karate

Horseriding

Tennis

Volleyball

20.5

14.4

8.9

8.0

6.6

4.9

4.8

4.4

3.0

2.9

2.5

2.0

1.4

1.4

1.0

23.0

7.8

12.4

8.6

9.7

4.2

4.5

5.8

3.1

1.1

2.8

1.8

1.1

2.1

1.4 %

Males:

SPORTS - GENDER

Females

2000 2004

1 Football Football

2 Bodybuilding Cycling

3 Cycling Bodybuilding

4 Running Running, jogging

5 Basketball basketball

2000 2004

1 Aerobics Aerobics

2 Home exercise Cycling/Home exercise

3 Cycling Running

4 Running Bodybuilding

5 Swimming Swimming

NEW SPORTS

roller blading

mountain biking

snowboarding

walking

home bicycle

exercise for the pregnant

Brazilian dance

zumba

baseball

American football

SPORT CLUB MEMBERSHIP

2000. 2004. 2008.

Sport club member 5,5 - 1,6

Sport club member, men 4,5 - 1,1

Sport club member female 1,0 - 0,5

%

SUMMARY 1.

Sport remained gendered and mainly serviced

those who are students

Over the decade:

The role of cultural capital in the year of 2000.

The role of economic capital in the year of 2008.

Country-side cities has increased participation

New sports emerged

Trends of individualisation in the choice of sports

SUMMARY 2.

YOUTH

New generations

New life style

New tastes

Postmodernism

SPORT

Traditional thinking

Traditional acting

Elite athletism

Paternalism

It is suggested that the present structure and

offers of sport does not meet

the needs of new youth generations!

Thank you for your attention !