Populism, Progressivism and Populism, Progressivism and EmpireEmpire

Populism

Populist principles, cont'dPopulist principles, cont'd

Political reform, end of trusts, pork barrelPolitical reform, end of trusts, pork barrel Civil service law, end of “patronage” / “spoils Civil service law, end of “patronage” / “spoils

system” system” More widely distribute land using government More widely distribute land using government

powerpower Direct election of U.S. SenatorsDirect election of U.S. Senators Voting ballot initiatives (direct democracy)Voting ballot initiatives (direct democracy)

Strength of Populist Movement

Based largely in the West (and Based largely in the West (and secondarily in the South)secondarily in the South)

Supported Strongly by the Grange Supported Strongly by the Grange (National Grange of the Order of (National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry), an agricultural Patrons of Husbandry), an agricultural support organization.support organization.

Split in Democratic PartySplit in Democratic Party

Traditionalists (Jeffersoninans)Traditionalists (Jeffersoninans) Grover Cleveland (President)Grover Cleveland (President) William “Bourke” Cockran (NY Congressman)William “Bourke” Cockran (NY Congressman)

PopulistsPopulists William Jennings Bryan (1896 presidential William Jennings Bryan (1896 presidential

nominee)nominee) Tom Watson (Georgia Congressman, Senator, Tom Watson (Georgia Congressman, Senator,

Ku Klux Klansman)Ku Klux Klansman)

Leaders of Populist movementLeaders of Populist movement William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan: Democratic : Democratic

congressman from Kansas, Presidential congressman from Kansas, Presidential candidate in 1896,1900,1908candidate in 1896,1900,1908

Thomas WatsonThomas Watson: Georgia Congressman, later : Georgia Congressman, later Georgia Senator; white supremacistGeorgia Senator; white supremacist

Benjamin “Pitchfork Ben” TillmanBenjamin “Pitchfork Ben” Tillman: South : South Carolina governor and senator; disenfranchised Carolina governor and senator; disenfranchised blacks in SCblacks in SC

Benjamin “Pitchfork Ben” TillmanBenjamin “Pitchfork Ben” Tillman● ● Hamburg Massacre 1876Hamburg Massacre 1876

● ● Governor of South Carolina (1890–1894)Governor of South Carolina (1890–1894)

● ● U.S. U.S. Senator from South Carolina (1895-1918)Senator from South Carolina (1895-1918)

● ● Authored “Tillman Act of 1907” banning corporate Authored “Tillman Act of 1907” banning corporate donations to political campaigns, overturned as donations to political campaigns, overturned as unconstitutional by Supreme Court in unconstitutional by Supreme Court in Citizens UnitedCitizens United decision in 2010decision in 2010

As governor: “We have done our level best [to prevent As governor: “We have done our level best [to prevent blacks from voting] ... we have scratched our heads to blacks from voting] ... we have scratched our heads to find out how we could eliminate the last one of them. find out how we could eliminate the last one of them. We stuffed ballot boxes. We shot them. We are not We stuffed ballot boxes. We shot them. We are not ashamed of it.” (from 1900 U.S. Senate speech ashamed of it.” (from 1900 U.S. Senate speech justifying disenfranchising African-Americans)justifying disenfranchising African-Americans)

Opponents of Populist movementOpponents of Populist movement

William McKinleyWilliam McKinley: Protectionist Republican : Protectionist Republican congressman, later President in 1900.congressman, later President in 1900.

William Bourke Cockran:William Bourke Cockran: Democratic Democratic Congressman from New York and famed oratorCongressman from New York and famed orator

Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland

President 1885–1889 and 1893–1897, only President 1885–1889 and 1893–1897, only president to serve non-consecutive terms, only president to serve non-consecutive terms, only Democrat elected President from Civil War to Democrat elected President from Civil War to Wilson (elected in 1912)Wilson (elected in 1912)

Vetoed income tax of 1894:Vetoed income tax of 1894:

– 2 percent of income over $4,000 per year 2 percent of income over $4,000 per year (about $250,000 in today's dollars, or about the (about $250,000 in today's dollars, or about the threshold Obama wants Bush tax cuts threshold Obama wants Bush tax cuts extended)extended)

– Income tax ruled “unconstitutional” by U.S. Income tax ruled “unconstitutional” by U.S. Supreme Court inSupreme Court in Pollock v. Farmers Loan and Pollock v. Farmers Loan and Trust Trust (1895)(1895)

African-Americans in the 19African-Americans in the 19thth CenturyCentury

Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee Institute Booker T. Washington: Booker T. Washington: Up From SlaveryUp From Slavery Self-improvement, self-reliance, education in a Self-improvement, self-reliance, education in a

tradetrade Conflicted with some “radicals” such WEB Conflicted with some “radicals” such WEB

DuBois, who argued that government was DuBois, who argued that government was inhibiting black progress and liberal arts inhibiting black progress and liberal arts education was necessary.education was necessary.

NAACP: National Association for the NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded 1909Advancement of Colored People founded 1909

African AmericansAfrican Americans

Ku Klux Klan reformed 1915Ku Klux Klan reformed 1915 At first, mostly against immigrants At first, mostly against immigrants Also, against rising black middle classAlso, against rising black middle class Formed in urban North as well as SouthFormed in urban North as well as South Grew fast after release of movie Grew fast after release of movie Birth of a Birth of a

Nation Nation

Temperance MovementTemperance MovementIncome tax key to replacing tax revenueIncome tax key to replacing tax revenue

Federal government Federal government revenues 1870-1900revenues 1870-1900

Federal government Federal government revenue todayrevenue today

Tariff: 50 percentTariff: 50 percentAlcohol: 40 percentAlcohol: 40 percentTobacco: 10 percentTobacco: 10 percentIncome tax: noneIncome tax: noneCorporate income tax: noneCorporate income tax: nonePayroll tax: nonePayroll tax: none

Tariff: 5 percentTariff: 5 percentAlcohol: 0.4 percentAlcohol: 0.4 percentTobacco: 0.9 percentTobacco: 0.9 percentIncome tax:Income tax: 45.5 percent45.5 percentCorporate income tax: 10.6 percentCorporate income tax: 10.6 percentPayroll (SS/Medicare) tax: 35.1 Payroll (SS/Medicare) tax: 35.1 percentpercent

Temperance movement, cont'dTemperance movement, cont'd

Gains adherents among populist Democrats, anti-Gains adherents among populist Democrats, anti-immigrant sectors.immigrant sectors.

Constitutional Amendment passes Congress Constitutional Amendment passes Congress 1917, ratified by states 1919, Volkstead Act 1917, ratified by states 1919, Volkstead Act passed 1920. passed 1920.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy1854: Matthew Perry sails into Nagasaki harbor with 1854: Matthew Perry sails into Nagasaki harbor with

armada and demands trade agreementarmada and demands trade agreement

1858: Japan signs Most Favored Nation trade 1858: Japan signs Most Favored Nation trade agreement with U.S.America continues to spread agreement with U.S.America continues to spread westwardwestward

Seward's FollySeward's Folly

Purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 Purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 millionmillion

Purchased by bribery of congressmen by the Purchased by bribery of congressmen by the Russian ambassadorRussian ambassador

1893: American settlers overthrow Hawaiian queen (and 1893: American settlers overthrow Hawaiian queen (and Catholic) Liliukalani and declare it part of U.S. Catholic) Liliukalani and declare it part of U.S.

American EmpireAmerican Empire

Cuban independence movement by MartiCuban independence movement by Marti Put down by Spanish (bloody)Put down by Spanish (bloody) Americans sympatheticAmericans sympathetic U.S. battle cruiser Maine blows up in Havana harborU.S. battle cruiser Maine blows up in Havana harbor William Randolph Hearst: Yellow journalismWilliam Randolph Hearst: Yellow journalism Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer McKinley issues demandsMcKinley issues demands

Spain accepts termsSpain accepts terms US declares war anywayUS declares war anyway

Teddy Roosevelt: War HawkTeddy Roosevelt: War Hawk

Anti-Imperialist League SupportersAnti-Imperialist League Supporters

Samuel Gompers: AFL leaderSamuel Gompers: AFL leader Mark Twain: Novelist and social commentatorMark Twain: Novelist and social commentator Andrew Carnegie (who subsequently created Andrew Carnegie (who subsequently created

the Carnegie Endowment for International the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)Peace)

Jane Addams: Social worker and founder of Jane Addams: Social worker and founder of Chicago's “Hull House”Chicago's “Hull House”

William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan Academics such as Harvard President Charles Academics such as Harvard President Charles

Eliot and Stanford President David Starr JordanEliot and Stanford President David Starr Jordan

Battles of the WarBattles of the War

Manila Bay: No U.S. deaths, seven casualtiesManila Bay: No U.S. deaths, seven casualties Guam: Spanish didn't even know they were at Guam: Spanish didn't even know they were at

warwar Santiago Bay: American victory, results in Santiago Bay: American victory, results in

Guantanamo Bay baseGuantanamo Bay base Land battles in Puerto Rico: All U.S. one-sidedLand battles in Puerto Rico: All U.S. one-sided Biggest killer of the war: Yellow fever (both Biggest killer of the war: Yellow fever (both

sides)sides)

Outcome of warOutcome of war

Cuba: Semi-independent, but permanent U.S. Cuba: Semi-independent, but permanent U.S. base at Guantanamo Baybase at Guantanamo Bay

Philippines: American colony, followed by Philippines: American colony, followed by Filippino-American guerrilla war for liberationFilippino-American guerrilla war for liberation

Guam: Permanent U.S. territoryGuam: Permanent U.S. territory Puerto Rico: Permanent U.S. territoryPuerto Rico: Permanent U.S. territory Teddy Roosevelt's political star risesTeddy Roosevelt's political star rises

He had been a state rep, then Secretary of He had been a state rep, then Secretary of War before the war War before the war

Panama Canal purchasePanama Canal purchase

Hay-Herran Treaty 1903: Panamanian Hay-Herran Treaty 1903: Panamanian independenceindependence

U.S. Purchases “canal zone” from Panama in U.S. Purchases “canal zone” from Panama in 1904, a nation partly created by the intervention 1904, a nation partly created by the intervention of the U.S. Navy in its independence struggle of the U.S. Navy in its independence struggle from Colombia.from Colombia.

French have already tried and failed to build a French have already tried and failed to build a canal, others have studied a canal through canal, others have studied a canal through Lake NicaraguaLake Nicaragua

1914: The long sought-after shortcut between 1914: The long sought-after shortcut between Atlantic and Pacific opensAtlantic and Pacific opens

ProgressivismProgressivism Adopts some, but not all, of the Populists' viewsAdopts some, but not all, of the Populists' views Favors:Favors: Direct Democracy: Election of U.S. Senators by Direct Democracy: Election of U.S. Senators by

people, election of judges by people, ballot people, election of judges by people, ballot initiatives, recall of officials popular primary initiatives, recall of officials popular primary elections, etc.elections, etc.

Women's suffrage (movement ends in 1920 Women's suffrage (movement ends in 1920 with adoption of 19with adoption of 19thth amendment guaranteeing amendment guaranteeing women the vote)women the vote)

““Trust-busting” Anti-trust legislation, preventing Trust-busting” Anti-trust legislation, preventing business monopolies (except those run by business monopolies (except those run by government)government)

Progressivism (favored)Progressivism (favored)

Ban on AlcoholBan on Alcohol Health and safety regulations: Child labor laws, Health and safety regulations: Child labor laws,

union organizing protections, food safety laws, union organizing protections, food safety laws, Environmental conservationEnvironmental conservation

Famous ProgressivesFamous Progressives

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Vice President, then President (youngest Vice President, then President (youngest

ever), “trust-buster”, “Square Deal,” ever), “trust-buster”, “Square Deal,” RepublicanRepublican

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson President, DemocratPresident, Democrat

Robert “Fighting Bob” LaFollette Robert “Fighting Bob” LaFollette Wisconsin Senator (Republican)Wisconsin Senator (Republican)

1913: Legacy of Progressivism1913: Legacy of Progressivism

1616thth Amendment: Income tax can be Amendment: Income tax can be unapportionedunapportioned

1717thth Amendment: Direct election of U.S. Amendment: Direct election of U.S. Senators by people, instead of state legislatorsSenators by people, instead of state legislators

Federal Reserve Act: Creates national central Federal Reserve Act: Creates national central bank after secret meeting on Jekyll Island, bank after secret meeting on Jekyll Island, officially designed to stop boom/bust cycles officially designed to stop boom/bust cycles after Panic of 1907after Panic of 1907

1818thth Amendment: Prohibition of alcohol Amendment: Prohibition of alcohol 1919thth Amendment: Woman's right to vote Amendment: Woman's right to vote

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Born to wealthy familyBorn to wealthy family Sickly, had asthma, poor eyesightSickly, had asthma, poor eyesight Parents encouraged exercise, and Roosevelt Parents encouraged exercise, and Roosevelt

took up boxing and callisthenics took up boxing and callisthenics Married, widowed with one child, the outspoken Married, widowed with one child, the outspoken

Alice Roosevelt (Longworth)Alice Roosevelt (Longworth) Fascinated by military studies, publishes book Fascinated by military studies, publishes book

in naval war in War of 1812in naval war in War of 1812 Elected to NY state assembly, later becomes Elected to NY state assembly, later becomes

Dakota buffalo hunter and rancher.Dakota buffalo hunter and rancher.

RooseveltRoosevelt

Remarries Edith Kermit Carow, who later becomes a Remarries Edith Kermit Carow, who later becomes a prolific newspaper columnist and opponent of her prolific newspaper columnist and opponent of her nephew Franklin Delano Rooseveltnephew Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt becomes NYC Police Theodore Roosevelt becomes NYC Police Commissioner, engages in reform of Democratic Commissioner, engages in reform of Democratic machinemachine

Assistant Secretary of Navy During first McKinley Term Assistant Secretary of Navy During first McKinley Term and agitates for war, resigns to form “Rough Riders,” a and agitates for war, resigns to form “Rough Riders,” a group of cowboys and Ivy League college friends who group of cowboys and Ivy League college friends who fought in Spanish American war. Becomes “Colonel fought in Spanish American war. Becomes “Colonel Roosevelt,” though it was a private armyRoosevelt,” though it was a private army

Gov. of NY, then Vice President under second Gov. of NY, then Vice President under second McKinley termMcKinley term

Theodore Roosevelt Presidency 1901-Theodore Roosevelt Presidency 1901-0909

McKinley assassinated by anarchist Leon Frank McKinley assassinated by anarchist Leon Frank Czolgosz, Roosevelt becomes PresidentCzolgosz, Roosevelt becomes President

Nicknames and slogans: “Trust-buster” “Square Nicknames and slogans: “Trust-buster” “Square Deal,” “Teddy” (origin of Teddy Bear)Deal,” “Teddy” (origin of Teddy Bear)

Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act: Creates first U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act: Creates first U.S.

Food and Drug Administration under Agriculture Food and Drug Administration under Agriculture DepartmentDepartment

Wins Nobel Peace Prize for brokering peace Wins Nobel Peace Prize for brokering peace between Japan and Russia after 1905 war between Japan and Russia after 1905 war (which Japan won)(which Japan won)

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Post -PresidencyPost -Presidency Roosevelt backs Taft in 1908Roosevelt backs Taft in 1908 Taft Republican nominationTaft Republican nomination Roosevelt African safariRoosevelt African safari Roosevelt runs for President 1912Roosevelt runs for President 1912 Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party Woodrow Wilson - DemocratWoodrow Wilson - Democrat

Second Industrial RevolutionSecond Industrial Revolution

Assembly line: Henry FordAssembly line: Henry Ford Division of laborDivision of labor $240 (equivalent to $2,696 today)$240 (equivalent to $2,696 today) Doubles the wages of his employeesDoubles the wages of his employees

Wright Brothers: First in FlightWright Brothers: First in Flight Continued urbanizationContinued urbanization

Panic of 1907Panic of 1907

Bank PanicBank Panic Bank runBank run

J.P. Morgan buys up bargains, “saves” financial J.P. Morgan buys up bargains, “saves” financial systemsystem

Keynesianism v. Classical (Austrian) economic Keynesianism v. Classical (Austrian) economic argumentsarguments