POS: PrOceSS OPtimizatiOn SyStem fOr Sewage treatment … advanced system technology ast 1 POS:...

A D VA N C E D S Y S T E M T E C H N O L O G Y A S T

1

HYDRODYN: DYNAMIC CALCULATION OF WATER AND GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

Background

Any system for the provision to customers

of piped gas or drinking water must be

effective in ensuring total continuity of

supply, both as to quality and quantity. For

any regulation program, computational

modelling of the supply system will involve

mathematical descriptions and considera-

tion of the various operational constraints

and technical limits. In tackling the task, it

is a valuable strategy first to optimise

all the operational processes, referring

to system data already recorded and using

computer-assisted simulation tools. From

1995 to 2007, it was an ongoing project

of the Fraunhofer AST in Ilmenau to work

with numerous suppliers of drinking water

and design a decision support system

which would be suitable for use in optimal

management of piped drinking water or

natural gas.

Results

Models and their simulated results are

compared in practice with data captured

online, so that they can be validated. When

supply systems are attempting to fulfil

very varied demands, this simulation is of

especial significance. Such systems defy

even the experts attempting to find an

approximately optimal strategy on the basis

of experience and/or mental modelling.

Any attempt to regulate different parts

of the system separately as a means of

optimising the whole is doomed to failure.

The models available in HydroDyn can be

used in conjunction with simulation and

optimisation methodology will find the

best ways of managing daily operation,

planning and improvement for the supply

network. They also help with less ordinary

situations or bursts and with the calculation

of scenarios for imagined operational

conditions.

1 Model based optimal manage-

ment of water and gas distribution

networks with HydroDyn

Advanced System Technology AST

Am Vogelherd 50

98693 Ilmenau, Germany

Water Supply and Waste Water

Treatment:

Dr Buren Scharaw

Phone +49 3677 461-121

Fax +49 3677 461-100

[email protected]

www.iosb-ast.fraunhofer.de

Result

It is only possible to operate water utility

networks (which are so varied in nature)

reliably and efficiently if the operator has

a vast amount of experience. The aim of

the project has therefore been to present

operators and managers with a decision

support system to speed up professionally

valid choices. The Fraunhofer AST now

provides powerful simulation tools capable

of calculating grid conditions on a dynamic,

timed basis, reflecting not only the

hydraulic conditions and the water quality

but also how complex pipe-work systems

and their associated machinery can be used

most economically. In actual use, there are

five steps to follow:

1. Recording and analysis of the relevant

data

2. Schematic representation and modelling

of the supply network

3. Initial simulation

4. Calibration of the model

5. Simulation, regulation, commercial

management, scenario proposals, unified

planning, proposed reconstruction work

The results of this procedure are analysed

and used by the customer directly in the

relevant water supply situation. This opens

for the operator of supply networks new

possibilities of simulation and monitoring

and thus of optimal management of

all stages. Once this optimal strategy

and technology has been incorporated,

companies will be able to focus on better

sustainability and economy in the use of

both gas and water as resources.

Customers

HydroDyn is already being used internatio-

nally, in, for example Mongolia,

Libya and Saudi Arabia, as well as in such

German towns as Hof and Marburg.

The actual users of the system are those

providing utilities, both water

and gas and both public, private and

communal enterprises.

Future prospects

When the system has been connected

to the overall supply system, online data

collection and management of various

relevant process measurements will provide

a basis for continued realtime monitoring

and regulation of daily operation. It will

be necessary to design the interface (with

OPC, for instance) by which this connection

to the overall supply is made. There are

optimisation algorithms and methods by

which HydroDyn can be extended to permit

optimal management of operations and

reduce operational costs.

2 HydroDyn supports an auto-

mated leak detection system in a

big water distribution pipework in

Libya

2

MOSIOP_UV_LED_engl.pdf


1

MOSIOP - MODELBASED SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF UV-LED BASED DISINFECTION-MODULE

Motivation

Water has an enormous significance for the

human existence. More than 660 million

people worldwide do not yet have access

to clean drinking-water what can in turn

increase the spread of diseases and epide-

mics. The disinfection of drinking-water

and the provision of clean drinking-water

for all humans is, therefore, a main compo-

nent of the UN-millennium goals.

Due to financial reasons, traditional lamps

are currently preferred to UVC-LEDs as

an economic usage of these is not yet

realizable.

Furthermore, there are several open ques-

tions regarding drinking-water disinfection

with LEDs which shall be clarified with the

help of this sub-project.

But thanks to their specific characteristics,

LEDs also enable several possibilities which

can solve essential disadvantages of the

current technology. An LED does not need

a warm-up phase what means that its

power can be used instantly. Therefore, an

intermittent operation is possible. Due to

the arrangement of LEDs and the freedom

of combination of different emission

wavelengths which can be adapted to

different mechanisms of action, various

possibilities emerge specifically during the

reactor design.

Thanks to the increasing efficiency of LEDs,

smaller reactors for disinfection will become

viable in the medium and long term.

Moreover, the low need of supply voltage

enables the operation with mobile energy

sources what increases the dimensions of

utilization.


Am Vogelherd 50



Treatment

Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Westerhoff

Phone +49 3677 461-107

[email protected]

Dr.-Ing. Buren Scharaw

Phone +49 3677 461-121

[email protected]


1 Indoor simulation of the water flow, without dividing walls

1

2 Arrangement of LEDs on a module

Realization

In a first instance, the Advanced System

Technology (AST) Branch of Fraunhofer

IOSB investigates the technical aspects for

the exchange of mercury vapor discharge

lamps with LEDs and the corresponding

regularities. Furthermore, different LED

arrangements are tested. Considering the

given light emission pattern, the optimal

arrangement of LEDs shall be identified.

In the following course, a cooling concept

will be developed simulatively as well as

experimentally which shall decrease the

ageing of LEDs as far as possible.

A further important factor represents the

development of a pressure and UV-resistant

transparent case and a water-proofed

module plug connection.

The elaboration of a functional model of

the module and the module board form

the completion of the research.

Target

Initially, the main target is the development

of a cascadable UVC-LED disinfection

module.

Because of the drinking-water problem, a

simple and secure handling, which allows a

nationwide usage in the affected countries,

is targeted.

Basic research will be conducted which

will close knowledge gaps which currently

exist in the field of the efficient usage of

UV-LEDs for water disinfection. The gained

knowledge will directly contribute to the

development of the module and shall

enable a usage of the UV-LED module at

the POU (point of use) as well as in large-

scale plants.

Partner

Advanced System Technology (AST) Branch of Fraunhofer IOSB

PURION GmbH Xylem Water Services GmbH DVGW - Technologiezentrum Wasser

MoMo-Phase-II.pdf


1

MOMO STAGE II: SBR PILOT SEWAGE PLANT & WATER MONITORING

Task

Mongolia is a land of extremes:

Variations in temperature from +40 degree

to -40 degree Celsius spread over a year,

large forests with comprehensive rainfalls in

the north and hostile conditions in the Gobi

Desert all these factors are a challenge to

a sustainable water resource management

in the region.

Therefor Mongolia was chosen for

MoMo, as model region for adaptation,

solution and transformation of an integra-

ted water resource management (IWRM) in

Central Asia aligned to sustainable usage.

The research project MoMo is divided in

several stages: The focus of the first stage

was the development of a base adapted

from scientific analyses and identification

of the existing problems. The main focus in

the second stage is a prototypic transfor-

mation of recommendations, found out in

stage one.

1 Installation of sensors for

dynamic network calculation with

HydroDyn


Am Vogelherd 50

98693 Ilmenau


Treatment:


Phone +49 3677 461-121

[email protected]

Dipl.-Ing. Steffen Dietze

Phone +49 3677 461-127

[email protected]


gefrdert durch

Monitoring

Installation of data loggers to cover groundwater resources

Construction of a groundwater monito-ring network with database connection

Analysis of groundwater quality and drinking water quality in Darkhan, Ger settlements and the regional environ-ment

Drinking water distribution network

Modeling and simulation of drinking water distribution in Darkhan

Installation of sensors in the drinking water network

Improved model calibration with embed-ded measurement technique

Location of leakage Analysis and identification of weakness

in the drinking water distribution

network

Elimination of weak points and leakages in cooperation with USAG Darkhan

Rehabilitation of the drinking water distribution network

Optimized management of daily opera-tion process

Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)

SBR for waste water Piloting implementation of SBR system Cooperation with p2m and USAG

Darkhan

Innovative, decentralized technic for waste water treatment

Modeling and simulation of waste water treatment processes

Ideal controlling of the system concerning different clearing goals and due consideration of external boundary conditions e.g. low temperatures and continental climate

Implementation, transformation and programming of a fully automated SPS-controlling for the SBR reactor

Sewage plant in Darkhan

Ideal operation of the sewage plant in Darkhan

Implementation of innovative optimizati-on algorithms

Analysis of waste water quality

Cooperation partner

Bauhaus University Weimar Bergmann Abwassertechnik AG CESR - Center for Environmental

Systems Research

geoflux GbR Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Umweltfor-

schung GmbH - UFZ

Leibniz-Institut fr Gewsserkologie und Binnenfischerei

p2m berlin GmbH Passavant-Roediger GmbH Seeconsult GmbH Terrestris GmbH & Co. KG University Heidelberg Vista Geowissenschaftliche

Fernerkundung GmbH

Ministery for Education and Research Ministery for Environment and Green

Development

Ministry of Finance National Water Committee Province Darkhan-uul Aimag, Tuv Aimag,

Orkhon, Selenge

City of Ulaanbaatar, City of Darkhan, City of Sukhbaatar, City of Erdenet

Orkhon Sum Drinking water supply and sewerage

company of city Darkhan USAG

Academy of science Mongolian University for Science and

Technology Ulaanbaatar und Darkhan

National University Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology

2

MoMo-Phase-III.pdf

A D V A N C E D S Y S T E M T E C H N O L O G Y A S T

1

MOMO PHASE III: PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF IWRM-CONCEPTS IN DARKHAN

Task

With approximately 90.000 inhabitants,

Darkhan is the third largest city in

Mongolia, including the catchment area

Darkhan-Uul aimag, it is the second largest

industrial region in the desert state. The city

was built in the early 1960s as an industrial

location starting from scratch in a socialist

country. Since 2006, Fraunhofer-IOSB AST

is working for a save supply of drinking

water and an improved wastewater treat-

ment as part of the BMBF funding program

Integrated Water Resources Management

IWRM in the Model Region Mongolia in

and around Darkhan. Several problems

arise especially by the obsolete technical

infrastructure and intensive industrial and

mining activities in the catchment area

Kharaa.

However, Fraunhofer scientists could verify

water looses about more than fifty percent

of the water supply network in Darkhan in

phase I and II of the research project.

Another hurdle are the settlement structu-

res: Approximately half of all residents of

Darkhan are living in peri-urban settlements

without a connecting to a central water

and sewerage system. Thus, the focus

in phase III of the MoMo project is on

implementing the determined and tested

scientific and technical solutions in the

previous phases on a full industrial scale.

In addition, the scientific approaches are

transmitted to similar regions, widening the

access to the central asia markets in the

field of environmental and water sector.

1 Deep wells for groundwater

monitoring systems

Advanced System Technology

Am Vogelherd 50



Treatment


Phone +49 3677 461-121

[email protected]


2 Construction of a decentralized

wastewater treatment plant in a

rural area

2

Ground water

Design and implementation of a long-term groundwater monitoring with local partners

Gradual transfer of the groundwater monitoring network in the ownership of the Mongolian partners

Waste water

Further expansion of WSB technology tested in MoMo phase II and transfer to ten to fifteen family houses in Darkhan

Condition assessment and stress test of the sewage system by means of technical simulation tools

Consulting services for the rehabilitation of the central wastewater treatment

plant of the city of Darkhan

Drinking water

Rehabilitation of two water line sections 2012 and 2014 have reduced water losses by fifteen percent

Restoration in Mangirt district with the highest priority, because pf water losses at more than 70 percent

Power generation by the turbine via a DN 600 downpipe

Online measuring of water meters

Project-related actions

Approvals and standardizations of procedures tested in MoMo phase II

Pre-Feasibility-Study to improve the drinking water situation in Darkhan

Operator models for professional and technical implementation of WSB plants

Exchange programs (DAAD) and capa-city development with the KBA (Kharaa

River Basin Management)

Technical training, training of professi-onals

Partner in Germany

Bergmann Abwassertechnik AG German Development Institute (DIE) Helmholtz centre for environmental

research - UFZ

Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries

p2m berlin GmbH Terrestris GmbH & Co. KG

Partner in Mongolia

Ministry for Construction and Urban Development

Ministry for Environment and Green Development

Ministry for Education, Culture and Sport

Mongolian University of Science and Technology (MUST)

National Water Authority of Mongolia Darkhan-uul Aimag Darkhan Sum and Orkhon Sum Communal water supply of Darkhan city

(USAG)

Fa Gereege Construction Fa Ultrasonic LLC

3

3 Construction of a sewage

feeder line in a rural area

MoMo.pdf

a d va n c e d s y s t e m t e c h n o l o g y a s t

1

momo: Integrated management of waterresources In central asIa

Background

Mongolia is a land of extremes. Over the

year, temperatures range from +40 to

40 degrees centigrade; in the north there

are extensive forests with heavy precipitati-

on and in the area of the Gobi desert

life itself is threatened. These facts taken

together are a huge challenge to the water

management of the region on a sustainable

basis.

Mongolia has been taken as a

model region for the production and ap-

plication of a system to achieve integrated

water resources management (IWRM) in

Central Asia generally with a sustainable

level of use. The approach being taken is

that of cross-discipline management to

enable full coordination of the demands of

use and of protection, the actual tasks

and the final application of the

system.

The project has been planned to

run over first 3 and then a further

3 years, with a division into several

phases and stages of work.

1 Decentralized communities like

yurts are a great challenge to a

sustainable water supply

advanced system technology ast

Am Vogelherd 50


Water supply and Waste Water

treatment:

Dr Buren Scharaw

Phone +49 3677 461-121

Fax +49 3677 461-100

[email protected]


founded by:

objectives

Identification of weaknesses and bottle-necks in the supply network

Formulation of a renovation plan for the pipe work and general infrastructure

Planning and optimisation of the equipment dimensions

Optimised management of water supply and waste water in the rural and the urban districts

Reduction of overuse of water resources and reduction of uncoordinated claims on bodies of water

Effective use of water, progressive pricing of water

Ecological protection, provision for town development and possible population explosion

Planning of research and development, Education and public relations Knowledge transfer from the reference

region, Mongolia in Central Asia.

methodology

The weaknesses and bottlenecks in the

water supply and waste water networks are

found using the simulation programs deve-

loped at the Fraunhofer AST, then optimal

planning suggestions for the layout and

financial management are made, so that

the huge renovation and operating costs

which are to be expected can be mini-

mised. Cost comparison calculations permit

the alternative renovation schemes to be

investigated and decision support systems

to be suggested with a view to deciding on

systematic repair or replacement and

establishing the investment necessary

with the optimal use of capital. For the

calculations, the present state of the

equipment is taken into account with the

likely renovation costs and these are related

to the available income in the form of

charges, the useful life of any plant and the

needs of the consumer groups. Sensitivity

analysis is used to show the water utility

operators and politicians how any approach

selected will affect the costs (calculated

from income and outgoings)

and the benefits (calculated from value

used).

Partner

Ing.-Bro Dr. Pecher und Partner Leibniz Institut fr Gewsserkologie

und Binnenfischerei Berlin

University of Kassel Technische Universitt Ilmenau University of Heidelberg Centre for Environmental Research UFZ

2 The lack of a comprehensive

water supply system requires solu-

tions like so called water kiosks

2

POS.pdf


1

POS: PrOceSS OPtimizatiOn SyStem fOr Sewage treatment wOrkS

Background

Modern wastewater treatment plants are

very complex. Many different control vari-

ables and conflicting goals make optimal

operation extremely difficult. Because

of this, the Process Optimization System

assists the operator running his plant.

The Process Optimization System is run-

ning on top of the SCADA system and

supports the operator with modern me-

thods of model predictive control by finding

the long term optimal operation. Being an

advisory system it is not directly controlling

the plant but provides the operator with

suggestions for an optimal operation.

tasks performed

There are many different types of

wastewater treatment plants regarding the

processes as well as regarding the online

measurements. Thats why the Process Op-

timization System is no monolithic program

but rather consists of different modules.

These modules have to be adopted to the

distinct plant and to the requirements of

the operator. While doing this adaptation,

an integrated view at the whole plant is

important. This starts at the sewer system,

goes to the biological stage and further

on to the sludge treatment and energy

production.

Besides of process optimization the system

is also usable for visualisation of historical

and actual data, for cost analysis and

also for dynamic simulation of possible

operation scenarios.

1 Besides the process optimizati-

on POS also offers extensive possi-

bilities for data visualization


Am Vogelherd 50



treatment:

Dr Buren Scharaw

Phone +49 3677 461-121

Fax +49 3677 461-100

[email protected]


Requirements

The Process Optimization System is running

on a data basis which itself imported its

data from the SCADA system. For the

communication with the SCADA system

interfaces like SQL, ACPLT/KS and OPC

are supported. The possibility to run in

heterogenic net-works is an important

benefit of the system. The visualization

may run on a different computer than the

PosServer and data may also be visualized

via web browser.

The Process Optimization System requires

a modern computer and supports all major

computer platforms. For visualisation via

internet any actual web browser is suitable.

A connection to the SCADA system is

required for accessing actual measurements

and plant parameters. There are high

requirements on the accuracy of the online

measurements.

Results

Based on a model fitted to the plant, the

Process Optimization System provides the

possibility to simulate the plant partly or

complete. This simulation may run online

or offline. An offline simulation runs on his-

torical or manual created data. It is useful

for the training of operators as well as for

testing of new operational settings.

For an online simulation the model is

simulated in parallel to the real plant

using the same input data. As a result it is

possible to get actual information on parts

of the plant with no online measurements

available. The simulation system is acting as

a software sensor.

The optimization is using model predictive

methods. This means a cost optimal ope-

ration of the plant is calculated once ore

several times a day. As a result the operator

gets proposals for optimal settings. Be-

cause of an integrated view at the plant

an optimal cooperation of the different

parts of the wastewater treatment plant is

achieved.

Projekt-Saudi-Arabien-ABB.pdf


1

SHOAIBA pHASe III: drInkIng wAter Supply In SAudI ArABIA

Water in the desert state

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a fast

growing population which has an average

age of about 21 years (for comparison,

Germany: 41 years), almost two thirds

of the population is under the age of

25 years. Water plays a crucial role in

the quality of life of the inhabitants, but

it is also an important requirement for

economic prosperity, for example in a

growing industry and in the agricultural

sector. Together, both variables will cause a

further increase in water demand in Saudi

Arabia, which cant be covered completely

through the ground water resources as

well as the inexistent river systems or

lakes. Therefore, the Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia assumes considerable efforts to sea

water desalination plants installed at the

coast and carrying water by huge pipeline

systems to the major consumption centers

in the up-country.

One example is the Shoaiba III Water

Transmission Project. It involves five pum-

ping stations, three water reservoirs and

a 213 miles long pipeline network which

carries water from the desalination plants

driven by crude oil to the cities of Jeddah,

Taif and Mecca with altogether about five

million inhabitants. By order of the ABB

AG, the Fraunhofer Application Center

System Technology AST develops a state-of-

the-art leak location and simulation system

which ensures a highly available water

network along with a modern SCADA

system. All elements (e.g. pump resource

scheduling, filling the reservoirs, capacity

utilization of desalination plants) are opti-

mally coordinated by using the water pipe-

line forecasts of the management solution

HydroDyn. Thereby, non-revenue-water

and operating costs can be minimized.

1 Power plant driven by crude

oil and used for the desalination

plants in Jeddah. Source: ALSTOM


Am Vogelherd 50



treatment:

Dr Buren Scharaw

Phone +49 3677 461-121

Fax +49 3677 461-100

[email protected]


technology

The pipeline system carries the water via

30 pumps from the coast up to 1700 m

altitude. As a result, a pressure up to 80 bar

occurs, which would correspond to a depth

of 800 meters. The Fraunhofer AST provi-

des a process oriented simulation for the

completely water system of pipes, pumps,

valves and tanks. Thereby, the simulation

software HydroDyn is directly linked with

ABB SCADA system, which allows an online

comparison of simulated and measured

values. In order that, possible errors within

the pipeline system can be detected and

the operation control can be optimized. In

addition, the system enables a simulation

based leak detection and leak location,

which avoids the expensive manual obser-

vation of the water pipelines and tunnels.

Project partner

ABB is a global leader in power and

automation technologies that enable utility

and industry customers to improve their

performance while lowering environmental

impact. The ABB Group employs appro-

ximately 117,000 employees, including

11,000 in Germany.

Prospect

The water management solution

HydroDyn and its close connection to the

ABB SCADA system supports the operator

to optimize the operation of the pipeline

system, helps to detect incorrect conditions

and allows the test of certain pre-operating

scenarios with a PC. Furthermore, the

operating personnel can be trained. Due

to the rising international value of water

and energy as crucial resources, technical

solutions like HydroDyn, which minimize

the loss of water and optimize the energy

consumption, will become a standard

equipment in the water supply in the near

future. Several similar public work efforts in

Saudi Arabia are planned.

1 Pipeline system

2 Pipeline construction in Saudi

Arabia. Source: Press release iLF

Consulting Engineers

2

Geographical data by OpenStreetMap - Published by CC-BY-SA 2.0

1

TOS.pdf


1

TOS: OPTIMAL MANAGEMENTFOR RESERVOIR SYSTEMS

Background

Reservoirs are ecological systems which

are highly sensitive to environmental

change. There are two types of factor,

the quantity and nature of materials and

energy entering the water on the one

hand, and, on the other, the processes

to which the materials and energy are

subject within the water.

Risks affecting drinking water as a resource

increase with the degree of human use of

the catchment area and with the degree of

use of the water itself. At the same time,

the meteorological and hydrological

features have their own strong influence

both on the external conditions and on

the internal processes within the reservoir.

Over recent years, the significance

of these factors has by no means decrea-

sed. Global warming is by now an

accepted fact and has as its consequence

more extreme weather. Recent floods

have exceeded all records, as in Asia and

North America, as have droughts, as

experienced by Africa and Australia.

The unusual weather patterns of the recent

period have also affected Central

Europe, turning the regular provision of

high quality drinking water by reservoirs

into a task requiring much more effort

than previously.

1 TOS is used for the design of

management strategies and the

control of flood situations in

reservoir systems.


Am Vogelherd 50



Treatment:

Dr Buren Scharaw

Phone +49 3677 461-121

Fax +49 3677 461-100

[email protected]


System solution

A multi-barrier system was in place which

comprises

1. reservoir and water course protection,

2. management of a major body of water

and

3. a water treatment system.

The proposed system solution offers

storage regulation strategies (developed

from models and optimised), enabling

commercial water management on a daily

basis and enables overfill situations to

be analysed. It can be incorporated into

customised software for an operator, who

will then have a direct interface by which to

apply the system to the particular network.

The optimisation takes into account all

directives and regulations for the quality

of drinking water (in Germany this is the

Trinkwasserverordnung). It also takes

into account rules for the management

of individual underground watercourses,

reservoirs and the relevant quantities to be

supplied under local regulations. The

following must be available for the

optimisation system to work:

Continuous data on environmental conditions, however rapidly they change

Rapid computation of the data and speedy decision-making

Instant, on-the-spot enactment of regulatory decisions

Result

When complex reservoir systems are

attempting to fulfil the varied demands

upon them, this computerised optimisation

is of especial significance. Such storage

systems can otherwise defy even experts

seeking an approximately optimal strategy

on the basis of experience and/or mental

modelling. If non-coordinated management

of individual reservoirs were taken as the

solution, there would be a far less than

optimal use of the water available. TOS

is a software package which has been

developed to resolve all the constraints: the

limits set by financial management consi-

derations, weather forecasts (particularly of

precipitation) and the computational

management figures derived from the

models of the particular system are used to

calculate the optimal management of the

reservoir system

Future prospects

This technology, with its data-processing

and automation, opens for the reservoir

operator new possibilities of optimal

monitoring and management of bodies of

water. The future holds further possibilities.

By taking into account reservoir protection

strategies and water treatment technology

the sustainability of reservoirs as regene-

rative resource will have an ever higher

importance for the drinking water supply.

It is thus intended that further optimisation

programs, systems, models and knowledge

bases containing the expertise will be

combined as yet another stage of the joint

work between the Fraunhofer AST and the

ThrTV. The resultant interface will provide

operators almost instantly with maximum

information to enable supply of water and

restoration of quality to be managed.

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