Post Lab Bio 22 Exam 2
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POST‐LABORATORYDISCUSSIONforEXAMINATION2
MarilenM.ParungaoBiology22
(specialthankstoMissJillianSiaandGoogleImagesforsomeofthephotos)
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DISCUSSIONOUTLINE• IntegumentarySystem• ExternalAnatomyoftheFrog
• SkeletalSystem
• MuscularSystem
• NervousSystem
• TobeReported– MusclePhysiology– NervousResponses
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THEINTEGUMENTARYSYSTEM
MainFunc<on:servesasaprotec<vebarrieragainstoutside
elements
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INTEGUMENTARYSYSTEMSOFINVERTEBRATES
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THEINTEGUMENTARYSYSTEM:VERTEBRATES
• Outerepidermis+Innerdermis(corium)dividedintostrataorlayers
• FROG:– Epidermis(stratumcorneum)followedbystratumgerminaIvum
– Dermis(Upperstratumlaxumorspongiasumandstratumcompactum=conInuouswithlooselyarrangedsubcutaneousconnecIveIssue)
• Humans:epidermis=morelayersversusfrog
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AMOEBA&PARAMECIUM
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AMOEBA&PARAMECIUM
1. RigidityofMembrane?Amoebalessrigid
2. Pellicle: provides and maintains shape;preventsexcessiveflowsinofwater
3. Cilia:surfaceofepithelium
4. FuncXon::forlocomoXon,feeding,defense,preycapture
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GRANTIA
pinacodermpinacocytes
A. RadialcanalopenstoinsideB. IncurrentcanalopenstooutsideC. OsXumistheopeningofanincurrent
canal
TakeNote:simplesquamouswithchoanocytes
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TERMS…
• Pellicle:thinlayersupporIngthecellmembraneinvariousprotozoa,protecIngthemandallowingthemtoretaintheirshape
• Pinacoderm:asinglecelllayerfoundonthebodysurfaceandliningthecanals(pinacocytesformthepinacoderm;theyareflaRenedcellscontainingmanygranules;capableofcontracIng)
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HYDRA
mesoglea
gastrovascularcavity
Takenote:simplecuboidalcellswithnematocysts!!!
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TERMS…
• Nematocysts,CnidoblastorCnidocytes:avenomouscell,providesameansforthemtocatchpreyanddefendthemselvesfrompredators(e.g.jellyfishsIng)
• Rhabdites:rodlikestructuresinthecellsoftheepidermisorunderlyingparenchymaincertainturbellariansdischargedinmucoussecreIonsactasadefensivemechanism,they'lldissolveinwater,andtheyaredistastefultomostanimalwhowouldpreyonrhabdiIa
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DUGESIA:CILIATEDVENTRALEPIDERMIS
TakeNote:simplecuboidalcells,ventrally‐ciliatedwithrhabdites
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DUGESIA(Planarian)
1. Buccal cavity ; 2. Gastrodermis; 3. Gastrovascular cavity; 4. Epidermis; 5. Pharynx; 6. Parenchyma
On the outside ofthe flatworm is aciliated epidermisthatcontainsmanygland cells as wellas dark‐stainingrod‐shaped bodiescalled rhabditesthat can dischargetheir contents toform a protecIvem u c o u s l a y e raroundthebody.
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FASCIOLA(Flukes)syncytialtegument
parenchyma
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TERMS…
• Syncy<um:alargecell‐likestructurefilledwithcytoplasmcontainingmanynuclei;arespecializedformsusedbyvariousorganismsinnormalIssue;occursmostsimplywhenacelldivideswithoutundergoingcytokinesis
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Takenote:collagenfibersandlipid=non‐cellularcuXcleornon‐chiXnizedEARTHWORM
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ASCARIS
Cross‐secXonofanadultfemaleA.lumbricoides,stainedwithhematoxylinandeosin(H&E).Notethepresenceoftheprominentmusclecells(MU),graviduterus(UT),intes<ne(IN)andcoiledovary(OV).
Cross‐sec<onofthecu<cleofanadultA.lumbricoides,stainedwithH&E.Shownherearethecu<cle(CU),andimmediatelybelowthecu<cle,thethinhypodermis(HY).Alsoshownaretheprominentmusclecells(MU)andoneofthelateralchords(LC).
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COCKROACHCUTICLE:CHITINIZEDDEVELOPINGINTOACARAPACE
TakeNote:ChiXn=polysaccharideandcalciumchloride
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STARFISHARM(echinoderms)=EPIDERMIS+DERMISWITHOSSICLES
1. Coelom; 2. Dermal ossicle; 3. Dermal branchiae; 4. Pyloric ceca; 5. Spine; 6. Radial canal; 7. Pedicellariae; 8. Radial nerve; 9. Tube foot; 10. Sucker
TakeNote:ossicles,spiculesandgranules=calciumcarbonate=hard!
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FROGSKIN
Mucusgland=cuboidalepithelialcells
Poisonglands=simplesquamoustocolumnar
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GLANDSOFTHEFROGSKINCRITERIA MUCUSGLAND POISONGLAND
Epitheliallining SimpleCuboidal Squamous
Size Small Big
DistribuIoninFrog Many Centralized(Few)
LayerOrigin StratumgerminaIvum(Epidermis)
Stratumspongiusom(Dermis)
Layertowhichitextends
Mid‐spongiosum EnIrespongiosum
FuncIon ReducewaterlossandprotecIonfromdessicaIon
Defense
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HUMANSCALP
• Notetheproximityofsebaceousglandstohairfollicles
• SweatglandsandtheirductsarescaReredintheconnecIveIssuestroma
MEDULLA
CORTEX
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HUMANBROWNSKIN
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FROGINTEGUMENT• Epidermis:aboutacellortwothick
• Dermis:threeorfourcellsthick
• Thedarkpurplestructuresarenuclei
• Thestructuretotherightinthephotoisamucusgland
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HUMANINTEGUMENT
• Notetheseverallayerspeelingfromthesurface
• TheouterporXonofhumanskiniscomposedofflagenedcellsthatmakearatherwaterimperviousbarrier
Outerlayer–deadcells
epidermis
dermis
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EXTERNALANATOMYOFTHEFROG
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WHYCHOOSETHEMASANIMAL
MODELS?
• TheyshowbothprimiIveandadvancedvertebratestructures(e.g.fish‐likeandmammal‐likefeatures)
• PosiIonofinternalorganssimilartohumans
• Readilyavailable,smallandeasytostudy
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FROGVERSUSTOAD
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3ESSENTIALSENSEORGANSOFFROGS
• EXTERNALNARES/NOSTRILS
• EYES– ProtectedbynicItaIngmembrane/lowereyelid
• EARS– Tympanun/tympanicmembrane=eardrum
– Representsouterearofthefrog
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THEFROG’SAPPENDICULARREGION
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MALEVERSUSFEMALEFROG
TAKENOTE:
1. Overallsizeoforganism
2. Tympanunsize
3. PigmentaXon
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THESKELETALSYSTEM
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FUNCTION:SUPPORTIVESYSTEMS/PROTECTION
HYDROSTATICSKELETONS
• HavenofirmbaseaRachments
• DevelopmuscularforcebycontracIngagainstthecoelomicfluid
• Example:annelids,cnidarians
RIGID/MINERALSKELETONS
• Consistofmineralelementsmadeofsolidcrystalsofslatsincorporatedwithsomeorganiccompounds
• Types– Exoskeleton:arthropodsand
mollusks
– Endoskeleton:vertebrates• SomaIcandvisceral
• Dermalandreplacement
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TYPEANDCHEMICALCOMPOSITIONOFEXOSKELETONS
ORAGNISMS TYPE COMPOSITION
Radiolarians Shellwithtesta StronIumsulfate,silicaandcalciumcarbonate
Arthropods ChiInizedcuIcle/carapace
MineralizedchiIn
Mollusks shell Canchiolinwithcalciumcarbonate
Echinoderms ossicles calciumcarbonate
Turtles Carapaceandplastron/scutes
calciumcarbonate/keraIn
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TYPEANDCOMPOSITIONOFENDOSKELETONS
ORGANISMS TYPE COMPOSITION
Sponges Spiculesspongia Silica/sponginfiber/Calciumcarbonate
Corals Spicules Calciumcarbonate
Vertebrates Bone Calcium/Magnesiumphosphate,collagenandglycosaminoglycans
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TAKENOTE:THESKULL• Convexdorsally,concaveventrally• Enclosesthebrain&lodgesthesenseorgans
• Parasphenoid–unpairedbone
• Dermalbones–bonesformedfromintramembranousossificaIon– FromdirectmineralizaIonoftheembryonicconnecIveIssuematrix
• CarIlagebones–bonesformedfromendochondralossificaIon– RequiresacarIlagetemplateormodel
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VISCERALSKELETON
• Derivedfromgillarches
• Upperandlowerjaws
• Hyoidapparatus
• CarIlagesthatsupportthelarynxorvoicebox
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VERTEBRALCOLUMN
• Mainaxialendoskeletalsupportofthebody
• Encloseandprotectthespinalcord
• 10separateseriesofbonesconnectedbyligamentsandarIculatedbyzygapophyses– Typicalvertebra(2ndto8th)– Atypicalvertebra(1,9and10)
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PECTORALGIRDLE• Clavicle–onlymembranebone
• Glenoidfossa–holdstheheadofthehumerusinaball‐and‐socketjoint
• Acetabulum–holdstheheadofthefemurinaball‐and‐socketjoint
• Deltoidcrest–muscleaRachmenttofacilitateeasiermovement
• CarIlage(attheendoflimbs)– ReducefricIonofbonetobonecontact– MakesconnecIonsmooth
• SKULL,PECTORALGIRDLE,STERNUMCENTRUM(vertebralcolumn)
– ProtectstheverysensiIveandessenIalorgansofthebody
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WHATAREJOINTS
• juncIonoftwobonesthatpermitsmovement
• TYPES:– Ribsandvertebrae=semi‐mobilejoints:ribs:bonesofthethoracic
cage.Vertebra:eachofthebonesofthespinalcolumn.Semi‐mobilejoints:veryrestrictedflexibility.
– Vertebrae=carXlaginousjoints:vertebra:eachofthebonesofthespinalcolumn.CarIlaginousjoints:flexibilityduetocarIlage,anelasIcIssue.
– Skull=immovablejoints:skull:bonycaseofthebrain.Fixedjoints:jointsthatdonotallowflexibility.
– Elbow=hingedjoint:elbow:jointconnecIngtheforearmtotheupperarm.Hingedjoint:flexibleinonlyonedirecIon.
– Hip=ballandsocketjoint:hip:partonthesideofthebody,betweenthewaistandthetopofthethigh.Ballandsocketjoint:flexibilityduetoadomedbonethatturnsinacavityofthesameshape.
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THEMUSCLESYSTEM
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TAKENOTE:MUSCLESYSTEM
• ORIGIN– MorefixedormoreproximalaRachment
• INSERTION– MoremovableormoredistalaRachment
• ACTION– Accomplishedbycontrac<onorshorteninginlength
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VENTRALMUSCLESOFTHEFROGTHIGH
• 1.Sartorius • 2.Adductorlongus • 3.Adductormagnus • 4.Gracilismajor • 5.Gracilisminor • 6.Semitendinosus
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DORSALMUSCLESOFTHETHIGH
• 1.Gluteus
• 2.Piriformis
• 3.Tricepsfemoris • 4.Semimembranosus
• 5.Bicepsfemoris
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MUSCLESOFTHESHANK
• 1.Gastrocnemius • 2.TibialisposXcus • 3.Extensorcruris • 4.TibialisanXcuslongus
• 5.Tibiofibulabone
PERONEUS
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MUSCLESOFHEAD
• 4.masseter
• 5.depressormandibularis
• 6.dorsalisscapulae
• 10.laXssimusdorsi
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MUSCLESOFTHEHEAD
• 2.pterygoideus • 4.masseter
• 5.depressormandibularis
• 6.dorsalisscapulae • 7.deltoid • 10.laXssimusdorsi
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• 7.deltoid• 9.pectoralis • 13.lineaalba • 20.tricepsfemoris
• 21.adductormagnus • 22.sartorius• 24.gracilismajor
• 25.gracilisminor • 26.gastrocnemius • 27.tendonAchilles• 30.mylohyoid
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• 2.pterygoideus • 3.temporal • 4.masseter • 5.depressor
mandibularis • 6.dorsalisscapulae • 10.laXssimusdorsi • 11.longissimusdorsi• 17.gluteus • 18.piriformis • 20.tricepsfemoris • 25.gracilisminor• 26.gastrocnemius • 28.Semimembranosus • 29.bicepsfemoris
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THENERVOUSSYSTEM
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FROGBRAIN(VENTRAL)
• 1.Olfactorynerves
• 2.OpXcnerves • 3.Olfactorylobes • 4.OpXctracks
• 5.Cerebralhemispheres • 6.Pituitarygland • 7.Medullaoblongata
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FROGBRAIN(DORSAL)
• 1.Olfactorylobes
• 2.Cerebralhemisphere • 3.OpXclobes • 4.Cerebellum
• 5.Medullaoblongata • 6.Choroidplexus
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FROG’SCRANIALNERVESNUMBER NAME NATURE FUNCTION
I olfactory sensory smell
II opIc sensory vision
III osculomotor motor Movementofeyemuscles
IV trochlear motor Movementofeyemuscles
V trigeminal Motor/sensory MusclesofmasIcaIon;conveyssensaIon
VI abduceus motor Movementofeyemuscles
VII facial Motor/sensory Movementoffacialmuscles;chewing;movementofneck
VIII auditory sensory Hearingandsenseofequilibrium
IX glossopharyngeal Motor/sensory Tasteandtouch;movementinthephranyx
X vagus Motor/sensory Sensory:vocalchords;lungs,motorpharnyx
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FROG’SSPINALNERVES
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FROG’SSPINALNERVESNUMBER FUNCTION
IFormsbranchialplexusthatcontrolsmotorreflexofupperbody
II
III
IVSupplythemusculatureandtheskinofabdomenV
VI
VIIUnitetoformthesciaIcplexuswhichresultsinthesciaIcnervetothehindleg
VIII
IX
X Suppliesthecloaca,urinarybladderandoviducts
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SPINALCORD
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STRUCTURALDIFFERENCE:WHITEANDGRAYMATTER
• ThewhitemaRergetsitsnamefromthewhiIshmyelinthatcoverstheaxons
• ThegraymaRerconsistofcellbodiesanddendritesandisconcernedmainlywithreflexconnecIonsatvariouslevelsofthespinalcord
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PLEXUS:NerveFibers
• BRACHIAL– anarrangementofnervefibersrunningfromthespinethroughtheneck,theaxilla(armpitregion),andintothearm
– allnervesofthearmstemfromthebrachialplexus– lesionsoftheplexuscanleadtoseverefuncIonalimpairment
• SCIATIC/SACRAL– anerveplexusthatliesagainsttheposteriorandlateralwallsofthepelvis,isformedbytheunionofthelumbo‐sacraltrunkandthefirst,second,andthirdsacralnerves,andconInuesintothethighasthesciaIcnerve
– PAINorsciaIc
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THECSFFUNCTIONS:ACUSHIONBETWEENPIAANDDURAMATER
• Buoyancy=allowsthebraintomaintainitsdensitywithoutbeingimpairedbyitsownweight,whichwouldcutoffbloodsupplyandkillneuronsinthelowersecIonswithoutCSF.
• ProtecIon=protectsthebrainIssuefrominjurywhenjoltedorhitcausinghemorrhaging,braindamage,andsomeImesdeath.
• ChemicalStability=rinsingthemetabolicwastefromthecentralnervoussystemallowsforhomeostaIcregulaIonofthedistribuIonofneuroendocrinefactors,towhichslightchangescancauseproblemsordamagetothenervoussystem
• PrevenIonofbrainischemia=bydecreasingtheamountofCSFinthelimitedspaceinsidetheskullfacilitatesbloodperfusion.
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Ok…readyfortheEXAM???