Post WWII and the Cold War
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Post WWII and the Cold War
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Adolph Eichmann
Mastermind of the Holocaust
After WWII managed to escape to Argentina
Captured by the Mossad
Executed May 1962
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to the right – meant labor; to the left – the gas chambers
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Baby Boom Period
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United Nations formed 1945
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Trygve Lie
1st Secretary General of the United Nations
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Bernard Baruch
1946: Asked for the creation of a U.N. agency with international authority over atomic research
U.S. and Soviet Union did not want to give up independence to develop atomic weapons
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1952: U.S. tests first Hydrogen bomb in the Pacific
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Current UN Secretary General
Ban Ki-moon from South Korea
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1946 Winston Churchill delivers his “Iron Curtain” speech stating that an “Iron Curtain has descended across Europe”
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Secretary of State George Marshall
Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953
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George Kennan
“Containment Theory” 1947
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Berlin Airlift
1948-1952
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Airlift results in the formation of:
East Germany (GDR)
and
West Germany (FRG)
Berlin remained divided
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The Pentagon, Headquarters of the Department of Defense (Created 1947 by the National Security Act)
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James Forrestal
1st Secretary of Defense
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CIA Headquarters, Langley, Virginia
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Mao Zedong Chiang Kai Shek
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Richard Nixon begins his political career hunting communists as a member of HUAC (1948)
House Un-American Activities Committee
“Pumpkin Papers”
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Alger HissU.S. government official
Accused of being a Soviet spy and was convicted of perjury
Served 3 ½ years in prison
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Convicted and executed for giving atomic weapon secrets to Russia
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Candidates in the 1948 Presidential Election
Harry TrumanDemocrat
Strom ThurmondSouthern Democrat
“Dixiecrats”
Thomas DeweyRepublican
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Executive Order 9981 (1948)
President Truman desegregates the army
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Jackie Robinson
1947:1st African-American to break the color barrier in Major League baseball
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Although, while serving in a still segregated army, 2nd Lt. Robinson was brought up on charges of refusing to move to the back of a bus and court-martialed
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Before the Civil War: Slave Codes After the Civil War: Black Codes Become the “Jim Crow” laws of the
South
Civil Rights Movement
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1890: the State of Louisiana passed a law: "Separate Car Act" that required separate
accommodations for blacks and whites on railroads, including separate railway cars
June 7, 1892: Homer Plessy bought a first class ticket at the Press Street Depot and boarded a "whites only" car and was arrested
Case goes to the Supreme Court which ruled against Plessy establishing the “separate but equal doctrine”
As long as facilities were equal segregation was legal
Plessy v. Ferguson
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National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People Founded February 12, 1909 Mission: "to ensure the political, educational,
social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination.
Race Riot of 1908 (Springfield, Ill) spurred then need for a civil rights organization
NAACP
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Founding members included: W.E.B. Du Bois and Ida B. Wells NAACP concentrated on using the courts to
overturn the Jim Crow statutes that legalized racial segregation
Grandfather clauses limiting voting rights Lynching of African-Americans Had to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson
NAACP Cont.
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Ida Wells
Author of “A Red Record”
Documented the lynchings of African-Americans
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Landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court
that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional
The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation
Lead attorney for the NAACP: Thurgood Marshall
Brown v Board of Ed. 1954
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Time frame that the S.C. recommended for
desegregation of schools. Southern states used as a tool to delay the
ruling
“With all deliberate speed”
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Little Rock Nine 1957
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Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas utilizes the National Guard to prevent African-American students from entering Central High School
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Governor of Alabama, George Wallace, stands at the door of Univ. of Alabama refusing entrance to the first
enrolled African-American students
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James Meredith enters Univ of Alabama escorted by Federal Marshals
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Vivian Jones enters Univ of Alabama also escorted by Federal Marshals
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“First Lady of the Civil Rights Movement” Arrested December 1, 1955 for not giving up her seat
on the bus to a white woman Started the year long Montgomery bus boycott Martin Luther King emerges as the leader of the Civil
Rights Movement Message was “Non-violent resistance” Boycott lasted for 381 days Dozens of public buses stood idle for months, severely
damaging the bus transit company's finances Law requiring segregation on public buses was lifted.
Rosa Parks
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Received the Spingarn Medal in 1979
Highest award given by the NAACP
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Civil Rights workers murdered in Mississippi 1964
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August 28, 1963
Martin Luther King delivers“I have a dream speech”
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Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed major forms of discrimination
against African Americans and women, including racial segregation.
It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements
Ended racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public
LBJ and Civil Rights
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Voting Rights Act of 1965: Outlawed discriminatory voting practices Prohibited African Americans from voting in
the U.S. Outlaws poll taxes and literacy tests
Cont.