Populations. What is a population? -a group of actively interacting and interbreeding individuals in...
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Transcript of Populations. What is a population? -a group of actively interacting and interbreeding individuals in...
![Page 1: Populations. What is a population? -a group of actively interacting and interbreeding individuals in space and time.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052516/5a4d1b8d7f8b9ab0599bf834/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Populations
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What is a population?
-a group of actively interacting and interbreeding individuals in
space and time.
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populations are characterized by:
-density, -distribution in space, -age structure, -sex ratio,-birth rate, -death rate, -emigration rate, -immigration rate,-genetic structure.
- Selection operates on individuals, populations evolve
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Density Dynamics
Density change is a function of:
Birth rate, immigration rate
and
Death rate, emigration rate
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Population Size
• Theory of population growth
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Population Growth (Density Independence)
Nt+1 = RNt
where Nt is the population size at time tand R is the reproductive value-if R=2 then populations increase as 1,2,4,8,16
etc. =2t
rewritten as Nt = Rt
- If R=1 ? If R<1 ?
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Life Tables
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Life tables
Cohort vs Staticx - agelx – survivorshipmx –age specific fecundityR= net reproductive rate = Σ lx * mx G= generation = Σ x*lx * mx / RAssumes stable age distribution
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LifetableSurvivorship Fecundity
x lx mx lxmx x(lxmx)0 1 0 0 0
1 0.7 0 0 0
2 0.3 1 0.3 0.6
3 0.2 2 0.4 1.2
4 0.1 3 0.3 1.2
5 0 0 0 0
sum(lxmx) = 3
Ro= 1
Generation time (G) = 3.00 rm = 0.00
X age classlx proportion surviving to start of age intervalmx fecundity (average number of young per femaleRo reproductive valueG generation time
rm = innate capacity for increase
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Important concepts
• Habitat• movement (dispersal)
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Habitat• habitat – physical condition where species
live – defined specifically for individual species.
• source/sink
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Habitat Reduction and Fragmentation
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Movement
Movement (Dispersal) is central to population health!
- Density
- Genetics
What factors affect movement?
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Corridors
Connectivity
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Spatially structured populations
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Spatially structured populations
High dispersal rate = homogeneous populations, low extinction
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Spatially structured populations
Low dispersal rate = heterogeneous populations, high extinction
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Metapopulation
• Dispersal rate intermediate where individual populations go temporarily extinct.
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Concepts
• Minimum Viable Population (MVP)
• Population Viability Analysis (PVA)
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PVA for Spotted Owl
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Estimating Abundance
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Population Size
• Estimating population size– Indices– Density
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Relative Abundance
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Indices for Relative Abundance• An index of abundance is a measure that varies
directly with the abundance of the population of interest.
• Based on:• Scats, pellets, pellet groups• Point or transect counts (Bird Songs)• Tracks• Signs • Etc.
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Index of Deer abundance in Nova Scotia
• Based on counting pellet groups –Pellet Group Index PGI
• Pellet groups are counted along a 1 km
transect that are within 1 m on either side of the transect.
• Counting takes place in the spring
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2 m
1 km long
PGI = 7
This index can be turned into a density estimate
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Deer Density
• Index can be converted to a density estimate
• Need to know how long a period the pellet groups have accumulated over
• Need to know how often deer defecate per day.
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Birds
• Point count• Line transect count• Strip count• Variable distance line transect
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Direct Density Estimates
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Catch-effort Methods
Assumptions:1 – The population is closed2 – Probability of each individual being
caught in a trap is constant throughout the experiment
3 – All individuals have the same probability of being caught in sample i
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Cat
ch p
er u
nit e
ffor
t
Accumulated catch
Number of
individuals
Leslie plot of catch-effort data
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Capture-Mark-Recapture Techniques
• For Closed Populations:
• Single marking, single recapture – Petersen Method
• Multiple markings and recaptures – Schnabel Method
• For Open populations:
• Multiple capture and recapture - Jolly-Seber method
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• How do we know that a population is decreasing and in need of protection?
Long-term monitoring! Increase or decrease?
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Survey Data