POST WAR CANADA

Canada’s Golden Age

1945-1969

©Ruth Writer

Remarkable

transformation

1949

Supreme Court

Supreme in Canada

Newfoundland

#10

Labrador thrown in the

deal

Vincent Massey

Governor

General

Dominion dropped from

Canada

Post War Era

Economic

Political

Social

Diplomatic

ECONOMIC CHANGE

ECONOMY

Did not want depression which followed Great War

Not even a recession

Inflation in check

Good jobs

Reconversion quickly

Full employment

High standard of living

Demand for consumer goods

Veterans reintegrated smoothly

First hired for jobs left behind

Educational loans i.e. GI Bill of Rights

Low interest on homeshttp://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/05/15/walkom_eurozone_crisis_signals_a_repeat_of_the_1930s.html

POPULATION GROWTH

1941—Canada at 11.5 million

1957—16.5 million

1968—20.5 million

55% increase in less than generation

School age population doubled

Teachers needed, schools needed

Most lived within 100 miles of U.S. borderhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/will-a-retirement-boom-start-in-2011-1.928398

Due to baby boom

Marry young and large families

Highest birthrate of any industrial nation in world

Also immigration

30% of all immigrants since 1867 came in 1945-1955

http://mrpearce.weebly.com/unit-4-post-world-war-two-era.html

IMMIGRATION

Favored European Immigrationhttp://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/legacy/chap-4b.asp

British war brides—35,000

British, Italian, German, Holland, Poland

Holocaust survivors

Hungary—1956 uprising

Most to Ontario and Quebec

Jobs there

Altered Quebec population—especially Montreal

Canadians minority in own nation

1/3 Anglo-Canadian

More Allophones

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/microsimulation/lifepaths/overview3-1

URBAN GROWTH

Canada always one of most urban nations in history

Building boom

Homes

$60 million spent on new homes

Twice as much as 1925-50

Twice as many owned homes 1/3 in 1948

2/3 in 1961

https://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=2f4a757ae6b31410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=7a27bcf5a1d21410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD

http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/saskatoon-morning-looks-at-wartime-home-history-in-the-city-1.3000390

PERSONAL INCOME GROWTH

GNP doubled from 1950-1960

$18 billion to 36 billion

Construction

Shift from Resource Economy to Service

FADING FARMERS

1911—33% of Canadians farmed

By 1950s—only 10%

Machines

Commercial farming

Market boards—quotas, prices set

Oats, barley, flax==$$$

Processed foodshttp://www.ktel.com/about.php

http://www.peipotatomuseum.com/

http://www.tractorfriends.org/tractorsengines/masseyharristractors/masseyharristractors.html

FADING FISHERMEN

Workers needed down

Production up

Fish industry giants

Hi-tech trawlers—400,000 #/ship in two week trip

No longer self-employed

National Sea Products

British Columbia Packers

Rapid depletion

DRAMATIC CHANGES

http://ngb.chebucto.org/Dist_Photo/fog-0505-cod-fishing-1-1921-ci.shtml; photos by R. Writer 2010 in Newfoundland and Labrador

NEW MINERAL AND FOSSIL FUELS

Uranium

Over 1/3 from Canada

Saskatchewan

Atomic weapons

Peace time uses

Oil and natural gas

Edmonton discovery in 1947

By 1956—1200 companies exploring

Alberta became Texas North

Transcontinental gas pipelines—1956-8

1960 first natural gas exports to U.S.http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/phase2/images/mod8_b.gif

Iron ore discovered in Newfoundland

Exploration of mineral wealth in Arctic in late 1950s

EXPORTER OF PRIMARY GOODS

Newsprint

Lumber

Wood pulp/paperhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/t9500e/t9500e09.htm

Wheathttp://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/golden-wheat-fields-harvesting-alberta-canada-5661-pictures.htm;

http://www.thestar.com/business/2014/02/07/canadian_farmers_sitting_on_grain_due_to_railway_logjams.html

Minerals

Oil and natural gas

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

Reconversion

Crown corporations continued—prevent depression

Consumer spending Cars—none built from 1939, no imports either

By 1961 one car per four Canadians

Building supplies for new homes

Technology Synthetics--rubber

Plastic—Sarnia

Pesticides—Sarnia

Jets—Canuck later the Avro Arrow—CF-105—scrapped

TV and communication

Electronics and computers

Pharmaceuticals—Insulin, cobalt treatment

Space race—collaboration with U.S.

AVRO ARROW—PLANE OF THE FUTURE?

http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/avro-arrow-redesign-pitched-as-alternative-to-f-35-stealth-fighter-jets

http://www.canadiandesignresource.ca/officialgallery/transportation/avro-arrow-interceptor-aircraft/ [video]

U.S. INVESTS IN CANADA

Americanization a concern

70% of oil and gas companies foreign—i.e. U.S.

52% of mining

56% of manufacturing

75% of foreign $$$ were U.S. $ in 1960

Branch plants a key

66% of exports went to U.S.

Only 15% to Britain

Was Canada being betrayed? Sold out?http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/09/30/north-american-union-diane-francis-us-canada-merger_n_4016913.html

PLANES, SHIPS, CARS, PIPELINES

NORAD—defense of continent

Alcan Highway—1942—BC and YK Benefits to all of Canadian West, i.e. Edmonton

TransCanada Highway—1948—centralism goal

St. Lawrence Seaway—1955—trans-oceanic goal

Pipelines

NWT to Yukon by U.S.—no prior Canadian approval

Transcontinental pipeline—1950s debate—1760 miles

Enbridge Energy to Sarnia refineries

Northern Route—UP and Lower Peninsula

Southern Route—circles Lake Michigan then across Michigan

2010 accident—840,000 gallons leaked into Kazoo River

Half owned by U.S. company

Alaskan pipeline

ALCAN HIGHWAY

http://westernamericana2.blogspot.com/2010/11/alaska-canadian-highway.html

TRANSCANADA HIGHWAY

http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/ab/banff/plan/envedette-highlights.aspxhttp://transcanadahighway.com/General/transcanadahighway.htmhttp://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/trans-canada-highway/

PIPELINES

NWT to Yukon by U.S.—no prior Canadian approval

Transcontinental pipeline—1950s debate—1760 miles

Enbridge Energy to Sarnia refineries

Northern Route—UP and Lower Peninsula

Southern Route—circles Lake Michigan then across

Michigan

2010 accident—840,000 gallons leaked into Kazoo River

Half owned by U.S. company

Alaskan pipeline

Green—oil; red—gas; blue—products

http://www.theodora.com/pipelines/north_america_oil_gas_and_products_pipelines.html

http://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/tarsandspipelineboomapril2012InsideClimateNews_0.jpg

www.enbridge.com

www.enbridge.com

ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY

Joint Canadian-U.S. project

Made Trans-oceanic travel possible

Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin—all ocean ports now

Grain, iron, coal

Continuation of Welland Canal with 8 locks—1840s

Soo Locks with 4 locks—1850s

Started in 1953—opened 1955

7 locks between Montreal and Lake Ontario

Relocated 7 villages—IMPACT???

6500 people had to move

500 homes

Huge celebrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Villages

http://www.ghosttownpix.com/lostvillages/maps.html [maps] ; http://lostvillages.ca/

http://www.mprnews.org/story/2009/04/27/seaway

https://www.transportation.gov/fastlane/new-years-eve-ends-seaway-navigation-seasonhttp://www.citt.ca/conference/2015/stlawrenceseaway.html

http://acanadianfamily.wordpress.com/2009/07/02/happy-5oth-birthday-st-lawrence-seaway/

AUTOPACT--1965

Largest trade sector between U.S. and Canada

Parts made in other nation

Interweaving of auto industry

http://www.technews24h.com/2012/11/the-10-greatest-muscle-cars-from-1965.html

POVERTY FOR SOME

25% in poverty

Natives

African-Canadians

Francophone

Immigrants

Gender

Children

Regional

Atlantic Canada--$57 per week average pay

Ontario--$85 per week averagehttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-accused-of-still-failing-its-poor-1.1101140

http://www.dominionpaper.ca/canadian_news/2004/02/25/canadian_n.html

http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/joe-gunn/canada-poverty_b_6603570.html

POLITICAL CHANGE IN CANADA

ANOTHER PROVINCE

Location, location, location

World War II

Refueling and supply bases for Canada and U.S.

Newfoundland was closest British neighbor

Trade agreements with U.S.

Canada supported PEI and NS

Rejected 1867 Confederation even with promises

1945 Britain discuss alternatives

Newfoundland and Labrador—1949 Referendum

Inconclusive in June 1948

Joey Smallwood—economic benefits

Second vote in favor of Confederation

NEWFOUNDLAND JOINS CANADA

Signing ceremony of the Terms of Union in the Senate chamber, in Ottawa, on December 11, 1948. Seated were Louis St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada, and the Hon. A. J. Walsh,head of the Newfoundland delegation. Joseph Smallwood is standing (second from the right).

http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/nfldhistory/Terms%20of%20Union%20of%20Newfoundland%20with%20Canada.htm; http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/eras/the%20peace/Newfoundland.html

CANADA IN 1949—10 PROVINCES

https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-3060-e.html

PRIME MINISTERS AND PARTY CHANGE

King [Liberal]—dominate for 3 decades-

-died in ‘50

1948-57—Louis St. Laurent [Liberal] Established equalization payments regionally

Improved social welfare system of Canada

Pensions

Unemployment

Family Allowance

Hospital insurance plan for part of cost—MAJOR step

Large role in peacekeeping

St. Lawrence Seaway—’59

Trans-Canada Highway—’62

MORE CHANGE

1957-63—John Diefenbaker—Progressive Conservative

First from Western provinces [SK lawyer]

Canadian rejection of Liberals who had control for 3 decades

ONE Canada—Nationalism

Less cooperation with U.S. and Kennedy

Development of Canadian north

CN$ exchange rate

New Keynesian economics—tax cuts; increased spending

Rural aid—advance on farm stored grain

Regional issues—move people from Atlantic Canada

Canadian Bill of Rights—1960 Minority rights

http://www.macleans.ca/society/10-reasons-why-dief-the-chief-and-jfk-hated-each-other/

LIBERALS IN POWER

1963-68—Lester Pearson [Liberal]

Nobel Peace Prize as Minister of External Affairs

Universal health Care—1965

Canadian Pension Plan—1965—CPP

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson

MINOR PARTIES

Social Credit Party in QC—Real Caouette

Over 1/3 of votehttp://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/real-caouette/

CCF became New Democratic Party

1962—13.5% of vote

1962—19 seats

http://thecanadianpoliticalscene.blogspot.com/2011/04/election-2011-platform-comparison.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation

CCF SETS NEW COURSE FOR CANADA

Progressive party—farmers and laborers

1932—Calgary—to meet social and political change

Frank Underhill—League for Social Reconstruction

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation—1933

Replace capitalist system

Manifesto with socialistic slant

Centralized government control over banking, planning

Publicly owned transportation, communication,

resources

Unemployment insurance

National health care

Slum clearance

DEPRESSION==VOTES???

Too radical for Quebec and Maritimes

Never control of Parliament

Did shape politics

Promoted social programs and state stewardship

Tommy Douglas became premier of SK in 1944

Designed prototype of national health care

CANADIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

Adopted by federal government 1960s

Federal government would share costs with

provinces

Cover medical care for ALL citizens

By 1972 all provinces and territories agreed

Expensive

Varied in quality of coverage and treatment

Became a source of pride—part of the identity

CANADIAN PENSION PLAN

Universal pension plan

Retirement age of 65

Contributions from government, workers, employers

SOCIAL NETWORK EXPANDED

Health care

Pension

Unemployment

Student loans

Low income housing assistance

Came a high cost—high tax burden

CIVIL SERVICE EXPANSION

Bureaucracy growth

1939—46,000 employed by government

1945—116,000 worked for government

New strongholds of Confederation

Finance

Munitions and Supply

External Affairs

DIPLOMACY IN CANADA

CANADA AS THE MIDDLE POWER

Keeping balance with diplomacy

Support U.S. policies

Yet maintain sovereignty

Resource basis

Cold War—geographic location, location, location

United Nations—’45—founding member

NATO—’48—St. Laurent concept

CANADA AS PEACEKEEPER

NEW CANADIAN NATIONALISM CREATED

Commonwealth of Nations Forum of ideas

Britain at the top

Canada as a New Model

Korean Conflict—1950-53—one of 16 nations—22,000 troops

Other areas with Canadian Forces Lebanon--1953

Suez—1956 [Pearson won Nobel Peace Prize in 1957]

Congo—1960-64

New Guinea--1962

Yemen--1963

Cyprus—1964

Pakistan—1965

Bosnia—1980s

Somalia—1990s

Haiti--2000

NOT Vietnam—draft and reverse

yonahmartin.sencanada.ca ; http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/korean-war

CANADA AND THE U.S.A.

Close cooperation—with some questions

1940—Permanent Joint Board on Defense Air defense

Standard training, equipment

Access to facilities

Radar installations in 1957—NORAD Nuclear Reality

Pine Tree Line at border

McGill Fence at 55*N

DEW Line in Canadian Arctic

Cuban Missile Crisis NORAD on alert

Canadian troops on alert

Disagreement between Diefenbaker and Kennedy

Diefenbaker armed nuclear missiles in ’63—until ’84http://www.norad.mil/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinetree_Line

http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~ina22/+301/$301-text-Personal_and_Family_Survival.html

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Distant_Early_Warning_(DEW)_Line.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NORAD-Tracks-Santa-website_2009-Language_Selection.png

CANADA, U.S. AND VIETNAM

Canada source of supplies

Disagreement over bombing of North Vietnam

Conflict between Pearson and LBJ

Pearson support

Draft resisters—125,000 [?]

Evaders

Deserters

Brain drain Educated

Professionals

Teachers

Students

Canadians who served—perhaps an equal number

http://www.cbc.ca/doczone/episodes/vietnam-canadas-shadow-war

http://yukon-news.com/life/yukoners-vietnam-documentary-shown-at-the-national-gallery/

http://www.windsorstar.com/Gallery+Vietnam+veterans+honoured/1741939/story.html

SOCIAL CHANGES IN POST WAR

Establishing a Canadian Cultural Identity

CANADIAN IDENTITY--QUESTIONS

Immigration increased

Allophones—other languages

Redefined Canada

Vincent Massey’s Report—1949-1951

Fear of American mass culture—i.e. TV

Canadian culture and identity in danger of extinction

Cultural might blossom if government grants for National library and system to preserve records

National support of universities and higher education

Support of museums, art, theater, symphony, ballet

Interest in high culture not mass culture

Canada should encourage, protect own culture

Development popular entertainment left alone

ALLOPHONE

Association for Canadian Studies, www.statcan.gc

NEW SYMBOLS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY

Canadian flag—maple leaf—1965http://torontopubliclibrary.typepad.com/trl/2015/02/a-red-maple-leaf-against-a-blue-sky-a-quintessential-

canadian-symbol-and-one-recognized-throughout-the-world-even-the-leas.html

Canadian Anthem—O’Canada--1965

Montreal Exposition—1967

http://www.worldsfaircommunity.org/topic/12681-more-expo-67-panoramas/

www.ameriquefrancaise.org

www.jubileequeencruises.ca

NATIONAL LIBRARY

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Parliament

NATIONAL GALLERY [ART]

http://www.gallery.ca/holidays/; https://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artwork.php?mkey=11761

CULTURAL CHANGES

Cultural imperialism

More NFB funding

Created National Library and Archives

Canada Council—1957

Theater, arts, ballet, writers

CRTC—1968—Canadian content laws

Baby boom came of age in the the 60s

Sex, drugs, rock and roll

Vancouver scene

Toronto

Montreal

BABY BOOM 1966 AND 2006

http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/34013.html

HOCKEY

Rocket Richard

Richard Riots

Roch Carrier—THE SWEATER

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgydkfnUEi8http://mauricerichard.homestead.com/Comments-english.html

THREAT OF A NORTH AMERICAN

IDENTITY RATHER THAN CANADIAN ID

Economic

Diplomatic

Cultural

Political

RESOURCES

Anonymous. “Chapter XVII”--Canada. Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters, and Sciences. Report. Ottawa : King's Printer, 1951. By permission of the Privy Council Office. Pages 253-267. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/2/5/h5-400-e.html

http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/youth/hippie-society-the-youth-rebellion/festivals-and-happenings-vancouvers-human-be-in.html[on-line video]

http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/youth/hippie-society-the-youth-rebellion/hippie-life-it-aint-easy.html [on-line video]

http://www.canadiandesignresource.ca/officialgallery/transportation/avro-arrow-interceptor-aircraft

Kallmann, Helmut. “Massey Commission.” 2012. The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Foundation of Canada. <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com>

Sprague, D.N. Post Confederation Canada: The Structure of Canadian History Since Confederation. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., 1990. [ p. 240-251, 255-272, 275-280].

http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/agriculture-and-food/

The Sweater http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgydkfnUEi8