Postgraduate Lecture & Training Course Synopses and Research … · 2014-04-27 · Postgraduate...

Department of Materials

Postgraduate Lecture & Training Course Synopsesand Research Colloquia Details2007 - 2008

Postgraduate Lecture & Training Course Synopses 2007/08

and Research Colloquia Details

Postgraduate Lecture & Training Course Synopses and Research Colloquia Details 2007-08

This booklet contains the synopses of postgraduate courses in the department for

2007-08. ‘Postgraduate training’ courses provide essential training for using some

of our research facilities and generic skills training (which is a requirement of many

sponsors of research degrees). If you are a probationer research student, in addition

to the compulsory safety lecture you are required to attend the lectures on

mandatory skills training. ‘Postgraduate teaching’ courses are intended to

broaden and deepen your education by offering you more advanced material in

areas outside your own research. This booklet also contains synopses of the

undergraduate third year options. Synopses of lecture courses offered to first and

second year undergraduates are contained in separate booklets. This booklet also

contains a listing of postgraduate lecture courses available within the Mathematical and Physical Sciences Division.

If you are a probationer research student you will be required to offer two subjects at

the end of the first year for assessment. One of these subjects must be in an area

outside your research topic. You should first consult your supervisor and, if

necessary, the Director of Studies (Dr Adrian Taylor) about the selection of your two

topics for assessment. Your selection may be made from any of the courses listed

under Postgraduate teaching, or the third year options (provided you have not

already taken the option as an undergraduate), or other postgraduate lecture courses available within the Mathematical and Physical Sciences Division. It is

essential that your performances on the two courses you select are assessed.

The formal research colloquium series is held on Thursdays throughout term at

4.00 pm in the Hume-Rothery lecture theatre. If you are a probationer research

student you will be required to attend at least 50% of the Departmental Colloquia

during Michaelmas and Hilary terms. Evidence of this attendance will be required, as

described in the Graduate Student Handbook. You should check

www.materials.ox.ac.uk for the final version of the list of colloquia. Information about

colloquia in Hilary and Trinity terms will be distributed later in the academic year, and

posted on the web site. Everyone in the Department with an interest in research is

encouraged to attend the colloquia and find out about cutting-edge research across a

broad range of the science and engineering of materials.

Dr Adrian Taylor

Director of Studies.

CONTENTS Postgraduate Training Mandatory .......................................................................... 6

Project Management ............................................................................................. 7

Looking to the Future – Career Planning ............................................................ 8

Postgraduate Training ............................................................................................. 9

The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining (IoM3) ........................................ 10

Optical Microscopy ............................................................................................. 11

X-Ray Diffractometry........................................................................................... 12

Introduction to the Materials Modelling Laboratory......................................... 13

Information Skills ................................................................................................ 14

Poster Presentation Skills .................................................................................. 15

The OU Careers Service – Active Job Hunting................................................. 16

Careers and Networking Evening with Alumni................................................. 17

Presentation Skills .............................................................................................. 18

Writing Skills and Keeping Laboratory Notebooks .......................................... 19

An Introduction to Quality Management and Environmental Management in Industry - the ISO 9000 and 14000 Benchmarks............................................... 21

Industrial Visits ................................................................................................... 22

Teaching Skills .................................................................................................... 23

Modular Courses in Electron Microscopy............................................................ 25

1. Introduction to scanning electron microscopy ....................................... 26

2. Introduction to transmission electron microscopy................................. 27

3. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis ............................................................. 29

4. Weak-beam electron microscopy ............................................................. 31

5. High-resolution electron microscopy....................................................... 32

6. Dislocation analysis by transmission electron microscopy................... 33

7. WDS X-ray Analysis ................................................................................... 34

8. Focussed ion-beam machining................................................................. 36

9. Practical electron energy loss spectroscopy .......................................... 38

10. ELS Analysis............................................................................................... 40

11. Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) ............................................ 41

12. IT for Electron Microscopy ........................................................................ 43

13. Specimen Preparation Techniques........................................................... 45

14. Advanced analysis ..................................................................................... 46

15. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) ........................... 48

Postgraduate Teaching.......................................................................................... 49

STEM and Microanalysis .................................................................................... 50

TEM and HREM Image Interpretation ................................................................ 52

Frontiers in Microscopy and Microanalysis...................................................... 54

Early Metallurgy................................................................................................... 55

Third Year Undergraduate Options....................................................................... 58

Melt Processing - Casting & Other Melt-based Processes.............................. 59

Strength & Failure of Materials .......................................................................... 60

Functional Nanomaterials .................................................................................. 62

Electroceramics................................................................................................... 65

Biomaterials and Natural Materials.................................................................... 66

Properties of Engineering Ceramics ................................................................. 67

Advanced Engineering Alloys: Design and Applications................................ 68

Manufacture with Metals & Alloys ..................................................................... 70

Materials & Devices for Information Technology ............................................. 72

Ceramic Processing............................................................................................ 76

Advanced Polymers ............................................................................................ 78

Introduction to Modelling in Materials Science ................................................ 80

Colloquia and Lecture Lists in Materials and Other Physical Science Departments ........................................................................................................... 82

Research Colloquia in Michaelmas Term 2007................................................. 83

General Scheme of Postgraduate Lectures in Materials Science 2007/8 ....... 84

Postgraduate Training Mandatory

Postgraduate Training: Mandatory Michaelmas Term

Organised by Dr A O Taylor

1 session of 5 hours led by Dr Paul Warren (Pilkington Glass), assisted by Dr Paul

Butler (Packaging Materials & Technologies Ltd) & Dr A O Taylor

Project Management

This five-hour course is directed towards the application of project management to

the research undertaken for a research degree. It will cover topics such as defining a

DPhil project, structuring the research and managing its progress. The aim is to

teach new research students techniques which will help them to complete

successfully their degree within the funded period for the degree. Experience of

project management is also a useful generic skill and one that is valued by graduate

recruiters

The Department’s graduate course structure includes six-monthly project

management reviews. This allows and encourages you as the student to take

responsibility for the successful outcome of your research by assessing expectations

and progress throughout the duration of your course. It will enable you to flag up any

concerns you might have that your research is not keeping to schedule, so that the

Graduate Studies Committee can consider whether remedial action is required.

Postgraduate Training Michaelmas Term

Dr D Best (OU Careers Service)

Dr Geoff Armstrong (Goodrich Actuation Systems)

Dr Emily Boswell (Procter & Gamble)

Mr Mohinder Saran (Deloitte & Touche)

Prof C R M Grovenor

Dr A O Taylor

1 session of 3 hours

Looking to the Future – Career Planning

A guide to the qualities and skills sought by employers; given in year one to enable

you to deliberately develop these qualities, thus maximising your chance of winning

your ‘dream job’ in due course. Careers in industry and academia are covered.

Postgraduate Training


Mr Brian Knott (Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining)

1 session of 1 hour

The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining (IoM3)

An introduction to the professional body for Materials Scientists.


Dr P Nellist

3 lectures

Optical Microscopy

1. Introduction – equipment, location, key system, support.

2. Parts of the microscope:

(i) objectives, resolution, depth of field, colour correction, flatness of field,

etc.;

(ii) eyepieces, compensated, widefield;

(iii) illumination systems, lamps, field stop, aperture stop, Bertrand lens,

filters.

3. Nomarski interference contrast, theory, using the device.

4. Nomarski interferometer.


Prof C R M Grovenor

2 lectures

X-Ray Diffractometry

• Physical basis of X-ray diffraction.

• Powder X-ray diffraction as an everyday analytical tool.

• Learning to use the powder diffractometer, software and database.

• More complex applications of X-ray diffraction – quantitative phase fractions,

grain size analysis.

• Typical problems encountered in practical X-ray diffraction and how to

overcome them.

• Texture analysis – pole figures.


Dr P J Warren

1 lecture

Introduction to the Materials Modelling Laboratory This course provides training that is required to use the Materials Modelling Laboratory. If you wish to use the MML at any point this academic year you must attend this course.

The course covers:

• Computing facilities in the MML.

• Getting started with UNIX.

• Running jobs in the queues.

• Modelling packages available in the MML.

• Overview of current research in MML.

See http://www-mml.materials.ox.ac.uk/local for MML user guide.


L Ristic (Radcliffe Science Library) & Dr A O Taylor


Information Skills

The internet is now an invaluable source of information, within the scientific

community as much as elsewhere. Whereas a few years ago looking for a journal

paper would mean a trip to the Library, we can now search for papers electronically

and download them directly to our desks. This 2-hour session aims to introduce you

to the sources of scientific information available through the 'on-line library'. The

lecture will cover:

• Use of OLIS for searching and automated stack requesting

• Electronic journals using TdNet

• Effective use of databases using Metadex and Inspec as examples

• Citation searching using the Web of Science and Sci Finder Scholar

• General principles for a comprehensive literature search

There will be hands-on practice and an opportunity for students to discuss their

projects.

(Use of the standard search engines for the World Wide Web will not be covered in

any detail, as these will be familiar to most people. However there are additional

lectures organised by the University Computing Service if you feel you need some

help in this area.)


Dr A O Taylor

1 session of 1 hour, plus Poster Session itself (2 hours)

Poster Presentation Skills

A workshop to discuss the use of the poster for scientific communication.

Posters are widely used at scientific conferences and in this workshop guidance will

be given on how to make effective use of this medium.

During Hilary term a Departmental DPhil Poster session will be held to give practical

experience (Year 3 students will present posters). Two prizes, each of £200, are

sponsored:

1. Best “Scientific Conference” entry (sponsored by Rolls-Royce).

2. Best “Public Understanding” entry (sponsored by the Ironmongers Company).

Postgraduate Training Hilary Term

Mr J Kirwan (OUCaS)

1 session of 1 hour

The OU Careers Service – Active Job Hunting

An introduction to the support available from OUCaS to graduate students reaching

the end of their research and who are seeking jobs.


Dr A O Taylor and others

1 session of approximately 3 hours

Careers and Networking Evening with Alumni

An opportunity for informal discussion of careers available to Materials graduates

with several alumni of the Department representing a broad range of employment

sectors. The session begins with six five-minute presentations after which informal

one-to-one chats are held over a glass of wine or soft drink in the Holder Café.


D Baker (OUCS) & Dr A O Taylor

4 sessions totalling 6 hours

Presentation Skills

What is it that makes a good talk? As scientists, we constantly need to convey

information about our work and explain new results, so it is as important for us to

have good presentational skills as it is within the business world. More and more,

scientific and other presentations are given using electronic media, especially using

software such as PowerPoint. This is just a method of presentation, and while it

allows a wider range of techniques, computer presentation is no more a guarantee of

a good talk than the use of a blackboard is proof of a bad one. These sessions will

aim to give some insight into how you should prepare, structure and present your

talks in order to get your message across. Hints will also be given as to how to use

computer presentation methods effectively, based on PowerPoint, which is available

through a University site license. The course will comprise four sessions:

• PowerPoint for scientific presentations, including hands-on practice (OUCS

Level 3 course, basic knowledge of PowerPoint is assumed).

• An introduction to advanced audio-visual technology (including ‘Smart Boards’,

Visualisers and ‘Sympodia’).

• Production of posters using PowerPoint.

• Practical tips on delivering a research talk.

It is permissible to attend just those sessions in which you are interested.


Dr H E Assender, Dr P J Warren and R Tyson (J A Kemp & Co)


Writing Skills and Keeping Laboratory Notebooks Part 1 – Creative Writing Why is it that some pieces of writing grab your attention from the opening sentence,

and lead you through almost effortlessly from one concept to the next, while others

leave you wondering what the message is even if you read them more than once?

The lecture will cover aspects of writing such as sentence and paragraph

construction to encourage high quality scientific writing.

During the course of your scientific career you will be engaged in a number of

different writing tasks and some of these are explored in more detail including:

• Literature review.

• Presentations.

• Journal articles.

• Thesis.

The issue of plagiarism will be discussed.

Part 2 – Technical Aspects This section of the session gives practical and technical advice for writing documents

such as reports, papers or theses. The main focus will be the best use of Microsoft

Word, as the most common tool for preparing documents, but other software will also

be considered.

Part 3 – Keeping Laboratory Notebooks Various motivations for and issues to be faced in the keeping of appropriate lab

notes are outlined. Good (and bad) practice from the perspective of industrial

research, DPhil projects and for good protection of intellectual property will be

outlined.

Part 4 – Intellectual Property & Patents

These topics will be explained by an experienced Patent Lawyer.

Reading list: On Writing, Stephen King, Hodder Stoughton 2000 (paperback 2001) £6.99.


Dr D Orton


An Introduction to Quality Management and Environmental Management in Industry - the ISO 9000 and 14000

Benchmarks Objectives: An informal and interactive session, which aims to introduce Part II undergraduates,

postgraduate research students and post-doctoral researchers to the demands and

benefits of quality and environmental management in industry (and the drivers for

adopting the ISO benchmarks).

Outline programme:

Introductions and Objectives

An Introduction to Rolls Royce

Quality Management and ISO 9000

Group exercise and subsequent discussion

Environmental Management and ISO 14000

Discussion and Questions

Postgraduate Training All Terms

Dr I C Stone

3 sessions of approx 4 hours

Industrial Visits

If places are available, research students may join one or more of the visits that are

arranged each year to industrial sites to illustrate some of the applications of

Materials Science.

Some places may also be available on the Industrial Tour. A visit of about one week,

usually during the Easter Vacation, is made to a region overseas in order to visit

several companies that make use of Materials Science. Recent visits were to

Bavaria, Hong Kong, Finland, China, South West France and Japan.

Postgraduate Training All Terms

Teaching Skills

A series of workshops to introduce the topic to those new to teaching and to enable

existing teachers to share experiences & best practice.

• Tutoring Maths Classes Michaelmas Term

Dr C M Bishop

3 hours

• Tutoring Materials Science Michaelmas Term Dr S Speller

3 hours

• Materials Options Classes Hilary Term Dr M Galano

2 hours

Newcomers should also attend the first part of the workshop on class teaching

organised in Michaelmas Term by the Department of Engineering Science, details to

be announced.

• Junior Demonstrating in the Materials Teaching Lab Hilary Term

Dr A J Wilkinson

1 hour

• Senior Demonstrating To be announced

To be announced

• Lecturing a Taught Course Trinity Term Dr A O Taylor, B Stewart & C Stocks

3 hours

This workshop is aimed particularly at those who might have to deliver all or part of

an existing lecture course to undergraduates or taught MSc students, for example if

covering for a member of staff on sabbatical leave. It is also open to others who are

interested and keen to develop this area of their CV.

The workshop will include:

• The expectations of colleagues and students.

• The lecture in its context as one part of an integrated ‘unit of study’ (e.g. an

Oxford ‘Paper’ or, elsewhere, a ‘Module’).

• A digest of the relevant educational research on student learning by means of

lectures.

• Practical tips on delivering a lecture course.

• Open discussion to share opinions on ‘best’ practice.

[Note: the workshop will not cover topics such as writing a new lecture course,

syllabus design or delivering a research talk; these topics either are or will be

covered in other workshops].

Modular Courses in Electron Microscopy

1. Introduction to scanning electron microscopy

Module co-ordinator: M L Jenkins

Pre-requisites: Normally member of Department of Materials. Course open to all researchers who require to use SEMs in the department.

Given by: M L Jenkins, G Chapman.

Description: Two one-hour lectures, and four hours of practical instruction in basic

SEM, with an emphasis on secondary-electron imaging.

Aim: To give beginners training in practical SEM.

Course structure: Features in bold are described but not taught as part of this

course.

Lectures: Principles of electron optics. Principles of scanning electron microscopy

and lay-out of the instrument. Performance and resolution in secondary electron and

backscattered electron modes. Other imaging modes. Practical SEM.

Practicals: Gun alignment. Loading specimens. Obtaining images in secondary-

electron and backscattered-electron modes. Astigmatism correction. Photography.

Outcome: Successful participants will become provisional users of a basic SEM.

After passing a competence test they become approved users, and after further

training can go on to use other more sophisticated instruments.

Assessment: Participants will be required to show competence in practical SEM,

including the ability to record good quality micrographs at high magnifications in

secondary-electron imaging mode.

Frequency: Twice per term, with extra courses as required.

2. Introduction to transmission electron microscopy


Pre-requisites: Normally member of Department of Materials. Course open to all researchers who require to use TEMs in the department.

Given by: M L Jenkins, J L Hutchison, G Chapman.

Description: Three one-hour lectures, and twelve hours of practical instruction in

basic TEM, with an emphasis on simple imaging techniques and diffraction.

Aim: To give beginners training in practical TEM.


course.

Lectures: Design principles of the TEM. Diffraction and imaging in the transmission

electron microscope. Selected area diffraction patterns. Contrast mechanisms in the

TEM - mass-thickness, phase and diffraction contrast. Diffraction contrast and defect analysis (non-mathematical). Dark-field techniques including weak-beam microscopy. High-resolution microscopy.

Practicals: Microscope alignment. Loading specimens. Eucentric height adjustment.

Setting the current or voltage centre. Diffraction patterns and setting diffraction

conditions. Bright-field and dark-field imaging. Correcting astigmatism. Taking

micrographs. Dealing with films and dark-room procedures.

Outcome: Successful participants will become provisional users of a basic TEM.

After passing a competence test they become approved users, and after further

training can go on to use other more sophisticated instruments.

Assessment: Participants will be required to show competence in practical TEM.

This will involve showing the ability: (1) to align the microscope; (2) to load

specimens into a double-tilt holder, and load the holder in the microscope;(3) to set

up well-defined diffraction conditions for diffraction-contrast imaging of features such

as dislocations; (4) to record good quality diffraction patterns and images; and (5) to

remove and develop exposed films and load new ones.

Frequency: Twice per term, with extra courses as required.

3. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis


Pre-requisites: Course open to provisional or approved users of SEMs or TEMs who require to use EDX in the department.

Given by: M L Jenkins, G Chapman

Description: Two one-hour lectures covering the basic principles of EDX, plus about

six hours of practical instruction and practice. An extra 3 hours of instruction and

practice are available for users to cover both SEM and TEM EDX use.

Aim: To give inexperienced users a basic knowledge of practical EDX.


course.

Lectures: X-ray generation: theory, efficiency of generation, K L and M line shapes,

KSi ratios, depth of generation and spatial resolution, SEM vs TEM, Detection limits,

absorption, fluorescence.

Detectors: operation, types, detector performance, pulse processor, sum peaks,

escape peaks.

Geometry: absorption, florescence, hole counts, specimen form, shading, light

element analysis.

Operation: acquisition and parameters, data analysis (windows, peak integrals, Cliff-Lorimer factors and quant), RTS, ZAF, small probe modes (SEM and TEM), mapping, line scans, spectral analysis

Practicals: (ISIS, INCA). Specimen loading and geometry, specimen form and grids,

log-on, data handling, appropriate settings for analysis, setting count rate, spectrum

acquisition, peak identification, KLM markers, labels, K L and M line differences, sum

peaks, escape peaks, comparing spectra, setting windows, window integrals vs

quant., printing spectra, effect of tilting, grid bars, different detectors.

Further courses: Quantitative analysis; Scanning and mapping; small probe modes.

Outcome: Course participants will learn the basics of EDX, and its limitations. They

will be trained how to carry out simple qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses,

and when to seek help with more difficult analysis problems. After passing an

assessment test they will be permitted to use EDX equipment on microscopes they

are qualified to operate.

Assessment: Depending on instrument, a simple analysis problem will be set.

Frequency: Termly.

4. Weak-beam electron microscopy


Pre-requisites: Course open only to approved users of TEMs who are likely to require to use weak-beam microscopy in their research.

Given by: M L Jenkins.

Description: Two one-hour lectures, and four hours of practical instruction.

Aim: To teach users weak-beam microscopy.

Course structure:

Lectures: Physical principles of weak-beam microscopy. Weak-beam imaging and

interband scattering. Conditions for high contrast. Image peak widths, positions and

intensities. The plane-bending criterion. Image perturbations due to non-systematic

reflections. The effects of beam convergence.

Practical weak-beam microscopy: setting-up diffraction conditions; how to get good

images. Various examples: The use of weak-beam microscopy for characterising (i)

dislocation fine structures, (ii) small point-defect clusters in irradiated materials.

Outcome: Course participants will become proficient in weak-beam microscopy.

Assessment: Individual practical assessment.

Frequency: On demand.

5. High-resolution electron microscopy

Module co-ordinator: J L Hutchison

Pre-requisites: Course open only to approved users of TEMs who are likely to require to use high-resolution microscopy in their research. It is expected that they will have at least one term of practical TEM experience .

Given by: J L Hutchison.

Description: Four one-hour lectures, and eight hours of practical instruction.

Aim: To teach users high-resolution microscopy.

Course structure:

Lectures: Principles of high-resolution imaging. Lens aberrations. The conditions

necessary for obtaining “structural images”. The weak phase object approximation.

The contrast transfer function. Definitions of resolution. How to get the best

performance from a microscope. Interpreting high-resolution images - limitations;

difficulties; the need for image simulations. Examples of applications from various

fields.

Practical high-resolution microscopy: how to obtain high-resolution structural images in

practice.

Outcome: Course participants will become provisional users of the HREM (JEOL

4000EX). After further training and practice it is expected that they will become

proficient in high-resolution microscopy, and approved users of an HREM.


Frequency: Termly.

6. Dislocation analysis by transmission electron microscopy


Pre-requisites: Course open only to approved users of TEMs who are likely to require to analyse dislocations in their research.

Given by: M L Jenkins

Description: Two one-hour lectures, and four hours of practical instruction on the

microscope, plus four hours practical class.

Aim: To teach users how to analyse dislocations and dislocation loops in the TEM.

Course structure:

Lecture and practical: Setting-up appropriate conditions for diffraction contrast

imaging (including dark-field imaging). The g.b = 0 invisibility criterion. How

diffraction-contrast imaging can be used systematically to characterise a number of

defect types, including dislocations, dislocation loops, etc. The practical class will

comprise some paper exercises in (a) determining the Burgers vector of dislocations,

and (b) determining the vacancy or interstitial character of dislocation loops.

Outcome: Course participants will become proficient in defect analysis.


Frequency: On demand.

7. WDS X-ray Analysis

Module Co-ordinator: C J Salter

Pre-requisites: Course open to provisional or approved users of SEMs who require to use EPMA techniques in the Department. Participants will normally be expected to have previously completed the EDX module.

Given by: C J Salter

Description: Two one-hour lectures plus about 9 hours of practical instruction and

practice

Aim: To give potential microprobe users basic knowledge of practical qualitative and

quantitative WDS analysis so that that can understand how data produced by the

machine was obtained and the limitation of such data. As such anyone wanting to

have work carried out on the JXA8800 should attend this course.

Course Structure:

Lectures: Understanding of X-ray generation . K, L, M lines shape and intensity (in

comparison to EDX), relationship between accelerating voltage, critical X-ray

excitation energy, X-ray intensity and X-ray generation volume.

X-ray detection using WDS: Rowland’s Circle, Bragg’s Law, pulse height detector,

dead-time, counter types, n-th order lines, the limited range of specific crystals,

detector geometry.

Matrix effects: Atomic number, absorption and fluorescence effects, geometry.

Data acquisition: Qualitative - spectral, line and area techniques, nature and sources

of errors, counting and sampling statistics, detection limits; semi-quantitative -

appropriate use and limits of quantification; Quantitative - the nature use of primary

and secondary standards, peak and background overlap corrections and

deconvolution. Correction methods ZAF, PhiRhoZ, calibration curve, thin film, and

Monte Carlo Methods. Presentation of results.

Simple image processing and analysis. Common practical problems: sample

preparation, sample charging, carbon coating.

Practicals: Loading specimens. Selection of appropriate conditions for analysis.

Acquisition of a full WD spectrum: elemental identification, identification of nature

and scale of interference and overlap problems. The acquisition line and area data.

Processing of linear and area data, including plotting phase analysis from images,

and limited image processing and analysis. Demonstration of acquisition of standard

data. The setting up of analysis points using beam and stage movement methods.

Outcome: It is necessary for anybody intended to use JXA8800 to attend this course

so that they understand how any microprobe results were obtained, the statistical,

chemical and spatial limitations of those results. However, the course is not

intended to train the participant to approved user status.

Assessment: Simple tests using various samples will be set for each technique.

Frequency: Termly

Further Modules: Required for approved user status (by arrangement):

1. Qualitative analysis – line and area

2. Quantitative analysis – acquisition

3. Data processing

4. Acquiring standards

8. Focussed ion-beam machining

Module co-ordinator: Dr Y Huang

Given by: Dr Y Huang

Description: Two one hour lectures and two three hours practical training sessions.

Lecture 1: Principle and design. Lenses and apertures of the system. the liquid

metal ion source and field emission. Imaging and contrasts. Ion sample interaction.

Ion milling and implantation. Gas-assisted milling and metal deposition. Ion beam

resolution and profile. Sample stage.

Lecture 2: TEM sample preparation. Comparison of FIB milling and broad ion beam

(BIB) milling.

Advantages and disadvantages of TEM sample preparation using a FIB system.

‘Trench’ and the ‘Lift-out’ techniques. Damages to the sidewalls, gallium

implantation. Advantages and disadvantages of each. Use of micromanipulator.

Overview of micro and nano machining using a FIB system including brief

introduction of ion lithography.

Practicals: Loading samples. Turning on and off the Ga ion source. Setting sample

to the eucentric height. Use of the gas injection needles. Focusing and correction of

astigmatism. Preparation of TEM cross-sections. Plucking using the micro-

manipulator. Setting up the automatic software for TEM sample preparation. One

case study.

Outcome: Trainees should become competent users of the FIB system and capable

of making a TEM cross-section. After having booked more than four daytime

sessions trainees become approved users and may book the system out of hours.

Assessment: During the first two sessions trainees are assessed in loading and

unloading their specimens, turning on and off the system and using the gas injector

needles.

Frequency: Termly.

9. Practical electron energy loss spectroscopy

Module co-ordinator: C J D Hetherington

Given by: C J D Hetherington, J L Hutchison

Pre-requisites: Participants should have:

• had training in standard TEM.

• considerable experience on standard TEM.

• an understanding of the fundamentals of EELS.

Overall aim: to train participants in techniques of EELS spectroscopy and imaging.

Acquiring EELS spectra: Description: One-hour lecture, demonstration/hands-on session at microscope with

group of 2, 3 or 4 (2 hours), and individual tuition at microscope for one booking

session (3 hours).

Aim: To train participants to take EELS spectra in GIF

Outcomes: 1. Understanding the shape of the ODM (optical diffractogram) in terms of focus etc.

2. Know how to align the GIF in spectroscopy mode.

3. Know how to record spectra and calibrate scale.

4. Know how to measure spread on unscattered beam.

5. Find edges in spectra in sample specimen.

Assessment: Individual assessment.

Frequency: Main course in Hilary Term, to follow on from the Introductory modules

held in Michaelmas Term. Other courses held as required.

Numbers: Limited to 2-4.

EFTEM:

Description: One-hour lecture, demonstration/hands-on session at microscope with

group of 2, 3 or 4 (2 hours), and individual tuition at microscope for one booking

session (3 hours).

Aim: To train participants to take energy-filtered images and elemental maps.

Outcomes: 1. Understanding the concept of energy filtering, and operating the 3000F at 297kV.

2. Know how to align the GIF in imaging mode.

3. Know how to take elemental maps.

Assessment: Individual assessment.

Frequency: Main course in Hilary Term. Other courses held as required.

Numbers: Limited to 2-4.

10. ELS Analysis

Module Coordinator: D J H Cockayne

Pre-requisites: participants must have attended module 9.

Aim: To train participants in the quantitative analysis of energy loss spectra.

Course Structure: 1-day course with an Introductory Lecture followed by extensive work on computers

with standard custom-developed spectra.

NB - the purpose of this module is not to train participants how to collect spectra

Outcomes: 1. Understanding of the different parts of the EELS spectrum.

2. Ability to independently carry out quantitative analyses of energy loss spectra from

unknown samples.

Assessment: Successful analysis, unassisted, of 2 unknown spectra provided.

Frequency: Hilary Term.

11. Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD)

Module Coordinator: A J Wilkinson

Pre-requisites: Course open to provisional or approved users of the JEOL JSM6300 who require to use EBSD facilities in the department.

Given by: A J Wilkinson

Description: Two one-hour lectures covering the basic principles of EBSD and

analysis of EBSD data, plus about six hours of practical instruction and practice.

Aim: To give inexperienced users a basic knowledge of practical EBSD.

Course Structure: (Features in brackets are described but not taught as part of this

course.)

Lectures: Formation of EBSD patterns: backscattering of electrons by solids,

structure factors, (intensity profiles across Kikuchi band requires dynamical

diffraction theory). Indexing EBSD Patterns: Pattern centre, Gnomonic projection,

angles between diffracting planes, orientation measurement, the Hough transform,

automated analysis. Data Analysis: pole figures, inverse pole figures, (Euler angles

and Orientation Distribution Functions), misorientations, disorientations, matrices,

axis/angle pairs (RF vectors, quarternions), coincident site lattice. Orientation

mapping, enhancing/filtering maps. Spatial and angular resolution.

Practicals: INCA Crystal software. Specimen loading and geometry. Input of sample

details - crystal phases present, macroscopic reference axes. Appropriate

microscope settings - beam energy, beam current, magnification. Appropriate EBSD

camera settings - sensitivity, exposure time, video gain, 'flat fielding'. Appropriate

Index Algorithm settings -number of bands to index, angular tolerance. Verifying

automated analysis results. Setting up and running an orientation map. Data

Analysis.

Outcome: Course participants will learn the basics of EBSD, and its limitations.

They will be trained: how to obtain EBSD patterns, how to perform automated crystal

orientation mapping and when to seek help with more difficult analysis problems.

After passing an assessment test they will be permitted to use EBSD equipment on

the JEOL JSM6300.


Frequency: Michaelmas Term (possibly repeated if sufficient demand).

Further Courses: Training on TSL EBSD system at Begbroke (by arrangement).

12. IT for Electron Microscopy

Module Coordinator: J L Hutchison

Pre-requisites: None

Given by: J L Hutchison and others

Description: Two one-hour lectures, and four hours practical training in the IT lab.

Aim: To give researchers information and instruction in IT resources for electron

microscopy

Course Structure:

Lecture 1 – Image Processing Image file formats.

Grey scale control; brightness and contrast, histograms.

Processing of images.

Examples of Fourier based processing.

Data storage and transfer.

Lecture 2 – Image Simulation Overview of image simulation methods.

The multislice method for simulation of high resolution images.

Practical Class 1 Exercises in Image Processing using Digital Micrograph.

Practical Class 2 Exercises in HREM Image Simulation using JEMS.

Outcome: Participants should become sufficiently familiar with common image

processing or simulation packages that they can use these packages independently.

Assessment: Participants will be required to simulate high-resolution images of a

set structure, or a similar practical exercise.

Frequency: Michaelmas term and on demand.

13. Specimen Preparation Techniques

Module Coordinator: M L Jenkins

Pre-requisites: None

Given by: M L Jenkins, C J Salter, G Chapman, S Lett

Description: Two one-hour lectures, and practical demonstrations in the specimen

preparation lab.

Aim: To give researchers an appreciation of the various specimen preparation

techniques and to allow them to make informed decisions about the best ways of

making their own specimens.

Course Structure: Lectures: The lectures will cover:

Making specimens for TEM: principles and advantages/disadvantages of the main

techniques, including electropolishing; ion-beam thinning methods, including PIPS

and FIB; other methods. Plasma cleaning. Cross-section specimens. Making

specimens for the SEM and microprobe.

Practicals: The methods will be demonstrated. Individuals will be given one-on-one

help and instruction in making specimens for their own research.

Outcome: Researchers should become able to make informed decisions about

which specimen preparation method is best suited for their own purpose.

Assessment: No specific assessment is envisaged.

Frequency: Trinity term initially.

14. Advanced analysis

Module Co-ordinator: Dr Sergio Lozano-Perez

Pre-requisites: Experienced (S)TEM users with previous knowledge of EELS and

EDX (e.g. EDX module, EELS module, STEM module and Digital Imaging module).

Approved users of Jeol 3000F or Jeol 2200FS or VG HB501.

Given by: Dr Sergio Lozano-Perez

Description: Three one-hour lectures plus about 10 hours of practical instruction

and practice.

Aim: To ensure that (S)TEM users in this department use the different microanalysis

techniques efficiently and are up to date with the latest trends.

Course Structure:

• Review of all microanalysis techniques available in the department

• Quick review of EDX, EELS and HAADF: advantages and disadvantages

• Approaches to elemental mapping:

• EDX Spectrum Imaging

• EELS Spectrum Imaging

• EELS Image Spectroscopy

• How to improve spatial resolution

• How to improve SNR

• Microscope’s suitability with advantages and disadvantages

• Optimizing acquisition and processing: Using Digital micrograph scripting

language

• Benefits of simultaneous acquisition of different signals

Practicals: Hands-on sessions to demonstrate the different capabilities of the

microscopes.

3000F: Optimization of EFTEM acquisition, STEM alignment for EDX and

EDX/EELS simultaneous acquisition, Demonstration of available self-written Digital

Micrograph scripts. (Only for 3000F users).

2200F: Optimization of EFTEM acquisition, STEM alignment for EDX and

EDX/EELS simultaneous acquisition, Demonstration of available self-written Digital

Micrograph scripts. (Only for 2200FS users).

VG HB501: Optimization of EDX and EDX mapping acquisition, Demonstration of

available self-written Digital Micrograph scripts. (Only for VG users)

Outcome: Course participants will be aware of the potentiality of the facilities in the

department and they will use them efficiently. This course will enable some

researchers to become advanced users who will further develop these techniques.

Assessment: Some standard samples will be used to demonstrate the potential of

the various techniques and their associated artefacts. Course attendants will be

asked about the quality/suitability of different results and to explain the origin of the

artefacts.

Frequency: Annually.

15. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) Module Coordinator: Dr C J D Hetherington

Course Teachers: Dr C J D Hetherington, Dr Peter Nellist

Pre-requisites: Approved user of microscope with STEM facilities

Description: 2 one-hour lectures, and at least four hours practical training.

Aim: To give researchers information and instruction in scanning transmission

electron microscopy

Course Structure: Lectures: Basics of STEM. High-resolution STEM imaging with a high-angle annular

dark-field detector.

Practicals: STEM imaging in practice, including HAADF imaging.

Outcome: Participants should become sufficiently familiar STEM imaging

techniques that they can use these techniques in practice.

Assessment: Participants will be required to obtain high-resolution images of a set

structure, or a similar practical exercise.

Frequency: Michaelmas and Trinity terms

Postgraduate Teaching

Postgraduate Teaching Michaelmas Term

Prof J M Titchmarsh

8 lectures

STEM and Microanalysis

Wave and particle representation of the electron: wavelength, energy, wavepackets.

Brief comparison of image formation in the STEM and TEM: principle of reciprocity.

Bright and dark field imaging in STEM. STEM optics and detectors. Source

brightness and probe formation. Influence of diffraction and aberrations on probe

current distribution. Wave optics formulation and the point spread function.

Properties of x-rays. Characteristic x-ray production: qualitative review of electronic

structure of the hydrogenic atom, quantum numbers, energies of bound electrons in

the atom and relation to x-ray energy, allowed and forbidden transitions. Cross-

sections and partial cross- sections for x-ray production: the Bethe formula, variation

of cross-section with ionisation edge. Continuum x-ray generation and cross-section.

X-ray generation by fast electrons.

Chemical analysis using x-rays: detection of x-rays. Energy dispersive analysis: the

Si(Li) detector structure, operation. Pulse generation, amplification, analysis,

artefacts, spectrum generation. Detector resolution. EDX in the STEM. Spectrum

processing: peak detection and measurement. Theoretical basis of thin foil analysis

and different practical approaches to EDX analysis, standards and standardless

analysis. X-ray absorption corrections and detector efficiency, self-absorption.

Secondary fluorescence. Crystallographic effects, sensitivity limits and spatial

resolution in thin-foil EDX analysis. EDX analysis of interfacial segregation;

elemental mapping.

Useful texts: Diffraction Physics, J M Cowley, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1975.

Transmission Electron Microscopy, 2nd edition, L Reimer, Springer-Verlag,

Berlin, 1989.

Quantitative Microbeam Analysis, eds A G Fitzgerald et al, SUSSP and IOP

Publishing, Bristol, 1993.

Introduction to Analytical Electron Microscopy, eds J J Hren et al, Plenum, New

York, 1979.

Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, R F Egerton,

Plenum, New York, 1986.

Fundamentals of Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, J C Russ, Butterworths,

London,1984.

Electron Microprobe Analysis, S J B Reed, CUP, Cambridge, 1975.

Physical Methods for Materials Characterisation, P J Flewitt and R K Wild, IOP

Publishing, Bristol, 1994.

Transmission Electron Microscopy, D B Williams and C B Carter, Plenum, New

York and London, 1996.

Postgraduate Teaching Michaelmas Term

Dr C J D Hetherington, Dr J L Hutchison and Prof A I Kirkland

8 lectures

TEM and HREM Image Interpretation

1. Electron diffraction: Basics, Ewald Sphere, deviation parameter.

2. Electron diffraction: Types of ED patterns and their applications, origin and use

of Kikuchi patterns.

3. Kinematical theory: Diffraction contrast, extinction distance, limitations of

kinematical theory.

4. Dynamical theory of electron diffraction: Two-beam equations, image contrast

in the two-beam approximation, wave-mechanical approach, anomolous

absorption.

5. High resolution electron microscopy: Overview, imaging theory, phase object

approximation.

6. Phase contrast transfer function: Factors limiting resolution, temporal and

spatial coherence.

7. Exit wave restoration and electron-optical aberration correction.

8. Image simulation: Computational methods, multislice approach, methods for

finding parameters.

Reading list and References Transmission Electron Microscopy, chapters 6 (electron lens), 11-19 (diffraction),

22-25 (imaging), 27-28 (HREM), 29 (image simulation), D B Williams and C B Carter,

Plenum Press 1996, ISBN 3 306 45324 X (softback).

Transmission Electron Microscopy, (Springer Series in Optical Sciences vol 36),

chapters 2, 3 (electron optics), 6 (image contrast), 7 (kinematic and dunamical theory

of ED), 8 (diffraction contrast), L Reimer, Springer Verlag, 1989 ISBN 3 540 50499 0

or 0 387 50499 0.

Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals, P B Hirsch, A Howie, R B Nicholson, D W

Pashley and M J Whelan (1970) R E Krieger Pubishing (US) 1993 ISBN 0 88

275376 2.

High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, 3rd edition, chapters 2, 3 (electron optics),

5 (HREM theory), 10 (HREM parameter measurement), J C H Spence, Oxford

Science Publications 2003, ISBN 0 19 850915 4.

Postgraduate Teaching Hilary Term

Prof D J H Cockayne and others

8 lectures

Frontiers in Microscopy and Microanalysis

A course of individual lectures and separate demonstrations covering a range of

advanced microscopy and microanalysis techniques. The course is designed to give

DPhil students and Research Fellows, and any others who might be interested, a

knowledge of the underlying principles and applications of the techniques. Many of

the lectures have an accompanying demonstration / class. The number of

participants for each demonstration / class is limited, but attendance at the lectures

is open to all. The list of topics will be announced in MT.

Postgraduate Teaching Hilary Term

Dr J P Northover and C J Salter

8 lectures

Early Metallurgy

This course presents the development of metallurgy from its inception to the

beginning of the industrial era. It focuses on the understanding of metallurgical

principles acquired at each stage.

1. Prehistory of materials: mechanical and thermal treatment of materials from

palaeolithic onwards - stone tools, minerals, pigments; requirements for

metallurgy - temperature and containment; lime plaster technology and

ceramics; fuels; native metals and the first metallurgy; the beginning of

smelting, melting and mining; spread of metallurgy in the old world. (JPN)

2. Alloys: possible modes for the discovery of alloying; initial use restricted to

prestige/cult material; relationships between technology and composition;

change from alloying as a specialised technology to a universal technology;

early alloy systems : As-Cu; As-Cu-Sb; As-Cu-Ni; Cu-Sb-Ni etc.;

microstructures; use of alloys; introduction of tin bronze and possible means of

discovery; how bronze superseded previous alloys; technical advantages of

bronze; developments of bronze - leaded bronze for castings, high tin bronzes

and martensites; a new alloy - brass; calamine process and zinc smelting;

brass and the Romans in Britain. (JPN)

3. The workshop: casting: mould materials and techniques: single-valve and piece

moulds, investment casting, slush casting, casting on; cores and chaplets;

gating and venting; pouring of copper alloys; casting defects. Working and

finishing: cold work or hot work; annealing; mass production; prestige

production; sheet metal; time and resources, complexity and specialisation;

different types of metalworking site; the metal trade. (JPN)

4. Precious metals and decoration: the earliest gold; vein and placer gold; spread

of goldworking; uses of gold; evolution of goldsmithing in Europe in Europe;

precious metal alloys; silver alloys and uses of silver; gold-smithing/silver

smithing techniques; gilding and silvering; plating with other metals; embossing

chasing and engraving; coinage. (JPN)

5. Iron: possible routes to the discovery of iron; location of early iron-working;

spread of iron; first uses of iron; properties of iron and iron alloys and why iron

gradually came to supersede copper alloys as the basic metal; iron ores and

iron smelting; direct and indirect processes; the problem of melting iron;

discovery and use of iron alloys. (CJS)

6. Developments of iron technology; variety of iron smelting techniques and

relation to ores; function of slags - non-tapping and tapping furnaces; stages of

extraction process; development towards blast furnace; requirements of the

blast furnace; refining cast iron; changes in steel making processes; effects on

iron production and diversity of products; artillery. (CJS)

7. Ironworking and iron and steel products; forging and welding; anvils and tools;

pattern-welding; carburising, nitriding; alloy selection; production of particular

types, e.g. swords, armour, hammers, chisels; assembly of large wrought iron

fabrications; iron founding. (CJS)

8. World metallurgy: China and Far East - was metallurgy a separate invention;

problems of earliest Chinese metallurgy; development of casting technology;

Shang bronzes; later developments in bronze-casting; mirrors; cast iron. Sub-

Saharan Africa: chronology of copper and iron smelting; use of local resources;

later contacts. Pre-Columbian America: native copper in N. America;

metalworking regions in Latin America; chronology and technology; differences

from Old world technology - slush casting; depletion gilding; Au-Pt alloys.

Reading list: L’Or dans l’antiquité: de la mine à l’objet, Aquitania, Supplément 9, B Cauuet,

ed., 1999.

Early metal mining and production, P T Craddock, Edinburgh University Press,

Edinburgh, 1995.

L'or des Celtes, C Eluère, Office du Livre, Paris, 1987.

Old World Archaeometallurgy, A Hauptmann, E Pernicka & G A Wagner, eds.,

Deutsches Bergbau-Museums, Bochum, 1989 (Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 7).

The beginnings of metallurgy, A Hauptmann, E Pernicka, Th Rehren and Ü Yalçin,

eds, (Bochum: Deoutsches Bergbau-Museum: Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 9), 1999.

The beginning of the use of metals and alloys, R Maddin, ed., MIT Press,

Cambridge, Mass., 1988.

Celtic Art, R Megaw and V Megaw, Thames and Hudson, London, 1989

Métallurgie Préhistorique, J-P Mohen, Masson, Paris, 1990.

L’Atelier du bronzier en Europe du XXe au VIIIe siècle avant Notre Ère, 3

volumes, C Mordant, M Pernot et V Rychner, eds., Paris: Èditions du CTHS, 1998.

The exploration of the long-distance movement of bronze in Bronze and early Iron Age Europe, J P Northover, Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, University

of London, 19, 45-72, 1982/3.

Decorative metallurgy of the Celts, J P Northover and C J Salter, Materials

Characterisation, 25(1), 47-62, 1990.

Metallography and microstructure of ancient and historic metals, D A Scott, The

Getty Conservation Institute, Marina del Rey, 1991.

Ancient and historic metals: Conservation and research, D A Scott, J Podany

and B Considine, eds., The Getty Conservation Institute, Marina del Rey, 1994.

The prehistory of metallurgy in the British Isles, R F Tylecote, The Institute of

Metals, London, 1986.

The early history of metallurgy in Europe, R F Tylecote, Longman, London, 1987.

Also: various issues of Historical Metallurgy (Journal of the Historical Metallurgy

Society), Archaeomaterials, Bulletin of the Metals Museum, and Gold Bulletin.

All these are either in the Department Library or Ashmolean Library, or can be

borrowed from Dr Northover.

Third Year Undergraduate Options

Third Year Undergraduate Options Michaelmas Term

Prof P S Grant

6 lectures

Melt Processing - Casting & Other Melt-based Processes

Cast iron: Grey iron, ductile iron, white iron, malleable iron.

Steel, Al alloys, metal matrix composites, Ni alloys, Ti alloys.

Grain structure, competitive growth, dendrite fragmentation, grain refiners.

Microsegregation, macrosegregation, local segregates.

Defects: porosity/pore formation, inclusions/oxide, cracks and hot tears, shrinkage

cold shuts, misruns.

Melt conditioning.

Heat flow, modelling.

Shaped casting: die casting and others.

Continuous casting: DC casting, twin roll casting, spray forming and others.

Rapid Solidification.

Reading list: Casting ASM Handbook Vol 15, 9th edition, section “Principles of Solidification”

and “Molding and casting processes”.

Castings, chapters 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, J Campbell

Fundamentals of solidification, chapters 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, W Kurz and D J Fisher.

Solidification processing, M C Flemings.


Dr A J Wilkinson and Prof S G Roberts

12 lectures

Strength & Failure of Materials

• Design of strong alloys (SGR):

• Principles of alloy design for high yield strength.

• Examples from engineering alloys.

• Fracture (SGR):

• Plasticity and fracture.

• Ductile - brittle transitions.

• Principles of alloy design for high fracture strength.

• Examples from engineering alloys.

• Wear and surface treatments (SGR):

• Wear mechanisms.

• Wear – resistant materials.

• Surface treatments.

• Non-destructive testing (AJW):

• Need for NDT.

• X-rays, ultrasonics, eddy currents, dye penetrant, magnetic particles.

• Fatigue (AJW):

• Cyclic deformation of fcc, bcc & hcp metals (mostly fcc).

• Cyclic stress strain curves.

• Persistent slip bands, dislocation structures, strain localisation.

• Crack initiation.

• Crack growth.

Reading list: Physical metallurgy, R W Cahn & P Haasen, 1996.

Steels: microstructure and properties, H K D H Bhadeshia, 2006.

Fundamentals of fracture mechanics, J F Knott, 1973.

Fracture & ductile vs. brittle behavior, G E Beltz (ed.), MRS Proceedings, 539,

1999.

Tribology, I M Hutchings, 1992.

Fatigue of Materials, S Suresh, CUP, 1991.


Prof P J Dobson, Dr V M Burlakov and Dr C Norenberg

12 lectures

Functional Nanomaterials Part 1 - Introduction to the Nanomaterials Topic – Professor PJ Dobson 1. Introduction to size effects and length scales; natural and man-made nano-

structures and particles; simple particle-in-box model to explain properties.

2. Collective effects in nanostructures; plasmons, surface plasmons; applications

in coloured glazes, design of refractive index in materials, biosensing.

3. Optical scattering effects in particles; size effects in magnetism and

ferroelectricity.

4. Safety issues at the nanoscale; particles in the atmosphere; particles

interacting with life forms.

Part 2 - The basic physics of nanosystems – Dr VM Burlakov 1. More on length scales; effects on electrical and thermal conductivity;

relationship to gas diffusion; length scales for mechanical behaviour;

dislocations and deformation.

2. Physics of nanosystems I: fabrication of point contacts; transport properties,

semi-classical and quantum regimes; quantum interference; conductance

quantization; shot noise.

3. Physics of nanosystems II: mechanical properties of point contacts, structure

and fracture; electron energy spectra of 2-D, 1-D and 0-D systems; size

quantization and implications for optical properties.

4. Physics of nanosystems III: Melting of nanoparticles. Nanocomposites:

examples for photovoltaics; charge transfer issues; examples of gas diffusion

barriers.

Part 3 - Fabrication and Applications of Nanomaterials – Dr C Nörenberg

1. Applications of nanomaterials − overview; fabrication – “top-down” and “bottom-

up” approaches; “Bottom-up” – chemical synthesis, positional assembly, self-

assembly; Traditional fabrication methods (“top-down”) – solid state processing,

thermal spray processing, electrodeposition.

2. Carbon nanomaterials – fullerenes and carbon nanotubes; structures,

synthesis, properties, applications (novel composites, nanoelectronics, field

emission displays, scanning probe tips etc…)

3. Nanowires/ quantum wires – fabrication, properties and applications; quantum

contacts, formation and conductance behaviour; 1-D semiconductors formed by

molecular beam epitaxy; self-assembled growth of 1-D structures.

4. Quantum dots – definition, properties, applications and fabrication; possible

uses for memories, lasers, biological applications; fabrication techniques:

colloidal methods and molecular beam epitaxy/lithography approach; growth

kinetics and thermodynamics; issues for device fabrication.

Reading list: There is no comprehensive textbook on nanomaterials. Students are encouraged to

browse through the following books, as well as using the internet and reading

journals, such as Nature Materials, MRS Bulletin and Nanotechnology.

General Reading:

• Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, G. Cao, Imperial College Press 2004 (in

RSL)

• Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, A S Edelstein & R

C Cammarata (Eds.), Taylor & Francis 1996, 58EDE.

• Introduction to Nanotechnology, C P Poole & F J Owens, Wiley, 2003,

58POO.

• Introduction to Nanoscale Science and Technology, Massimiliano Di

Ventra, Kluwer, 2004.

• Clusters and nanomaterials: theory and experiment, Y Kawazoe, T

Kondow, K Ohno (eds.) Berlin, New York: Springer, 2002.

• Quantum properties of atomic-sized conductors, N Agrait, A L Yeyati, J M

van Ruitenbeek, Preprint.

Fabrication of Nanomaterials for Materials Science Applications:

• Nanostructured Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications, Carl

C. Koch (ed.), IOP 2002, 40KOC.

• Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, Concise Edition, H.S.

Nalwa (ed.), Academic Press, 2002, 58NAL & RSL.

Carbon Nanotubes:

• Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures, P J F Harris, CUP, 1999,

40HAR.

• Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes, M S Dresselhaus, G

Dresselhaus, and P C Eklund, Academic Press, 1996 (in RSL).

Q-dots and Q-wires:

• Low-dimensional Semiconductor Structures, K Barnham & D Vvedensky

(Eds.), CUP, 2001, 21BAR.

• Quantum Dot Heterostructures, D. Bimberg, Wiley 1999, 22BIM.

• Optical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots, U Woggon, Springer,

1997.

Light Scattering:

• Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Crystals, C E Bohren and D R

Huffman, John Wiley, 1983.

• For surface plasmons there are two reviews that are worth reading, along with

references quoted in them:

“Plasmonics: localization and guiding of electromagnetic energy in metal/dielectric structures”, S Maier and H A Atwater, J. Appl. Physics., 98,

011101 (2005).

“Exploitation of localized surface plasmon resonance”, E Hutter and J H

Fendler, Adv. Mater., 16, 1685 (2004).

Environmental and safety aspects:

• Nanotechnology and the Environment, editors B Karn et al, ACS Symposium

Series vol 890, 2005.

• Nanotoxicology; an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles, G Oberdorster et al, Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, p823,

2005.

• Safe Handling of nanotechnology, A D Maynard et al, Nature, 444, p267

2006.


Prof C R M Grovenor

6 lectures

Electroceramics

At the time of going to press, this course is still under development. This synopsis

should be considered as indicative of the course that will be given, but a finalised

synopsis will be provided by the lecturer before the first lecture takes place.

• Introduction: how to control the electrical properties of ceramics.

• Ceramic conductors: Resistors and varistors, temperature sensitive resistors,

sensors and fuel cells.

• Dielectrics and capacitors: Control of permittivity, capacitor types and

materials selection, dielectric memory devices.

• Piezoelectric ceramics: P(L)ZT, piezoelectric devices.

• Pyroelectric ceramics: Spontaneous polarization, pyroelectric devices.

• Electro-optic ceramics.

Reading list: Electroceramics, A J Moulson and J M Herbert, Chapman & Hall, 1990.

Electrical Properties of Materials, 6th edition, Solymar and Walsh, OUP, 1998.

Gas Sensing Materials, MRS Bulletin, 24, No. 6, June 1999.


Dr J T Czernuszka

12 lectures

Biomaterials and Natural Materials

1. Introduction to biomaterials. Definitions and history.

2. The structure and properties of natural materials.

a) basic building blocks - proteins, polysaccharides.

b) mammalian soft tissue - skin, tendon, muscle.

c) hard tissue - teeth and bones.

3. Biofunctionality.

4. Materials response to in vivo environment.

the three classes of biomedical material:

bioinert, bioactive and bioresorbable - the bioreactivity spectrum.

5. Tissue response to implants.

a) wound healing - inflammation and repair.

b) cellular response to implants.

6. Bioceramics, Biopolymers and Biometals and Biocomposites.

7. Tissue Engineering.

(a) Scaffolds.

(b) Scaffold - cell interactions.

a. Biomechanics.

a) the joint reaction force.

b) device design.

Recommended reading Biomaterials Science and Engineering, 3rd edition, Park, Plenum, NY.

Biological Performance of Materials, J Black, Marcel Dekker, NY.

Physiology of Bone, 3rd edition, J Vaughan, OUP.

An introduction to bioceramics, LL Hench & I Wilson, eds., World Scientific.

Materials Science and Technology vol.14, D F Williams (ed.), VCH, Germany.

Biomaterials Science, An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, B D Rattner,

A S Hoffman, F J Schoen and J E Lemons, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.


Dr R I Todd

6 lectures

Properties of Engineering Ceramics

1. Ceramic microstructures, processing and properties. Al203, traditional ceramics,

Zirconia: cubic, PSZ and TZP, Si3N4 and Sialons. SiC.

2. Defect controlled strength. Probabilistic nature of failure strengths.

3. Weakest link model of ceramic strength. Weibull probability distribution.

4. Influence of specimen size on fracture strength. Stress – volume integral.

5. Time-dependent strength.

6. Thermal shock and thermal shock resistance parameters.

7. R-curves in ceramics. Mechanisms of R-curves and toughening of ceramics:

transformation toughening, crack deflection, grain bridging and microcracking.

Reading list: Engineering with Materials, B Derby, D A Hills and C Ruiz.

Mechanical Properties of Ceramics, R W Davidge.

Introduction to Ceramics, D J Green.

Third Year Undergraduate Options Hilary Term

Prof G D W Smith and Dr. M. Galano

12 lectures

Advanced Engineering Alloys: Design and Applications 1. Stability of Microstructure: A comparison between classical nucleation and the spinodal reaction. The Cahn-

Hilliard model of spinodal decompostion. Particle coarsening. Order-disorder

reactions: the Bragg-Williams model. Martensitic reactions and related phenomena:

e.g. bainite and shape memory effects. Crystallographic theory of martensite

formation.

2. Design for Lightness: Alloys for transportation and aerospace; magnesium alloys and their applications.

Advanced aluminium alloys including aluminium-lithium, aluminium-scandium,

aluminium-transition metal and aluminium-transition metal-rare earth alloys.

Advanced titanium alloys: near-alpha alloys, beta alloys, casting alloys. Carbon fibre

composites for aerospace applications.

Case Study: Planes, trains and automobiles.

3. Design for Maximum Strength and Toughness: High strength steels; dual phase (ferrite-martensite) steels. High-alloy tempered

martensites: bearing steels and tool steels; drawn pearlitic steels; maraging steels;

austempering and martempering; thermomechanical treatments: ausforming,

isoforming; transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. Case Study: aircraft

undercarriages, gearboxes.

4. Design for High Temperatures: Superalloys and Beyond Creep-resistant steels; nickel and cobalt based superalloys; Single crystal turbine

blade alloys; high temperature intermetallics; refractory metals: niobium,

molybdenum tantalum, tungsten, rhenium. Case Study: power generating turbines

and jet engines.

Reading list:

Physical Metallurgy, 3rd edition, P Haasen, CUP, 1996, 50HAA.

Transformations in Metals, P G Shewmon, McGraw Hill, 1969, 53SHE.

Fundamentals of Physical Metallurgy, J D Verhoeven, Wiley, 1975, 50VER.

The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 3rd edition, J W Christian,

Pergamon, 2002, 53CHR.

Light Alloys: From Traditional Alloys to Nanocrystals, 4th edition, I J Polmear,

Butterworth Heinemann, 2006, 52POL.

Steels, Microstructure and Properties, 3rd edition, H K D H Bhadeshia and

R W K Honeycombe, 2005, Butterworth Heinemann, 51BHA.

High Performance Materials in Aerospace, H M Flower, Chapman & Hall, 1995,

56FLO.

The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications, R C Reed, CUP, 2006,

52REE.

Selection and Use of Engineering Materials, 3rd edition, (chapters 6-1, 15, 17,

18), J A Charles, F A A Crane & J A G Furness, Butterworth Heinemann, 1997.

56CHA.


Prof G D W Smith

6 lectures

Manufacture with Metals & Alloys 1. Forming Forging and Stamping.

Rolling and Pressing.

Drawing and Extrusion.

Machining.

2. Joining Mechanical joining.

Soldering.

Brazing.

Welding.

Adhesive bonding.

3. Surface finishing Cleaning.

Plating.

Coating.

Surface hardening.

Reading list: Manufacturing with Materials, L Edwards and M Endean (eds.),

Butterworths / Open University Press, 1990, 50MAS/4A.

Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, chapters 9 and 10, M F Ashby,

Pergamon, 1992, 56ASH/A.

Process Selection: from Design to Manufacture, 2nd edition, K G Swift and

J D Booker, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005, 56SWI.

Principles of Metal Manufacturing Processes, J Beddoes and M J Bibby, Arnold,

1999, 56BED.

Metal Forming, Mechanics and Metallurgy, 2nd edition, W F Hosford and

R M Caddell, Prentice Hall, 1993, 50HOS.

Principles of Industrial Metal Working Processes, G W Rowe, Arnold, 1977,

56ROW.

Metal Cutting, 4th edition, E M Trent and P K Wright, Butterworth-Heinemann,

2000, 56TRE.

Introduction to the Physical Metallurgy of Welding, 2nd edition, K E Easterling,

Butterworth–Heinemann, 1992, 56EAS.

Metallurgy of Welding, 6th edition, J F Lancaster, Abington Publishing, 1999,

56LAN/B.

Metals Handbook, Desk edition, chapters 24, 26 to 30, 1985 04-1ASM (for

reference only).


Prof C R M Grovenor, Dr J M Smith and Dr A Kohn

18 lectures

Materials & Devices for Information Technology

At the time of going to press, this course is still under development. This synopsis

should be considered as indicative of the course that will be given, but a finalised

synopsis will be provided by the lecturer before the first lecture takes place.

Part I: Semiconductor Device Fabrication

Growth of crystals:

• Semiconductor materials - properties required for specific devices.

• Purification of precursor materials.

• Crystal growth:

• Czochralski and Bridgman growth, wafer preparation.

• Epitaxial growth techniques:

• CVD, MOCVD and MBE.

Fabrication of integrated circuits:

• Fabrication processes:

• oxidation, diffusion, implantation, lithography, etching, metallisation.

• Assembly and packaging.

• Bipolar, passive and MOS devices.

Suggested reading: VLSI Technology, Sze, McGraw-Hill.

Microelectronic Materials, Grovenor, Hilger.

Materials for Semiconductor Devices, Grovenor, IOM.

Electronic Materials, Murarka and Peckerar, Academic Press.

Crystal Growth, Vere, Plenum.

VLSI Fabrication Principles, Ghandhi, Wiley.

Electronic Materials and Devices, Navon, Houghton/Mifflin

Part II: Optoelectronic Devices

Topics covered:

• Revision of dielectric properties of materials with specific application to the

optical properties.

• Optical waveguides, fibres and telecommunications.

• Birefringent materials and optical modulators.

• Light sources and detectors, the physical principles and choice for specific

applications.

• Single photon devices.

Reading list: Optoelectronics: an Introduction, J Wilson and S F B Hawkes, Prentice-Hall. (this

is a good buy).

Optoelectronics, J Singh, McGraw-Hill.

Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice, JM Senior, Prentice

Hall.

Part III: Magnetic Materials for Information Storage

Introduction

• Recap on basic definitions, classification of magnetic materials, and Weiss

theory.

• Brief mention of quantum origin of magnetism.

Energy contributions to magnetic effects observed in storage materials

• Energy terms that contribute to magnetic properties.Magnetic domains and

domain walls.

• Recap on macroscopic properties: magnetisation curves and hysteresis.

• Magnetisation reversal:

• Multi-domain states: wall motion and moment rotation.

• Single domain states: Stoner-Wohlfarth theory.

• Superparamagnetism.

• Exchange interactions.

Magnetic storage

• Recording mechanisms.

• Longitudinal media – materials requirements, thermal stability etc.

• Particulate media.

• Read/write heads – materials requirements:

• Magneto-resistive readers:

• AMR.

• GMR: spin valves, tunnel magneto-resistance structures.

• Magneto-optical reading.

• Advanced media:

• AFC, perpendicular, patterned.

• MRAM.

• Spin-electronic transistors: magnetism and semiconductors.

Reading list:

Basic reading (some chapters only):

Introduction to Solid State Physics, C Kittel, Wiley.

Standard texts:

Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2nd edition, J P Jakubovics, The Institute of

Metals.

Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2nd edition, D Jiles,

Chapman and Hall.

Physics of Magnetism, S Chikazumi, Wiley.

Modern Magnetic Materials: Principles and Applications, R C O’Handley, Wiley.

The physical principles of magnetism, A H Morrish, IEEE Press.

Reference books:

Ferromagnetism, R M Bozorth, Van Nostrand.

Magnetism Principles & Applications, D J Craik, Wiley

Ferromagnetic Materials and Handbook of Magnetic Materials, E P Wohlfarth

and K H J Buschow, North Holland, several volumes published so far.

Special topics:

Magnetic domains, A Hubert and R Schäfer, Springer-Verlag.

Theory of Magnetic recording, N Bertram.


Dr R I Todd

6 lectures

Ceramic Processing

1. Overview of ceramic processing from starting powder to final product.

2. Forces between atoms and forces between particles, Wan der Waals force and

the Hamaker constant. Particles in a medium, modification of the Van der

Waals interaction, ionic particles and polar media - the electrostatic double

layer and the Debye length. DLVO theory.

3. Synthesis of powders. Simple chemical formula ceramics: solution/precipitation

e.g. Bayer process for Al2O3, reaction synthesis e.g. Acheson process for SiC.

Synthesis of more complex mixed oxides, solution precipitation e.g. BaTiO3,

sol-gel process e.g. Pb(Zr,Ti)O3.

4. Powder processing before firing. Deagglomeration of powders. Ceramic slip

stability, additives used to promote suspension of ceramic particles. Slip casting

and tape casting. Formation of controlled agglomerates by spray drying and

freeze drying. Processing free flowing agglomerates by cold pressing.

5. Sintering. Mechanisms of sintering, solid state and liquid phase sintering.

Examples of Traditional Ceramics and Engineering Ceramics. Grain growth

during sintering. Problems with sintering - inhomogeneities and implications for

sintering composites. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP).

6. Powderless processing of ceramics. Sol-gel coatings for electron applications.

Polymer precursors for ceramics. Chemical Vapour Deposition. Gel formed

monoliths, xerogels and aerogels.

7. Reaction synthesis of bulk ceramics. Reaction bonded ceramics, SiC, Si3N4,

Al2Q and mullite.

Reading list: Introduction to Ceramics, 2nd edition, W D Kingery, H K Bowen and D R Uhlmann,

1976, Wiley Interscience.

Physical ceramics : principles for ceramic science and engineering,

Yet-Ming Chiang, Dunbar P Birnie III and W David Kingery, Wiley, New York, Chichester,

1996, c1997

Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2nd edition, J Israelachvili, Academic Press, 1992.

Ceramic Microstructures: Property Control by Processing, W E Lee and

W M Rainforth, Chapman and Hall, 1994.

Ceramic Processing, R A Terpstra, P P A C Pex and A H de Vries, Chapman and Hall,

1995.

Sintering: densification, grain growth, and microstructure, Suk-Joong L. Kang,

Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005.

Ceramic Fabrication Technology, R W Rice, Marcel Dekker, 2003.


Dr H E Assender and Dr B Gabrys

12 Lectures

Advanced Polymers

This course addresses how critical microstructural phenomena dominate the

macroscopic properties of polymers, and how these are exploited in some of the

more advanced polymers and ‘soft materials’. This will be discussed in the context of

technological and industrial applications. The course will cover:

Dr Assender (4 lectures):

• Novel molecular topologies and molecular materials

• Molecular self-assembly

• Drug delivery

• Radius of gyration and other molecular dimensions

• Critical phase behaviour

• Blend and block copolymer morphology

• Micro and nano-patterning

• Interface phenomena

• Polymer miscibility

• Reflectivity techniques

• Capillary waves

Dr Gabrys (4 lectures):

• Neutron scattering as a structural probe

• Small and wide angle scattering

• Large scale structures and short range order in amorphous polymers

• Polyelectrolytes

• Phase diagrams

• Physical and chemical crosslinking: gelation

• Scaling models

Dr Assender (4 lectures):

• Understanding Tg

• Surface/interface Tg

• Chain entanglement and reptation

• Diffusion

• Adhesion and bonding

• Mechanical failure of polymers

• Thin film applications

Reading list: Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 2nd edition, LH Sperling, John Wiley

and Sons, 1992.

Fundamentals of Polymers, A Kumar and RK Gupta, McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Principles of Polymer Engineering, 2nd edition, N G McCrum, C P Buckley and

C B Bucknall, Oxford University Press, 1997.

Polymer-Polymer Miscibility, O Olabisi, L M Robeson and M T Shaw, Academic

Press Inc, 1979.

Polymers at Surfaces and Interfaces, R A L Jones and R W Richards, CUP, 1999.

Introduction to Polymer Physics, M Doi, OUP, 1997

The Physics of Glassy Polymers, 2nd edition, R N Haward and R J Young (eds),

Chapman and Hall, 1997.

Polyelectrolytes, science and technology, especially chapter 1, M Hava (ed),

Marcel Dekker Inc, 1993.

Soft Condensed Matter, especially chapters 6 and 10, R A L Jones, OUP, 2002.

Polymers and Neutron Scattering, J S Higgins and H C Benoît, OUP, 1994.

Third Year Undergraduate Options Module Hilary Term

Dr R Drautz and Professor D G Pettifor

One week of lectures and practicals, one week of project work

Introduction to Modelling in Materials Science

Lectures and hands-on practical classes.

Synopsis: 1. Introduction to multiscale modelling and scientific computing: hierarchies in

materials modelling, basic methodologies, example applications; introduction to

Unix/Linux, and graphical and mathematical software.

2. Electronic modelling: modern approach using density functional theory (DFT),

effective one-electron Schrödinger equation, exchange and correlation energy;

plane waves versus localized basis set methodologies; applications including

STM images, EELS spectra, heat of formation and elastic moduli.

3. Atomistic modelling: interatomic potentials for ionic, covalent, metallic and

biological systems; molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, fundamental

concepts and algorithms; applications including pair correlation functions in

amorphous materials, defect evolution in irradiated metals, and growth of

semiconductor films.

4. Microstructural modelling: coarse-grained atomic degrees of freedom, transition

state theory, lattice gas models; Monte Carlo (MC) and kinetic Monte Carlo

(kMC) simulations, fundamental concepts and algorithms; applications including

order in alloys, diffusion and chemical reactions.

5. Continuum modelling: finite element method (FEM), fundamental concepts and

algorithms; applications including heat flow, fluid flow and solid mechanics.

Reading list: Introduction to materials modelling, Barber, Maney, 2005, 12BAR.

Learning the Unix operating system, Peek, Todino and Strang, 12PEE.

The mathematica book, Wolfram, CUP, 2005, 10WOL.

A chemist's guide to density functional theory, Koch and Holthausen, Wiley,

2001, 40KOC.

Electronic structure: basic theory and practical methods, Martin, CUP, 2004,

MAR21.

Bonding and structure of molecules and solids, Pettifor, OUP, 1995, 22PET.

Understanding molecular simulation: from algorithms to applications, Frenkel

and Smit, Academic Press, 2002, 12FRE.

Computer simulation of liquids, Allen and Tildesley, OUP, 1987, 12ALL.

The finite element method, Pepper and Heinrich, Taylor & Francis, 2005, 10PEP.

Colloquia and Lecture Lists in Materials and Other Physical Science Departments

Research Colloquia in Michaelmas Term 2007

The first Departmental Colloquium will be held on Thursday 11 October at 4.00 pm in

the Hume-Rothery Lecture Theatre.

A complete list of colloquia will be available on the Departmental website

http://www.materials.ox.ac.uk.

General Scheme of Postgraduate Lectures in Materials Science 2007/8

Subject Lecturer Hours per term

M H T

Postgraduate training

Safety (Compulsory for new

students)

Dr M L Jenkins 1 1 1

Induction course for Postgraduate

students

Dr A O Taylor & others 9

The Institute of Materials - Benefits

of Student Membership

Mr B Knott, Institute of Materials 1

Dept. of Materials Mechanical

Workshop – Induction & Safety

Mr L Walton 1 14

Looking to the Future – Career

Planning

Dr D Best (OUCaS), Dr A O Taylor,

Dr G Armstrong (Goodrich),

Dr E Boswell (Procter & Gamble),

Dr M Saran (DeLoitte),

Prof C R M Grovenor

3

Optical Microscopy Dr P D Nellist 3

Information Skills L Ristic (RSL) & Dr A O Taylor 2

X-ray Diffractometry Prof C R M Grovenor 2

Introduction to the MML Dr P J Warren 1

Project Management Dr P D Warren (Pilkington),

Dr P Butler (Packaging Materials &

Technologies Ltd) & Dr A O Taylor

5

Presentation Skills: PowerPoint,

Modern A/V Technology,

PowerPoint for Posters, Practical

Tips

Dr A O Taylor & D Baker (OUCS) 6

1st Year PRS Vivas Dr A O Taylor & All Academic Staff ~10

2nd Year DPhil Talks Drs A O Taylor & J L Hutchison +

All Academic Staff

~10

Writing Skills, Plagiarism,

Laboratory Notebooks, IPR &

Patents

Dr H E Assender, Dr P J Warren &

Robin Tyson (JA Kemp & Co.)

3


The OU Careers Service – Active

Job Hunting

Mr J Kirwan (OUCaS) 1

Careers & Networking Evening with

Alumni

Dr A O Taylor & others 3

Industrial Visits Dr I C Stone 4 4 4

Poster Presentation Skills &

Competition

Dr A O Taylor 1 2

Quality Mgt & Environmental Mgt

(ISO 9000 & 14000)

Dr D Orton, Rolls Royce 3

Teaching Skills: Tutoring Maths

Classes

Dr C M Bishop 3

Teaching Skills: Materials Options

Classes

Dr M Galano 3

Teaching Skills: Tutoring Materials Dr S Speller 3

Teaching Skills: Junior

Demonstrating

Dr A J Wilkinson 1

Teaching Skills: Lecturing on a

taught course

Drs A O Taylor, B Stewart &

C Stocks

3

Modular training in electron microscopy

Introduction to Scanning Electron

Microscopy

(6h course offered twice per term

and in Sept)

Dr M L Jenkins & G Chapman 6, 6, 6 6, 6 6, 6

Intro to Transmission Electron

Microscopy

(20h course offered twice per term

and in Sept)

Dr M L Jenkins & G Chapman 20,

20, 20

20, 20 20, 20

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

and Imaging

Dr J L Hutchison,

Dr C J D Hetherington

15 15 15

Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis Dr M L Jenkins 8 8 8

High Resolution Electron

Microscopy

Dr J L Hutchison 11 11 11


Specimen preparation for TEM and

SEM

Dr M L Jenkins & Mr C J Salter 6 6 6

Advanced analysis Dr S Lozano-Perez 15

WDS and quantitative X-ray

Analysis

Mr C J Salter 11 11 11

Analysis of Electron Energy Loss

Spectra

Prof D J H Cockayne 10

Electron Backscattering Diffraction

(EBSD)

Dr A J Wilkinson 2+8

Focussed ion-beam milling (FIB) Dr Yizhong Huang 10 10 10

IT for electron microscopy Prof A I Kirkland & others 8

Postgraduate lecture courses

STEM & Microanalysis Prof J M Titchmarsh 8

Microscopy & Analysis of Surfaces Dr M R Castell 8

TEM Image Interpretation Drs C J D Hetherington,

J L Hutchison & Prof A I Kirkland

4+2+2

Frontiers in Microscopy &

Microanalysis

Prof D J H Cockayne & others 8

Scientific Computing Prof L N Trefethen

(Computing Lab)

12 12

Early Metallurgy Dr J P Northover & Mr C J Salter 5+3

Bonding & Structure Dr R Drautz 8

Introduction to Quantum Information

Processing

Dr S C Benjamin & Dr J Smith 8

1 Melt Processing Prof P S Grant 6 1 Strength & Failure of Materials Dr A J Wilkinson &

Prof S G Roberts

6+6

1 Functional Nanomaterials Prof P J Dobson, Dr V M Burlakov

& Dr C Nörenberg

3+3+6

1 Electroceramics Prof C R M Grovenor 6 1 Biomaterials & Natural Materials Dr J Czernuszka 12

Subject Lecturer Hours per term 1 Properties of Engineering

Ceramics

Dr R I Todd 6

1 Advanced Engineering Alloys &

Composites

Prof G D W Smith & Dr M Galano 8+4

1 Manufacture with Metals & Alloys Prof G D W Smith 6 1 Materials & Devices for

Information Technology

Dr J M Smith, Prof C R M Grovenor

(vice Dr P R Wilshaw) & Dr A Kohn

6+6+6

1 Ceramic Processing Dr R I Todd 6 1 Advanced Polymers Dr H E Assender & Dr B Gabrys 8+4 1 Introduction to Modelling in

Materials Science

Prof D G Pettifor & Dr R Drautz 30

Research colloquia

Materials Colloquia Various 8 8 8

MML Seminars Various 8 8 8

QIP Seminars Various 4 4 4

Characterisation Seminars Various 8 8 8

1 This course is also offered to undergraduates as a 3rd or 4th year option. All postgraduates are welcome to take the course. They may select it as one of the two assessed courses in the first year provided they have not already taken the course as an undergraduate.

The list below gives an example of the typical series of lectures that take place in Mathematical Sciences during Michaelmas Term. For up to date information, please see the following website: http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/pubs/lectures/

GRADUATE SEMINARS Algebra

Algebraic Geometry

Analysis of Informatic Phenomena

Analytic Topology in Mathematics and Computer Science

Applied Analysis

Applied Dynamical Systems

Combinatorial Theory

Computational Mathematics & Applications (RAL)

Computing Laboratory Seminar

Differential Equations and Applications

Functional Analysis

Geometry and Analysis

Graphical Models

Homological Mirror Symmetry

Mathematical Biology

Mathematical Finance

Mathematical Genetics and Bioinformatics

Mathematical Geoscience

Number Theory

Quantum Field Theory

Relativity

Representation Theory

Statistics, Applied Probability and Operational Research

Statistics General Seminar

Statistics Graduate Seminar

Stochastic Analysis

String Theory

Topology

WORKSHOPS Stochastic Analysis

INDUSTRIAL AND INTERDISCIPLINARY WORKSHOPS Mathematics in Industry

ADVANCED CLASSES Algebra

Logic

Representation Theory

GRADUATE LECTURES Scientific Computing for DPhil Students

The list below gives an example of the typical series of lectures that take place in Chemistry during Michaelmas Term. For up to date information, please see the following website: http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/pubs/lectures/

GRADUATE LECTURES Applications of Statistical Mechanics

Calculus of Many Variables

Complex Analysis & Integral Transforms

Electronic Structure Theory

Introduction of Many-Body Theory

Quantum Mechanics

Special functions and Differential Equations

Statistical Mechanics

The list below gives an example of the typical series of lectures that take place in Physics during Michaelmas Term. For up to date information, please see the following website: http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/pubs/lectures/

GRADUATE LECTURES Astrophysics Astrophysics Graduate Lectures

Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics Physics of Atmospheres and Oceans

Atomic and Laser Physics

Atomic and Laser Physics Class

Condensed Matter Physics Computational Methods in Solid State Physics

Symmetry in Condensed Matter Physics

Particle Physics Accelerator Physics

Accelerator Physics Class

Advanced Quantum Mechanics

Computing

Introduction to Symmetries

Particle Detectors and Electronics

Scattering Theory

Statistics

Theoretical Physics Group Theory

Introduction to Quantum Field Theory

Quantum Theory of Condensed Matter Physics

Statistical Physics I

Theoretical Physics Problem Class

SEMINARS Galaxy Evolution

Stellar Astrophysics

Theoretical Astrophysics

Theoretical Cosmology

Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics

Atomic and Laser Physics

Condensed Matter Physics

Condensed Matter Theory Graduate Seminar

Particle Physics

Particle Theory

Phenomenology Forum

Particles and Fields

Geophysical and Nonlinear Fluid Dynamics

Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics

Theoretical Physics

Materials Research Colloquia

Materials Modelling Seminars

COLLOQUIA Physics Colloquium

Astrophysics Colloquium

Department of Materials

University of OxfordParks RoadOxford OX1 3PHUnited Kingdom

Tel +44 (0)1865 273700Fax +44 (0)1865 273789Email [email protected] www.materials.ox.ac.uk

Michaelmas Term Dr Martin R. Castell 8 lectures Microscopy and Analysis of Surfaces This lecture course covers the main experimental techniques that are used to investigate the structure and composition of surfaces and the near surface region. In particular scanning electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and surface chemical analysis techniques are discussed. The principles of operation are illustrated through numerous practical examples. 1. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) Principle of operation of the STM, atomic resolution imaging, atomic manipulation, electronic structure measurements with the STM. 2. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Principle of operation of the AFM, nanoscale imaging, related scanning probe microscopes (SPM). 3. Micro and nanomechanical techniques Micro and nano-indentation, modifications to the AFM, force modulation microscopy and phase mapping. 4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1 Layout of the SEM, electron sources, electromagnetic lenses, secondary electron and back scattered electron detectors, image formation. 5. SEM 2 Electron - sample interactions in the SEM, elastic and inelastic scattering processes, interaction volumes, convolution of probe size and interaction volume, the signal to noise ratio and visibility criteria. 6. SEM 3 Advanced SEM imaging techniques, low voltage SEM, EBIC, EBSD, environmental SEM, voltage contrast, magnetic contrast, cathodoluminescence. 7. Chemical analysis 1 Atom probe, secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Raman spectroscopy, Photoluminescence. 8. Chemical analysis 2 Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, EDX. Suggested texts Scanning Electron Microscopy: Physics of image formation & microanalysis L. Reimer (Springer, 1998) [RSL-Eng Vt66]

The Scanning Electron Microscope C. W. Oatley (CUP, 1972) [RSL Eng Vt12] Scanning Electron Microscopy: Applications to materials and device science P. R. Thornton (1968) [DoM 32 THO] Electron Microscopy and Analysis P. J. Goodhew and F. J. Humphreys (Taylor & Francis 1988) [DoM 32 GOO] Atom probe field-ion microscopy, T.T. Tsong (Cambridge University Press, 1990). Introduction to Surface Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy, F. Watts. Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy, D.A. Bonnell, second edition. Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, C.J. Chen, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991. Scanning Force Microscopy, D. Sand, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991. Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy II Further Applications and Related Scanning Techniques, R.Wiesendanger and H.-J. Guntherodt, eds, Springer-Verlag, NY, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1992. Modern techniques of surface science, Woodruff and Delchar, CUP.

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