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Speech Perception in Noise Using Non-Linear Frequency Compression with a Cognitive Load Task James Shehorn, AuD/PhD Student, Nicole Marrone, PhD, and Thomas Muller, AuD

Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences

James Shehorn Email: jshehorn@email.arizona.edu Phone: (520) 626 - 8549

Contact 1. Gatehouse, S., Naylor, G., & Elberling, C. (2003). Benefits from hearing aids in relation to the interaction between the user and the

environment. Int J Audiol, 42 (Suppl 1): S77-S85. 2. Kalluri, S. & Humes (2012). Hearing Technology and Cognition. Amer J Audiol, 21(2): 338-343. 3. Simpson, A. (2009). Frequency-lowering devices for managing high-frequency hearing loss: A review. Trends in Amp, 13(2): 87-106. 4. Alexander, J.M. (2013). Individual variability in recognition of frequency-lowered speech. Semin Hear, 34: 86-109. 5. Arehart, K. H., Souza, P., Baca, R., & Kates, J. M. (2013). Working Memory, Age, and Hearing Loss: Susceptibility to Hearing Aid Distortion.

Ear and Hear; (Jan):3 6. Pichora‐Fuller, M. K., Schneider, B. A., & Daneman, M. (1995). How young and old adults listen to and remember speech in noise. J Acoust

Soc Am, 97: 593. 7. Sarampalis, A., Kalluri, S., Edwards, B., & Hafter, E. (2009). Objective measures of listening effort: Effects of background noise and noise

reduction. JSLHR, 52(5): 1230. 8. Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. J Verb Learn Verb Beh, 19(4): 450-466.

References

Test Environment: Signal and noise presented from 0º azimuth. Loudspeaker 1m from listener in 3.65 m x 3.65 m (12’ x 12’) soundbooth.

Hearing Aids: Phonak Naida IX BTEs, set to omnidirectional mode with all noise management off, fit using real-ear verification to NAL-NL2 targets. Two listening programs (non-linear frequency compression “On” or “Off”) individually fit using manufacturer’s software; blinded to the listener.

“Cognitive Load Task”: Adaptation of procedures of Pichora-Fuller et al. (1995) and Sarampalis et al. (2009). SNR set individually.

Methods

• Although the sample size is small, it appears that greater benefit from frequency compression may be observed when cognitive demand is increased either by reducing context or requiring more of working memory.

• Individuals may demonstrate no benefit on one task and substantial benefit on another, making it difficult to define the efficacy of frequency compression from performance on only one task.

• An individual listener’s working memory capacity appears to be predictive of benefit from frequency compression for our recall task and low-level speech recognition task.

• These data add to the growing literature suggesting the need for fitting protocols that take into account individuals’ cognitive processing capabilities. These might include measurement of working memory.

Discussion

Introduction

• Within cognitive hearing science, an emerging area of research is how cognitive factors influence hearing aid outcomes.1,2

• Non-linear frequency compression is a signal processing strategy that compresses (lowers) high-frequency acoustic input above a certain cut-off frequency.3

• While increasingly available in the U.S., there is inconclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of this strategy, with wide individual variability reported.4

• A recent study suggests that people with low working memory capacity perform more poorly with frequency compression than those with higher capacity. 5

• The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of non-linear frequency compression across multiple outcome measures with varying cognitive and acoustic complexity.

Results Aided Speech Recognition in Quiet

Aided Speech Recognition in Noise (Dual-task)

Aided Recall Speech in Noise (Dual-task)

Recognition in Quiet Conversational Level

Recognition in Quiet Low-level†

Recognition in Noise (Dual-task) High Context

Recognition in Noise (Dual-task) Low Context*

Recall in Noise Dual Task*†

11 adults (age 64-85 years) with symmetric sensorineural hearing loss

Low-level (40-55 dBA)

Individual Differences

Example: Spectrogram of the word “SCIENCE”

R2 = 0.09, p = 0.37

60

40 20 R

ead

ing

Span

Sco

re

Age (years) 70 75 80 85 60 65

Freq

ue

ncy

(H

z)

Time (sec)

Second International Conference on Cognitive Hearing Science for Communication, June 16-19, 2013, Linköping, Sweden

Data Collection Summary Cognitive Demand

Lower Higher

Speech Recognition in Quiet AZ Bio sentences

70 dBA 40-55 dB A

Speech Recognition in Noise R-SPIN Dual-task

High context Low context

Speech Recall R-SPIN Dual-task

6 words

ADDITIONAL MEASURES:

Audiogram, Reading span (a measure of working memory capacity; Daneman & Carpenter, 1980)

Participants

High context Low context

---- Conversational level (70 dBA)

Listeners sorted by Reading Span Score

Reading Span Score: 4 8 13 13 22 22 31 33 40 58 61

Benefit of frequency compression was observed for the low context speech in noise recognition and recall, however, not all subjects experienced benefit for those tasks.

*P