Possible Means of Facilitating the Development and Long-Term Sustainability of Processes for

the Preparation of National Communications

Experiences from Brazil

Haroldo Machado Filho, PhD.

Bonn, June 20th, 2011

Brazil

� Area: 8,514,876.6 km2.

� Divided in 5 political-administrative regions: North; Northeast;Mid-West; Southeast; South.

! Different biomes;

� 26 states and the Federal District; 5,507 municipalities.

�190 millions Inhabitants; 95% in urban area.

� Portuguese

Brazil - General Information

�Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the

Parties national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and

removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol,

using comparable methodologies�Article 4.1(a)

�Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the

Parties national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and

removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol,

using comparable methodologies�Article 4.1(a)

Commitment of all Parties to the Convention

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

� Steps taken or envisaged in the country� Measures related to climate change mitigation� Measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate

change

� Other information considered relevant to the achievement of the objective of the Convention:� Transfer of technologies� Research and systematic observation� Education, training and public awareness� National and regional capacity building� Information and networking

Second National CommunicationSecond National Communication

� Presidential Decree - 1,160 - June 21, 1994 establishes the technical focal point of climate change in Brazil: Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT)

� General Coordination � MCT/CGMC � August 1994

�Problem: Low Level of Awareness

�Implementing Entities � 1995/1996: Universities; Research Centers; Governmental Agencies; Industry Associations/ Non-governmental organizations; Consultants

�Criteria: efficiency; cost/benefit; decentralization; better capacity-building.

�150 entities and 700 experts involved

Initial National Inventory: Organization

� Contribution from:� 600 Institutions� 1,200 Experts

� Sectoral Coordinating Entities� General Coordination: CGMC/MCT� Quality Control and Quality Assurance

Procedures� Verification of adequacy of the methodology� Transparent background reports� Review by experts not involved in inventory

development� Public consultation through MCT's website

(Apr-Sep 2010)

The National Inventory: Organization

COCO22 CHCH44 NN22OO

COCO22 CHCH44

COCO22

CHCH44COCO22

COCO22 PFCsPFCs

HFCsHFCs SFSF66

Inventory Guidelines: Sectors

COCO22

COCO22

COCO22

CHCH44

CHCH44 NN22OO

CHCH4 4

NN22OOCHCH44

NN22OO

CHCH44 NN22OO

Inventory Guidelines: Sectors

NN22OO

CHCH44

CHCH44

Inventory Guidelines: Sectors

EnergyEnergy

AgricultureAgriculture

Land UseLand Use

WasteWaste

IndustrialIndustrialprocessesprocesses

E&E and MMEE&E and MME

EMBRAPAEMBRAPA

FUNCATE / INPEFUNCATE / INPE

CETESBCETESBABIQUIM, ABALABIQUIM, ABALSNIC, IABr, etc.SNIC, IABr, etc.ANEEL ANEEL (SF(SF66))

The National Inventory: Coordinating Institutions

Biomes and Satellite Imaging Coverage

Land Use429 images

� Interpretation for each year:- 429 satellite images

- 198 images for the Amazon - 118 images for the Cerrado

� Classes identified:- Forests (Primary, Planted, Secondary)- Grassland (pastures)- Agricultural areas- Wetlands (rivers, lakes and reservoirs)- Settlements- Other

Land Use Interpretation

Number of polygons identified

Total: 7,581,333 polygons

- Amazon: 4,309,538 polygons- 3,959,837 polygons under 25 ha

- Cerrado: 1,119,600 polygons- 776,801 polygons under 25 ha

- Other biomes: 2,152,695 polygons- 1,712,695 polygons under 25 ha

Land Use Interpretation

For every polygon:

� Carbon stock in biomass� Forest

� function of biome, vegetation profile and location

� Agriculture� function of culture (information provided by

IBGE) and management � Soil Carbon

� Gain or loss depending on transition

Land Use Interpretation

2nd Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol

Emissões e remoções antrópicas de gases de efeito estufa (Resumo)

SETOR1990 1994 2000 2005 Variação

1990/2005Part. 1990

Part. 2005

(Gg CO2eq) (%)

USO DA TERRA E FLORESTAS 812.672 882.681 1.328.335 1.329.053 61 58,5 60,6

AGROPECUÁRIA 303.772 329.386 347.878 415.754 73 21,9 19,0

ENERGIA 191.543 217.083 301.096 328.808 58 13,8 15,0

PROCESSOS INDUSTRIAIS 52.536 58.506 71.673 77.939 67 3,8 3,6

TRATAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS 28.600 32.146 38.739 41.048 70 2,1 1,9

TOTAL 1.389.123 1.519.802 2.087.722 2.192.601 63 100 100

2nd Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol

2º Inventário Brasileiro de Emissões e Remoções Antrópicas de Gases de Efeito Estufa � Dados Preliminares (Nov 2009)

Profile of Brazilian Emissions

Net emissions in CO2e with different metricsShare by sector

CO2e Emissions in 2005GTP

17%

4%

10%

68%

1%

Energy

Industria l  Processes

Agricul ture

Land Use  Change  andForestsWaste

CO2e Emissions in 2005GWP

15%

4%

19%

60%

2%

Energy

Industria l  Processes

Agricul ture

Land Use  Change  andForestsWaste

Programs and Actions related to Sustainable Development:

� Ethanol of Sugar-Cane in Brazil � Brazilian Program on Biofuels - Pro-biodiesel� Programs of Energy Conservation� Contribution of Hydroelectric Generation to the Reduction of GHG� Situaton and Perspective on New Renewable Sources of Energy in Brazil� Nacional Program on the Universal Electric Energy Access and Use � �Luz for All� Program� Program on Hydrogen Transportation� Recycling� Industry using Charcoal from Planted Forests

Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (1)

Evolution of the Production of Ethanol (million of liters) � 1970 to 2006

Avoided CO2 emission in the generation of hydroelectric power

Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (2)

Programs and Actions that contain measures thatcontribute towards the mitigation of climate change and its adverse effects:

�Perspectives of Natural Gas in Brazil and its Role in Emissionsof GHGs

� Programs to Reduce Emissions from Urban TransportationSector

� The Role of Nuclear Energy in Brazil

PETRÓLEO e DERIVADOS

37,9%

GÁS NATURAL 8,8%

CARVÃO MINERAL

4,8%

URÂNIO1,4%

HIDRÁULICA E ELETRICIDADE

15,2%

BIOMASSA32,0%

Biomassa: Lenha: %

Produtos da cana: %Outras: %

milhões tep ( 2% da energia mundial ) RENOVÁVEIS:Brasil: %OECD: %

Mundo: %

18,03,8

10,1

243,747,27,212,7

Avoided Emissions

� Avoided Emissions of CO2 from the use of ethanol in the transportation sector � average annual contribution of around 13 million tons of CO2since 1990;

� Nuclear Energy � would have avoided the emission of 127 million tons of CO2 (assuming the hypothesis of using coal in the absence of this option), which corresponds to 37% of total emissions in 2009, by the use of energy.

Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (3)

Integration of Climate Change Issues to Mid- and Long-Term Planning:

�The Brazilian Environmental Legislation;

� Brazilian Agenda 21;

� National Plan on Climate Change;

� National Policy on Climate Change;

� Program on Meteorology and Climate Change under the Pluriannual Plan (2008-2011) of the Federal Government

Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (3)

Integration of Climate Change Issues to Mid- and Long-Term Planning:

� National Program on Air Quality � PRONAR� Program on Polution Control by Vehicles � PROCONVE� National Plan on Logistics and Transportation � PNLT� Measures to Combat Deforestation in the Amazon Region� Amazon Monitoring Program by Remote Sensing� National System of Protected Areas � SNUC� Prevention of Fires and Burning� Cities for Climate Protection� Financial and Fiscal Measures

Lowest ratesince inceptionof PRODES

Key Lessons Learnt� Involvement and commitment of key stakeholders is crucial;

� Disclosure of information is important in all the phases;

� Identification of coordinators in key technical areas in order to decentralize work;

� Process must be transparent and inclusive (process of peer and open review has been extremely helpful);

� There are different methodologies. You need to choose one, justify your choice and provide all the information to support this choice (emission factors).

Legislation related to the NC� Law 12,187 - Dec. 29, 2009 - Brazilian Policy on

Climate Change: the National Communication, according to the criteria established by the UNFCCC, is an instrument of the National Policy on Climate Change

� Decree 7,390 - Dec. 9, 2010 - regulation of the National Plan on CC � National and sectoral plans must be developed based on the Second National Communication, especially on the inventory of GHG, or on its most recent edition.

Brazilian website on Climate Change

Brazilian website on climate change

� The climate change web site is maintained by the Brazilian Government, by means of the Ministry of Science and Technology, and managed by the General Coordination Office on Global Climate Change -CGMGC, since 1995.

� Inspired the UNFCCC website.

� Increasing connectivity in Brazil - more than 90 million people connected.

� One of the most accessed websites in the Brazilian government

Review of the FNC� Inventory � Quality assurance and control directly

managed by the MCT � direct work with the authors

� Steps Taken and Envisaged to Implement the Convention � Review similar to the IPCC reports �review by authors and invited specialists (140 reviewers)

� Available on the Brazilian site on climate change� Permanently open to comments and inputs by the website

public

� 150 entities and 700 specialists involved.

Organization � Second National Communication

� Increasing level of awareness

� Implementing entities: universities, research centres, governamental entities, industrial associations, non-governmental organizations, consultants.

� Challenge: involve more entities and specialists.� Increasing willingness of participation.

� Need of a broader process of participation.

As planilhas devem ser enviadas para inventariogee@mct.gov.br

www.mct.gov.br/clima

Other languages

Sources of the resources for the elaboration of the SNC

Currency exchange rate

Problems related to sustainability� Even if you have institutions and legislation in place,

experience gained, people trained and able to conduct thework, are these elements sufficient to ensure sustainabilityof the process for the preparation of NC? NO!!!

� Problem is systemic !

� Technical work is influenced by political disruptions

� Fragility of institutions

� Difficulty in getting data (problem not solved only withfinancial resources)

Problems related to sustainability! Relationship among institutions (federal, state and municipal

level)

� Difficulty to maintain staff and get additional funds (priority: eradication of poverty and related actions)

� National legislation has not been translated into additionalbudget

� GEF - project based initiative

� Gaps between projects are very difficult to avoid

� Financial problems: e.g. currency exchange rates

Thank you!

Muito obrigado!

haroldoclima@gmail.com