Posit psycchap3.14(1)
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FUNCTIONING WELLFUNCTIONING WELLPrevious lecture focussed on feeling good (hedonic) component of SWB. This lecture will focus on functioning well (eudaimonic) component of SWB
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Hedonic vs Eudaimonic Hedonic vs Eudaimonic WBWB
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1. Happiness (hedonic vs 1. Happiness (hedonic vs eudaimonic perspectives)eudaimonic perspectives)Hedonic perspective on happiness has positive
emotions & life satisfaction (SWB) at centre of its definition of “the good life”
However question can be asked if all pleasures are necessarily good for you & a stepping stone toward greater well-being?
Kupperman (2006) provides 6 myths regarding the “good life” to be learned from history…
So a life spent in pursuit of happiness is not necessarily good for you
True happiness may only be achieved as a by-product of focusing on things other than our own happiness?
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Eudaimonic happinessEudaimonic happiness
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2. Early roots of eudaimonic 2. Early roots of eudaimonic perspectiveperspectiveDebate over what constitutes “living
well” started BC:- Epicureus- Aristotle
More contemporary psychologists Rogers & Maslow seem to feel that “living well” would constitute development into a fully functioning, self-actualizing individual by living in line with your true self & by developing, using & expressing your talents & strengths while contributing to the greater good
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2.1 Definition for eudaimonic 2.1 Definition for eudaimonic well-beingwell-beingSo far it is clear that hedonic activities will make
you feel good in the moment, while a life in pursuit of eudaimonic happiness will make you feel right & will make you function well for longer period of time
Thus the eudaimonic perspective has a moral/ethical component distinguishing it from hedonic happiness
McMahan & Estes (2011) – eudaimonic happiness = the sense of authenticity, meaning, self-actualization & well-being that a person derives from living a life in line with his true self. This life is meaningful in its expression of his unique personal set of values & offers opportunity for self realization in optimal development of his skills, talents & strengths
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3. Constructs & processes 3. Constructs & processes associated with a “life well lived”associated with a “life well lived”The following collection of
constructs & processes are related to eudaimonic well-being:
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3.1 Authenticity: living in line 3.1 Authenticity: living in line with your core values with your core values In order to live an authentic life you have to
know your core values & become what you are
You have intrinsic values (eg interpersonal connections & personal growth) & extrinsic values (eg financial success & physical beauty) – orientation towards intrinsic values leads to higher levels of self-reported well-being, better adjustment & performance in tasks (thus more eudaimonic happiness (EH))
Get to know your identity & find appropriate ways to express this identity from adolescence onwards - EH
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3.1 Authenticity: living in line 3.1 Authenticity: living in line with your core valueswith your core valuesYour culture & context can also have an
impact on your values which leads to EHPeople with EH in both individualist &
collectivist cultures pursue goals to make themselves happy rather than others
Difference here – pursuit of interdependent goals (focused on pleasing self, parents & friends) EH for people in collectivist cultures & pursuit of independent goals (focused on own enjoyment) EH for people in individualist cultures
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3.2 Personal growth & self 3.2 Personal growth & self realization realization Eudaimonia also entails the growth
towards excellenceMaslow already indicated with his
hierarchy of needs that there is an underlying potential inherent to all human beings & that unleashing this potential (actualization) could have a positive impact on well-being
Rogers also indicated that all humans have a need to expand themselves through development of their potentials which leads to EH
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Maslow’s hierarchy of Maslow’s hierarchy of needsneeds
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3.2 Personal growth & self 3.2 Personal growth & self realizationrealizationWhat are the routes toward self-
actualization?- Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build theory- Being confronted with novel & difficult situations
Beware of the Jonah complex in realizing your potential (your fear of success because of other peoples’ reactions…)
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Fredrickson’s broaden-and-Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build theorybuild theory
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3.3 Vitality & zest for life3.3 Vitality & zest for lifeSome activities make you feel
enthusiastic & invigorated (vitality)Vitality = the positive feeling of having
energy available to the selfResearch has associated vitality with
reports of feeling enthusiastic, alive, vigorous & energised, higher levels of performance, persistence in difficult tasks & growth & self-actualization (thus vitality leads to EH)
Note: vitality is a limited resource
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3.4 Time perspective3.4 Time perspectiveAs human beings we have the ability to be
conscious of time & its progressionThis impacts on how we think, feel & behaveTime perspective = a person’s cognitive way
of relating to the psychological concepts of past, present & future
Your time perspective can influence whether you experience time poverty or time affluence (time affluence leads to EH)
People with future time perspective (orientation) tend to formulate long term goals – they experience EH
Also signs that people with balanced time perspective experience EH
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Animals live only in here-Animals live only in here-and-nowand-now
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3.5 Goal-directed 3.5 Goal-directed behaviourbehaviourHaving specific goals seem NB in
experiencing EHGoals = desired future states that
people seek to obtain, maintain or avoidGoals serve as concrete points of
reference for directing one’s behaviour in fulfilment of needs – creating meaning & purpose
2 Goal categories can be identified:- Approach goals- Avoidance goals
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3.6 Flow3.6 FlowWhen doing something you enjoy you feel
you’re acting with focused & intense involvement (flow)
Flow = experience of effortless action because what you feel, want & think are synchronised with result that you are completely absorbed in what you do
Flow may be experienced as enjoyment/focus/absorption during various activities such as reading, listening to music, creative activities, sport, work…leading to EH
Experience of time = often distorted during flow
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3.7 Self-regulation3.7 Self-regulationSelf regulation = systematic process of
behaviour that involves setting of personal goals & steering behaviour toward achievement of established goals
Executive functioning = required for self-regulation
Self-regulation requires 3 types of action- Self monitoring- Self-control- Adjusting
Self-regulation = NB eudaimonic strength as it helps you to function autonomously & to adapt
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3.8 Mindfulness3.8 MindfulnessMindfulness = receptive attention to &
awareness of present events & experienceThe more mindful you are, the more healthy,
adaptive & valuable your behaviour Ingredients of mindfulness:
- Clarity of awareness- Non-conceptual, non discriminatory awareness- Flexibility of awareness & attention- Empirical stance toward reality
More mindful people experience EH
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3.9 Living a life of meaning & 3.9 Living a life of meaning & purpose purpose Meaningfulness = Frankl – He who has a why
to live for can bear with almost any howMeaning in life = extent to which people
comprehend, make sense of or see significance in their lives + degree to which they see themselves to have a purpose, mission or aim in life
4 Ingredients for meaningful life:- Sense of purpose- Feelings of efficacy- Actions that have positive value- Sense of positive self-worth
Presence of sense of meaning in your life has many benefits…
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3.9 Living a life of meaning & 3.9 Living a life of meaning & purposepurposeMeaning and different life stages –
more meaning experienced in later stages; more search for meaning in earlier stages
It seems to get happiness in life, you should forget about it & pursue meaningful activities & relationships - this will lead to experience of happiness as a by-product
So sense of meaning leads to eudaimonic well-being
Sources of meaning?
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Amount of happiness Amount of happiness experienced due to experienced due to meaning?meaning?
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3.10 Constructive coping3.10 Constructive copingCoping = constantly changing
cognitive & behavioural efforts to manage specific external &/internal demands taxing/exceeding resources of a person
Examples of coping strategies: planning, distancing, self-controlling, seeking social support etc
Different coping strategies: problem focused; emotion focused & avoidance strategies
Most NB ito effective coping = was coping strategy applied flexibly
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3.11 Posttraumatic growth 3.11 Posttraumatic growth Trauma can’t always be avoided –
anyone can become victim of crime, natural disaster, accident etc
Negative reaction to trauma = PTSDMeaningful growth & development =
also possible because of trauma (posttraumatic growth)
Posttraumatic growth = positive changes in persons that occur as a result of attempts to cope in the aftermath of traumatic life events
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3.11 Posttraumatic growth3.11 Posttraumatic growthFor posttraumatic growth to occur:
- the loss must be disruptive to your sense of identity/purpose/understanding of the world- you must make sense of the loss & experience yourself as changed & improved- you must attribute the change to working through the experience
Consequences of posttraumatic growth:- the loss has produced something of value- best & worst in others have been discovered- greater compassion for others who experience something similar
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4. Positive functioning at 4. Positive functioning at its bestits bestHave a look at the following on
your own:- Nurturing of extraordinary human talent- Building of human strength- How can we prepare for extraordinariness?